ezcode 0.1.4

Easy Algorithm & Data Structure

Binary Search

>>> from ezcode.array.search import binary_search_range
>>> class X:
...     def __init__(self, number, string):
...         self.number, self.string = number, string
... 
>>> array = [X(1,"c"), X(2,"b"), X(2,"b"), X(3,"a")]
>>> binary_search_range(target=2, array=array, is_ascending=True, is_inclusive=True, key=lambda x: x.number)
(1, 2)
>>> binary_search_range(target="b", array=array, is_ascending=False, is_inclusive=False, key=lambda x: x.string)
(0, 3)

Longest Common Subsequence

>>> from ezcode.array.lcs import longest_common_subsequence
>>> print(longest_common_subsequence(list("ABCBDAB"), list("BDCABA")))
['B', 'C', 'B', 'A']

Longest Common Subarray

>>> from ezcode.array.lcs import longest_common_subarray
>>> print(longest_common_subarray(list("ABCBDAB"), list("BDCABA")))
['A', 'B']

Split & Chunk Array

>>> from ezcode.array.utils import split_list, chunk_list, print_array
>>> l = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> for i in l:
...     print_array(split_list(l, i))
... 
[
    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
]
[
    [1, 2, 3],
    [4, 5],
]
[
    [1, 2],
    [3, 4],
    [5],
]
[
    [1, 2],
    [3],
    [4],
    [5],
]
[
    [1],
    [2],
    [3],
    [4],
    [5],
]
>>> for i in l:
...     print_array(chunk_list(l, i))
... 
[
    [1],
    [2],
    [3],
    [4],
    [5],
]
[
    [1, 2],
    [3, 4],
    [5],
]
[
    [1, 2, 3],
    [4, 5],
]
[
    [1, 2, 3, 4],
    [5],
]
[
    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
]

Sort

Quick Sort

>>> from ezcode.array.sort import quick_sort
>>> data  = [7, 2, 4, 6, 5, 4, 1, 3, 8, 0, 6, 9, 4]
>>> quick_sort(data)
>>> print(data)
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> data = [7, 2, 4, 6, 5, 4, 1, 3, 8, 0, 6, 9, 4]
>>> quick_sort(data, reverse=True)
>>> print(data)
[9, 8, 7, 6, 6, 5, 4, 4, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]

Bit

bool_list_to_number

>>> from ezcode.bit import bool_list_to_number
>>> bool_list_to_number([True, False, True, False])
10
>>> bool_list_to_number([True, False, True, False], reverse=True)
5

Knapsack

Given a knapsack with capacity C and items with sizes S₀, S₁, S₂, ..., values V₀, V₁, V₂, ..., quantities Q₀, Q₁, Q₂, ... or unlimited quantities

1. What's the max number of items can you put into the knapsack?
2. What's the max total size of items can you put into the knapsack?
3. What's the max total value of items can you put into the knapsack?
4. Can you fully fill the knapsack?
5. What's the min/max number of items can you fully fill the knapsack?
6. What's the min/max total value of items can you fully fill the knapsack?
7. Find all different ways to fully fill the knapsack
   

Q1. What's the max number of items can you put into the knapsack?

>>> from ezcode.dp.knapsack import Knapsack
>>> C, S, Q = 11, [2, 1, 5, 7], [3, 2, 2, 2]
>>> Knapsack.best_value(capacity=C, sizes=S, values=[1] * len(S), quantities=1, min_max=max, fill_to_capacity=False)
(3, [0, 1, 3])
>>> Knapsack.best_value(capacity=C, sizes=S, values=[1] * len(S), quantities=Q, min_max=max, fill_to_capacity=False)
(5, [0, 0, 1, 1, 2])
>>> Knapsack.best_value(capacity=C, sizes=S, values=[1] * len(S), quantities=None, min_max=max, fill_to_capacity=False)
(11, [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1])

Explanation:
Set all the values to 1
If each item can only be used once, we can put 3 items into the knapsack: item 0, 1, 3
For limited quantity, we can put 5 items into the knapsack: item 0, 0, 1, 1, 2 (item 0 and 1 shows up twice)
For unlimited quantity, we can put 11 item 1 into the knapsack

Q2. What's the max total size of items can you put into the knapsack?

>>> from ezcode.dp.knapsack import Knapsack
>>> C, S, Q = 11, [2, 1, 5, 7], [3, 2, 2, 2]
>>> Knapsack.best_value(capacity=C, sizes=S, values=S, quantities=1, min_max=max, fill_to_capacity=False)
(10, [0, 1, 3])
>>> Knapsack.best_value(capacity=C, sizes=S, values=S, quantities=Q, min_max=max, fill_to_capacity=False)
(11, [0, 1, 1, 3])
>>> Knapsack.best_value(capacity=C, sizes=S, values=S, quantities=None, min_max=max, fill_to_capacity=False)
(11, [1, 1, 1, 1, 3])

Explanation:
Set the values the same as the sizes
If each item can only be used once, we can fill the knapsack to size 10 with item 0, 1, 3
For limited quantity, we can fill the knapsack to size 11 with item 0, 1, 1, 3 (item 1 shows up twice)
For unlimited quantity, we can fill the knapsack to size 11 with item 1, 1, 1, 1, 3 (item 1 shows up 4 times)

Q3. What's the max total value of items can you put into the knapsack?

>>> from ezcode.dp.knapsack import Knapsack
>>> C, S, V, Q = 11, [2, 1, 5, 7], [1, 2, 2, 5], [3, 2, 2, 2]
>>> Knapsack.best_value(capacity=C, sizes=S, values=V, quantities=1, min_max=max, fill_to_capacity=False)
(8, [0, 1, 3])
>>> Knapsack.best_value(capacity=C, sizes=S, values=V, quantities=Q, min_max=max, fill_to_capacity=False)
(10, [0, 1, 1, 3])
>>> Knapsack.best_value(capacity=C, sizes=S, values=V, quantities=None, min_max=max, fill_to_capacity=False)
(22, [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1])

Explanation:
If each item can only be used once, we can fill the knapsack to value 8 with item 0, 1, 3
For limited quantity, we can fill the knapsack to value 10 with item 0, 1, 1, 3 (item 1 shows up twice)
For unlimited quantity, we can fill the knapsack to value 22 with 11 item 1

Q4. Can you fully fill the knapsack?

>>> from ezcode.dp.knapsack import Knapsack
>>> C, S, Q = 11, [2, 1, 5, 7], [3, 2, 2, 2]
>>> Knapsack.best_value(capacity=C, sizes=S, values=S, quantities=1, min_max=max, fill_to_capacity=True)
(None, [])
>>> Knapsack.best_value(capacity=C, sizes=S, values=S, quantities=Q, min_max=max, fill_to_capacity=True)
(11, [0, 1, 1, 3])
>>> Knapsack.best_value(capacity=C, sizes=S, values=S, quantities=None, min_max=max, fill_to_capacity=True)
(11, [1, 1, 1, 1, 3])

Explanation:
Set the values the same as the sizes
If each item can only be used once, we can not fully fill the knapsack
For limited quantity, we can fully fill the knapsack with item 0, 1, 1, 3 (item 1 shows up twice)
For unlimited quantity, we can fully fill the knapsack with item 1, 1, 1, 1, 3 (item 1 shows up 4 times)

Q5. What's the min/max number of items can you fully fill the knapsack?

>>> from ezcode.dp.knapsack import Knapsack
>>> C, S, Q = 11, [2, 1, 5, 7], [3, 2, 2, 2]
>>> Knapsack.best_value(capacity=C, sizes=S, values=[1] * len(S), quantities=1, min_max=min, fill_to_capacity=True)
(None, [])
>>> Knapsack.best_value(capacity=C, sizes=S, values=[1] * len(S), quantities=1, min_max=max, fill_to_capacity=True)
(None, [])
>>> Knapsack.best_value(capacity=C, sizes=S, values=[1] * len(S), quantities=Q, min_max=min, fill_to_capacity=True)
(3, [0, 0, 3])
>>> Knapsack.best_value(capacity=C, sizes=S, values=[1] * len(S), quantities=Q, min_max=max, fill_to_capacity=True)
(5, [0, 0, 1, 1, 2])
>>> Knapsack.best_value(capacity=C, sizes=S, values=[1] * len(S), quantities=None, min_max=min, fill_to_capacity=True)
(3, [0, 0, 3])
>>> Knapsack.best_value(capacity=C, sizes=S, values=[1] * len(S), quantities=None, min_max=max, fill_to_capacity=True)
(11, [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1])

Explanation:
Set all the values to 1
If each item can only be used once, we cannot fully fill the knapsack
For limited quantity, we can fully fill the knapsack with minimum 3 items: 0, 0, 3 (item 0 shows up twice)
For limited quantity, we can fully fill the knapsack with maximum 5 items: 0, 0, 1, 1, 2 (item 0 and 1 shows up twice)
For unlimited quantity, we can fully fill the knapsack with minimum 3 items: 0, 0, 3 (item 0 shows up twice)
For unlimited quantity, we can fully fill the knapsack with maximum 11 item 1

Q6. What's the min/max total value of items can you fully fill the knapsack?

>>> from ezcode.dp.knapsack import Knapsack
>>> C, S, V, Q = 11, [2, 1, 5, 7], [1, 2, 2, 5], [3, 2, 2, 2]
>>> Knapsack.best_value(capacity=C, sizes=S, values=V, quantities=1, min_max=min, fill_to_capacity=True)
(None, [])
>>> Knapsack.best_value(capacity=C, sizes=S, values=V, quantities=1, min_max=max, fill_to_capacity=True)
(None, [])
>>> Knapsack.best_value(capacity=C, sizes=S, values=V, quantities=Q, min_max=min, fill_to_capacity=True)
(5, [0, 0, 0, 2])
>>> Knapsack.best_value(capacity=C, sizes=S, values=V, quantities=Q, min_max=max, fill_to_capacity=True)
(10, [0, 1, 1, 3])
>>> Knapsack.best_value(capacity=C, sizes=S, values=V, quantities=None, min_max=min, fill_to_capacity=True)
(5, [0, 0, 0, 2])
>>> Knapsack.best_value(capacity=C, sizes=S, values=V, quantities=None, min_max=max, fill_to_capacity=True)
(22, [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1])

Explanation:
If each item can only be used once, we cannot fully fill the knapsack
For limited quantity, we can fully fill the knapsack with minimum value 5: item 0, 0, 0, 2 (item 0 shows up 3 times)
For limited quantity, we can fully fill the knapsack with maximum value 10: item 0, 1, 1, 3 (item 1 shows up twice)
For unlimited quantity, we can fully fill the knapsack with minimum value 5: item 0, 0, 0, 2 (item 0 shows up 3 times)
For unlimited quantity, we can fully fill the knapsack with maximum value 22 with 11 item 1

Q7. Find all different ways to fully fill the knapsack

>>> from ezcode.dp.knapsack import Knapsack
>>> C, S, Q = 11, [2, 1, 5, 7], [3, 2, 2, 2]
>>> Knapsack.ways_to_fill(capacity=C, sizes=S, quantities=1)
(0, None)
>>> Knapsack.ways_to_fill(capacity=C, sizes=S, quantities=Q)
(5, [[0, 0, 0, 2], [0, 0, 1, 1, 2], [1, 2, 2], [0, 0, 3], [0, 1, 1, 3]])
>>> Knapsack.ways_to_fill(capacity=C, sizes=S, quantities=None)
(14, [
   [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1],
   [0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1],
   [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
   [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
   [0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
   [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
   [0, 0, 0, 2],
   [0, 0, 1, 1, 2],
   [0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2],
   [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2],
   [1, 2, 2],
   [0, 0, 3],
   [0, 1, 1, 3],
   [1, 1, 1, 1, 3]
])

Explanation:
If each item can only be used once, we cannot fully fill the knapsack
For limited quantity, there are 5 ways to fully fill the knapsack
For unlimited quantity, there are 14 ways to fully fill the knapsack

Directed Graph

Topological Sort

    """
    a <──────────── c
    │               │
    │               │
    v               v
    d ────> b ────> f ────> e
    """
>>> from ezcode.graph.directed import DirectedGraph
>>> dag = DirectedGraph(edges=[("c", "a"), ("b", "f"), ("e", None), ("a", "d"), ("c", "f"), ("d", "b"), ("f", "e")])
>>> dag.print()
   a  b  c  d  e  f  
a           *        
b                 *  
c  *              *  
d     *              
e                    
f              *     
>>> print(dag.topological_order())
['e', 'f', 'b', 'd', 'a', 'c']
>>> dag.is_acyclic_graph()
True
>>> circular_dependencies = [("a", "b"), ("b", "a")]
>>> DirectedGraph(edges=circular_dependencies).is_acyclic_graph()
False

Shortest Path Algorithm

Unweighted

    """
    ┌──────> c     e
    │       ╱│╲
    │      ╱ │ ╲
    │     ╱  │  ╲
    │    ╱   │   ╲
    │   v    v    v
    │  f     a ──> b
    │   ╲    ^    ╱
    │    ╲   │   ╱
    │     ╲  │  ╱
    │      ╲ │ ╱
    │       v│v
    └─────── d
    """
>>> from ezcode.graph.pathfinder import GraphPathFinder
>>> edges=[("a","b"),("c","b"),("d","a"),("b","d"),("c","a"),("d","c"),("c","f"),("f","d"),("e",None)]
>>> path_finder = GraphPathFinder(is_directed=True, edges=edges)
>>> path_finder.print()
   a  b  c  d  e  f  
a     *              
b           *        
c  *  *           *  
d  *     *           
e                    
f           *        

>>> path_finder.bfs("a")
(None, {'a': 0, 'b': 1, 'c': 3, 'd': 2, 'e': inf, 'f': 4})
>>> path_finder.dijkstra("a")
(None, {'a': 0, 'b': 1, 'c': 3, 'd': 2, 'e': inf, 'f': 4})
>>> path_finder.spfa("a")
(None, {'a': 0, 'b': 1, 'c': 3, 'd': 2, 'e': inf, 'f': 4})
>>> path_finder.floyd()
{
    'a': {'a': 0,   'b': 1,   'c': 3,   'd': 2,   'e': inf, 'f': 4, },
    'b': {'a': 2,   'b': 0,   'c': 2,   'd': 1,   'e': inf, 'f': 3, },
    'c': {'a': 1,   'b': 1,   'c': 0,   'd': 2,   'e': inf, 'f': 1, },
    'd': {'a': 1,   'b': 2,   'c': 1,   'd': 0,   'e': inf, 'f': 2, },
    'f': {'a': 2,   'b': 3,   'c': 2,   'd': 1,   'e': inf, 'f': 0, },
    'e': {'a': inf, 'b': inf, 'c': inf, 'd': inf, 'e': 0,   'f': inf}
}
>>> path_finder.bfs("c", "d")
(2, ['c', 'b', 'd'])
>>> path_finder.dijkstra("c", "d")
(2, ['c', 'b', 'd'])
>>> path_finder.spfa("c", "d")
(2, ['c', 'b', 'd'])
>>> path_finder.backtracking("c", "d")
(2, [['c', 'b', 'd'], ['c', 'f', 'd']])

Weighted

    """
    ┌──────> c     e
    │       ╱│╲
    │    0.6 │ 0.7
    │     ╱ 0.5 ╲
    │    ╱   │   ╲
    │   v    v .8 v
    │  f     a ──> b
    │   ╲    ^    ╱
    │   0.4  │  0.8
   0.8    ╲ 0.6 ╱
    │      ╲ │ ╱
    │       v│v
    └─────── d
    """
>>> from ezcode.graph.pathfinder import GraphPathFinder
>>> path_finder = GraphPathFinder(
...     is_directed=True,
...     edges=[("a","b"),("c","b"),("d","a"),("b","d"),("c","a"),("d","c"),("c","f"),("f","d"),("e",None)],
...     weights=[0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.8, 0.5, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, None]
... )
>>> path_finder.print()
      a     b     c     d     e     f     
a           0.8                           
b                       0.8               
c     0.5   0.7                     0.6   
d     0.6         0.8                     
e                                         
f                       0.4               

>>> path_finder.dijkstra("a")
(None, {'a': 0, 'b': 0.8, 'c': 2.4, 'd': 1.6, 'e': inf, 'f': 3.0})
>>> path_finder.spfa("a")
(None, {'a': 0, 'b': 0.8, 'c': 2.4, 'd': 1.6, 'e': inf, 'f': 3.0})
>>> path_finder.floyd()
{
    'a': {'a': 0,   'b': 0.8, 'c': 2.4, 'd': 1.6, 'e': inf, 'f': 3.0,},
    'b': {'a': 1.4, 'b': 0,   'c': 1.6, 'd': 0.8, 'e': inf, 'f': 2.2,},
    'c': {'a': 0.5, 'b': 0.7, 'c': 0,   'd': 1.0, 'e': inf, 'f': 0.6,},
    'd': {'a': 0.6, 'b': 1.4, 'c': 0.8, 'd': 0,   'e': inf, 'f': 1.4,},
    'e': {'a': inf, 'b': inf, 'c': inf, 'd': inf, 'e': 0,   'f': inf,},
    'f': {'a': 1.0, 'b': 1.8, 'c': 1.2, 'd': 0.4, 'e': inf, 'f': 0,  }
}
>>> path_finder.dijkstra("f", "b")
(1.8, ['f', 'd', 'a', 'b'])
>>> path_finder.spfa("f", "b")
(1.8, ['f', 'd', 'a', 'b'])
>>> path_finder.backtracking("f", "b")
(1.8, [['f', 'd', 'a', 'b']])

>>> config = {"self_loop_weight": 1, "disconnected_edge_weight": 0, "path_value_func": (lambda a,b: a * b), "is_min": False}
>>> path_finder.dijkstra("a", **config)
{'a': 1, 'b': 0.8, 'c': 0.512, 'd': 0.64, 'e': 0, 'f': 0.3072}
>>> path_finder.spfa("a", **config)
{'a': 1, 'b': 0.8, 'c': 0.512, 'd': 0.64, 'e': 0, 'f': 0.3072}
>>> path_finder.floyd(**config)
{
    'a': {'a': 1,    'b': 0.8,   'c': 0.512, 'd': 0.64, 'e': 0, 'f': 0.3072},
    'b': {'a': 0.48, 'b': 1,     'c': 0.64,  'd': 0.8,  'e': 0, 'f': 0.384 },
    'c': {'a': 0.5,  'b': 0.7,   'c': 1,     'd': 0.56, 'e': 0, 'f': 0.6   },
    'd': {'a': 0.6,  'b': 0.56,  'c': 0.8,   'd': 1,    'e': 0, 'f': 0.48  },
    'e': {'a': 0,    'b': 0,     'c': 0,     'd': 0,    'e': 1, 'f': 0     },
    'f': {'a': 0.24, 'b': 0.224, 'c': 0.32,  'd': 0.4,  'e': 0, 'f': 1     }
}
>>> path_finder.dijkstra("f", "b", **config)
(0.224, ['f', 'd', 'c', 'b'])
>>> path_finder.spfa("f", "b", **config)
(0.224, ['f', 'd', 'c', 'b'])
>>> path_finder.backtracking("f", "b", **config)
(0.224, [['f', 'd', 'c', 'b']])

Detect Negative Cycle

    """
    A ─3─> B
         ^ │
        ╱  │
       ╱  -4
      2    │
     ╱     v
    D <─1─ C
    """
>>> from ezcode.graph.pathfinder import GraphPathFinder
>>> path_finder = GraphPathFinder(
...     is_directed=True,
...     edges=[["A","B"],["B","C"],["C","D"],["D","B"]],
...     weights=[3, -4, 1, 2]
... )
>>> path_finder.print()
    A   B   C   D   
A       3           
B           -4      
C               1   
D       2           

>>> path_finder.spfa("A", check_cycle=True)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "/Users/zgao/Desktop/code/ez_code/src/ezcode/graph/pathfinder.py", line 165, in spfa
    raise NegativeCycleExistError()
ezcode.graph.pathfinder.NegativeCycleExistError

    """
          D ────┐
         ╱│     │
        ╱ │     │
       1  2     │
      ╱   │     │
     ╱    │     │
    B ─2─ A     1
     ╲    │     │
      ╲   │     │
      -3  3     │
        ╲ │     │
         ╲│     │
          C ────┘
    """
>>> from ezcode.graph.pathfinder import GraphPathFinder
>>> path_finder = GraphPathFinder(
...     is_directed=False,
...     edges=[["A","B"],["A","C"],["A","D"],["B","C"],["B","D"],["C","D"]],
...     weights=[2, 3, 2, -3, 1, 1]
... )
>>> path_finder.print()
    A   B   C   D   
A       2   3   2   
B   2       -3  1   
C   3   -3      1   
D   2   1   1       

>>> path_finder.spfa("A", check_cycle=True)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "/Users/zgao/Desktop/code/ez_code/src/ezcode/graph/pathfinder.py", line 165, in spfa
    raise NegativeCycleExistError()
ezcode.graph.pathfinder.NegativeCycleExistError

Eulerian Path

    """
    A <─── B 
    │      ^
    │      │
    v      │
    D ───> C <─── E
           │
           v
           F
    """
>>> from ezcode.graph.directed import DirectedGraph
>>> graph = DirectedGraph(edges=[["B", "A"], ["A", "D"], ["D", "C"], ["C", "B"], ["E", "C"], ["C", "F"]])
>>> graph.eulerian_path()
['E', 'C', 'B', 'A', 'D', 'C', 'F']
>>> graph.eulerian_path(start_node="E")
['E', 'C', 'B', 'A', 'D', 'C', 'F']
>>> graph.eulerian_path(start_node="A") is None
True

    """
    A <─── B ───> F
    │      ^
    │      │
    v      │
    D ───> C <─── E
    """
>>> graph = DirectedGraph(edges=[["B", "A"], ["A", "D"], ["D", "C"], ["C", "B"], ["E", "C"], ["B", "F"]])
>>> graph.eulerian_path() is None
True

Undirected Graph

Shortest Path Algorithm

Unweighted

    """
    A ─── C ─── E
     ╲    │╲    │
      ╲   │ ╲   │
       ╲  │  ╲  │
        ╲ │   ╲ │
         ╲│    ╲│
          B ─── D
    """
>>> from ezcode.graph.pathfinder import GraphPathFinder
>>> path_finder = GraphPathFinder(
...     is_directed=False,
...     edges=[["A","B"],["A","C"],["B","C"],["B","D"],["C","D"],["C","E"],["D","E"]]
... )
>>> path_finder.print()
   A  B  C  D  E  
A     *  *        
B  *     *  *     
C  *  *     *  *  
D     *  *     *  
E        *  *     

>>> path_finder.bfs("A")
(None, {'A': 0, 'B': 1, 'C': 1, 'D': 2, 'E': 2})
>>> path_finder.dijkstra("A")
(None, {'A': 0, 'B': 1, 'C': 1, 'D': 2, 'E': 2})
>>> path_finder.spfa("A")
(None, {'A': 0, 'B': 1, 'C': 1, 'D': 2, 'E': 2})
>>> path_finder.floyd()
{
    'A': {'A': 0, 'B': 1, 'C': 1, 'D': 2, 'E': 2},
    'B': {'A': 1, 'B': 0, 'C': 1, 'D': 1, 'E': 2},
    'C': {'A': 1, 'B': 1, 'C': 0, 'D': 1, 'E': 1},
    'D': {'A': 2, 'B': 1, 'C': 1, 'D': 0, 'E': 1},
    'E': {'A': 2, 'B': 2, 'C': 1, 'D': 1, 'E': 0}
}
>>> path_finder.bfs("A", "D")
(2, ['A', 'B', 'D'])
>>> path_finder.dijkstra("A", "D")
(2, ['A', 'B', 'D'])
>>> path_finder.spfa("A", "D")
(2, ['A', 'B', 'D'])
>>> path_finder.backtracking("A", "D")
(2, [['A', 'B', 'D'], ['A', 'C', 'D']])

Weighted

    """
    A ─0.2─ C ─0.8─ E
     ╲      │╲      │
      ╲     │ ╲     │
      0.8   │  ╲   0.3
        ╲  0.5  ╲   │
         ╲  │   0.9 │
          ╲ │     ╲ │
            B ─0.9─ D
    """
>>> from ezcode.graph.pathfinder import GraphPathFinder
>>> path_finder = GraphPathFinder(
...     is_directed=False,
...     edges=[["A","B"],["A","C"],["B","C"],["B","D"],["C","D"],["C","E"],["D","E"]],
...     weights=[0.8, 0.2, 0.5, 0.9, 0.9, 0.8, 0.3]
... )
>>> path_finder.print()
     A    B    C    D    E    
A         0.8  0.2            
B    0.8       0.5  0.9       
C    0.2  0.5       0.9  0.8  
D         0.9  0.9       0.3  
E              0.8  0.3       

>>> path_finder.dijkstra("A")
(None, {'A': 0, 'B': 0.7, 'C': 0.2, 'D': 1.1, 'E': 1.0})
>>> path_finder.spfa("A")
(None, {'A': 0, 'B': 0.7, 'C': 0.2, 'D': 1.1, 'E': 1.0})
>>> path_finder.floyd()
{
    'A': {'A': 0,   'B': 0.7, 'C': 0.2, 'D': 1.1, 'E': 1.0},
    'B': {'A': 0.7, 'B': 0,   'C': 0.5, 'D': 0.9, 'E': 1.2},
    'C': {'A': 0.2, 'B': 0.5, 'C': 0,   'D': 0.9, 'E': 0.8},
    'D': {'A': 1.1, 'B': 0.9, 'C': 0.9, 'D': 0,   'E': 0.3},
    'E': {'A': 1.0, 'B': 1.2, 'C': 0.8, 'D': 0.3, 'E': 0  }
}
>>> path_finder.dijkstra("A", "D")
(1.1, ['A', 'C', 'D'])
>>> path_finder.spfa("A", "D")
(1.1, ['A', 'C', 'D'])
>>> path_finder.backtracking("A", "D")
(1.1, [['A', 'C', 'D']])

>>> config = {"self_loop_weight": 1, "disconnected_edge_weight": 0, "path_value_func": (lambda a,b: a * b), "is_min": False}
>>> path_finder.dijkstra("A", **config)
(None, {'A': 1, 'B': 0.8, 'C': 0.648, 'D': 0.72, 'E': 0.5184})
>>> path_finder.spfa("A", **config)
(None, {'A': 1, 'B': 0.8, 'C': 0.648, 'D': 0.72, 'E': 0.5184})
>>> path_finder.floyd(**config)
{
    'A': {'A': 1,      'B': 0.8,   'C': 0.648, 'D': 0.72, 'E': 0.5184},
    'B': {'A': 0.8,    'B': 1,     'C': 0.81,  'D': 0.9,  'E': 0.648 },
    'C': {'A': 0.648,  'B': 0.81,  'C': 1,     'D': 0.9,  'E': 0.8   },
    'D': {'A': 0.72,   'B': 0.9,   'C': 0.9,   'D': 1,    'E': 0.72  },
    'E': {'A': 0.5184, 'B': 0.648, 'C': 0.8,   'D': 0.72, 'E': 1     }
}
>>> path_finder.dijkstra("A", "D", **config)
(0.72, ['A', 'B', 'D'])
>>> path_finder.spfa("A", "D", **config)
(0.72, ['A', 'B', 'D'])
>>> path_finder.backtracking("A", "D", **config)
(0.72, [['A', 'B', 'D']])

Eulerian Path

    """
    A ────── C
    │       ╱│╲
    │      ╱ │ ╲
    │     ╱  │  ╲
    │    ╱   │   E
    │   ╱    │  ╱
    │  ╱     │ ╱
    │ ╱      │╱
    B ────── D
    """
>>> from ezcode.graph.undirected import UndirectedGraph
>>> graph = UndirectedGraph(edges=[["A", "B"], ["A", "C"], ["B", "C"], ["B", "D"], ["C", "D"], ["C", "E"], ["D", "E"]])
>>> graph.eulerian_path()
['B', 'A', 'C', 'B', 'D', 'C', 'E', 'D']
>>> graph.eulerian_path(start_node="D")
['D', 'B', 'A', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'C', 'B']
>>> graph.eulerian_path(start_node="A") is None
True
>>> graph.eulerian_path(start_node="E") is None
True

    """
    A ── B
    │ ╲
    │  ╲
    D   C
    """
>>> graph = UndirectedGraph(edges=[["A", "B"], ["A", "C"], ["A", "D"]])
>>> graph.eulerian_path() is None
True

Grid Iterator

>>> from ezcode.grid.iterator import GridIteratorFactory
>>> grid = [
...     [1, 2, 3],
...     [8, 9, 4],
...     [7, 6, 5]
... ]

>>> for data in GridIteratorFactory.get(grid, 1, 0, iterator="horizontal"):
...     print(data, end=" ")
... 
8 9 4

>>> for data in GridIteratorFactory.get(grid, 2, 2, iterator="vertical", reverse=True):
...     print(data, end=" ")
... 
5 4 3

>>> for data in GridIteratorFactory.get(grid, 0, 0, iterator="major_diagonal"):
...     print(data, end=" ")
... 
1 9 5

>>> for data in GridIteratorFactory.get(grid, 0, 2, iterator="minor_diagonal", reverse=True):
...     print(data, end=" ")
... 
3 9 7

>>> for data in GridIteratorFactory.get(grid, 0, 0, iterator="spiral"):
...     print(data, end=" ")
... 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

>>> for data in GridIteratorFactory.get(grid, 0, 2, row_end=1, col_end=2, iterator="spiral", reverse=True):
...     print(data, end=" ")
... 
3 2 1 8 7 6 5 4

Connect-5 Validation

>>> from ezcode.grid.iterator import GridIteratorFactory, MinorDiagonalIterator
>>> def check(iterator, color, target=5):
...     count = 0
...     for c in iterator:
...         count += 1 if c == color else -count
...         if count == target:
...             return True
...     return False
... 
>>> def who_win(grid):
...     iterators = [
...         GridIteratorFactory.get(grid, iterator="major_diagonal"),
...         GridIteratorFactory.get(grid, iterator="minor_diagonal")
...     ]
...     for row in range(len(grid)):
...         for color in ['W', 'B']:
...             for iterator in iterators + [GridIteratorFactory.get(grid, iterator="horizontal")]:
...                 iterator.row, iterator.col = row, 0
...                 if check(iterator, color):
...                     return color
...     for col in range(len(grid[0])):
...         for color in ['W', 'B']:
...             for iterator in iterators + [GridIteratorFactory.get(grid, iterator="vertical")]:
...                 iterator.row = len(grid) - 1 if isinstance(iterator, MinorDiagonalIterator) else 0
...                 iterator.col = col
...                 if check(iterator, color):
...                     return color
...     return None
... 
>>> print(who_win([
...     [' ', 'B', ' ', 'W', ' ', ' '],
...     [' ', 'B', 'W', ' ', ' ', ' '],
...     [' ', 'W', 'B', ' ', 'W', ' '],
...     ['B', 'W', 'B', 'B', ' ', ' '],
...     [' ', 'W', 'W', 'W', 'B', ' '],
...     [' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', 'B'],
... ]))
B
>>> print(who_win([
...     [' ', 'B', 'W', 'B', ' ', ' '],
...     [' ', 'B', 'W', 'B', ' ', 'W'],
...     ['B', 'W', 'B', 'B', 'W', ' '],
...     ['B', 'W', 'B', 'W', ' ', ' '],
...     [' ', 'W', 'W', 'W', 'B', ' '],
...     [' ', 'W', 'B', ' ', ' ', ' '],
... ]))
W

Path Finder

>>> from ezcode.grid import Grid
>>> grid = Grid(
...     [
...         [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
...         [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
...         [0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0],
...         [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
...         [0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],
...         [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1],
...         [0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0]
...     ]
... )
>>> 
>>> source, destination, valid_values = (1, 3), (5, 2), set([0])
>>> 
>>> path = grid.dfs(source, destination, valid_values)
>>> grid.print(layers=[
...     {"value": "2", "nodes": path},
...     {"value": "S", "nodes": [source]},
...     {"value": "D", "nodes": [destination]},
... ])
"""
1111100
100S222
0011012
1222222
0211000
02D0011
0110010
"""
>>> path = grid.bfs(source, destination, valid_values)
>>> grid.print(layers=[
...     {"value": "2", "nodes": path},
...     {"value": "S", "nodes": [source]},
...     {"value": "D", "nodes": [destination]},
... ])
"""
1111100
122S000
0211010
1200000
0211000
02D0011
0110010
"""
>>> path = grid.dijkstra(source, destination, valid_values)
>>> grid.print(layers=[
...     {"value": "2", "nodes": path},
...     {"value": "S", "nodes": [source]},
...     {"value": "D", "nodes": [destination]},
... ])
"""
1111100
122S000
0211010
1200000
0211000
02D0011
0110010
"""
>>> path = grid.a_star(source, destination, valid_values)
>>> grid.print(layers=[
...     {"value": "2", "nodes": path},
...     {"value": "S", "nodes": [source]},
...     {"value": "D", "nodes": [destination]},
... ])
"""
1111100
100S200
0011210
1000200
0011200
00D2211
0110010
"""
>>> paths = grid.dfs_backtracking(source, destination, valid_values)
>>> i, layers = 2, list()
>>> for p in paths:
...     layers.append({"value": i, "nodes": p})
... 
>>> layers.append({"value": "S", "nodes": [source]})
>>> layers.append({"value": "D", "nodes": [destination]})
>>> grid.print(layers=layers)
"""
1111100
122S300
0211310
1200300
0211300
02D3311
0110010
"""         

Hash

>>> from ezcode.hash import hash_encode, hash_decode
>>> hash_encode([1, 2, 3, 4])
60730
>>> hash_decode(60730, 4)
[1, 2, 3, 4]

Priority Queue

Min Priority Queue

>>> from ezcode.heap import PriorityQueue
>>> min_pq = PriorityQueue()
>>> for data in [("D", 4), ("C", 3), ("E", 5), ("A", 1), ("B", 2)]:
...     min_pq.push(data)
...     print(min_pq.top(with_priority=True))
... 
('D', 4)
('C', 3)
('C', 3)
('A', 1)
('A', 1)

>>> while len(min_pq) > 0:
...     print(min_pq.pop(with_priority=True))
... 
('A', 1)
('B', 2)
('C', 3)
('D', 4)
('E', 5)

Max Priority Queue

>>> from ezcode.heap import PriorityQueue
>>> max_pq = PriorityQueue(min_heap=False)
>>> for data in [("D", 4), ("C", 3), ("E", 5), ("A", 1), ("B", 2)]:
...     max_pq.push(data)
...     print(max_pq.top(with_priority=True))
... 
('D', 4)
('D', 4)
('E', 5)
('E', 5)
('E', 5)

>>> while len(max_pq) > 0:
...     print(max_pq.pop(with_priority=True))
... 
('E', 5)
('D', 4)
('C', 3)
('B', 2)
('A', 1)

Priority Map

Min Priority Map

>>> from ezcode.heap import PriorityMap
>>> min_map = PriorityMap()
>>> for data in [("D", 4), ("C", 3), ("E", 5), ("A", 1), ("B", 2)]:
...     min_map.push(data)
...     min_map.top(with_priority=True)
... 
('D', 4)
('C', 3)
('C', 3)
('A', 1)
('A', 1)

>>> for key in ["B", "F"]:
...     print(f"{key} in min_map: {key in min_map}")
... 
B in min_map: True
F in min_map: False

>>> min_map["C"]
3
>>> min_map.update("E", 0)
>>> min_map.top(with_priority=True)
('E', 0)
>>> min_map["B"] = 6
>>> del min_map["C"]
>>> while len(min_map) > 0:
...     min_map.pop(with_priority=True)
... 
('E', 0)
('A', 1)
('D', 4)
('B', 6)

>>> print(PriorityMap({"A": 1, "B": 2, "C": 3}))
[('A', 1), ('B', 2), ('C', 3)]

Max Priority Map

>>> from ezcode.heap import PriorityMap
>>> max_map = PriorityMap(min_heap=False)
>>> for data in [("D", 4), ("C", 3), ("E", 5), ("A", 1), ("B", 2)]:
...     max_map.push(data)
...     max_map.top(with_priority=True)
... 
('D', 4)
('D', 4)
('E', 5)
('E', 5)
('E', 5)

>>> for key in ["B", "F"]:
...     print(f"{key} in max_map: {key in max_map}")
... 
B in max_map: True
F in max_map: False

>>> max_map["C"]
3
>>> 
>>> max_map.update("E", 0)
>>> max_map.top(with_priority=True)
('D', 4)
>>> max_map["B"] = 6
>>> del min_map["C"]
>>> while len(max_map) > 0:
...     max_map.pop(with_priority=True)
... 
('B', 6)
('D', 4)
('A', 1)
('E', 0)

>>> print(PriorityMap({"A": 1, "B": 2, "C": 3}, min_heap=False))
[('C', 3), ('A', 1), ('B', 2)]

Interval

overlap

>>> from ezcode.interval import Interval
>>> Interval(1, 5).overlap(Interval(3, 6))
True
>>> Interval(1, 2).overlap(Interval(3, 6))
False
>>> Interval(1, 5).overlap(Interval(3, 4))
True
>>> Interval(1, 3).overlap(Interval(3, 5))
True
>>> Interval(1, 3, right_open=True).overlap(Interval(3, 5))
False

merge

>>> print(Interval(1, 2).merge(Interval(2, 3, left_open=True)))
None
>>> Interval(1, 2, data=100).merge(Interval(2, 3, data=200), merge_data=lambda x,y: x+y)
Interval(1, 3, data=300)

intersect

>>> print(Interval(1, 2).intersect(Interval(2, 3, left_open=True)))
None
>>> Interval(1, 2, data=100).intersect(Interval(2, 3, data=200), intersect_data=min)
Interval(2, 2, data=100)

merge_intervals

>>> from ezcode.interval import Interval
>>> from ezcode.interval.algorithm import merge_intervals
>>> merge_intervals([Interval(3, 4), Interval(1, 2), Interval(2, 5),Interval(7, 9), Interval(8, 9), Interval(6, 8)])
[Interval(1, 5), Interval(6, 9)]

overlapping_interval_pairs

>>> from ezcode.interval import Interval
>>> from ezcode.interval.algorithm import overlapping_interval_pairs
>>> pairs = overlapping_interval_pairs([Interval(1, 2), Interval(2, 3), Interval(3, 4)])
>>> for p in pairs:
...     print(p)
... 
(Interval(1, 2), Interval(2, 3))
(Interval(2, 3), Interval(3, 4))

min_groups_of_non_overlapping_intervals

>>> from ezcode.interval import Interval
>>> from ezcode.interval.algorithm import min_groups_of_non_overlapping_intervals
>>> intervals = [Interval(3, 4), Interval(1, 2), Interval(2, 5), Interval(7, 9), Interval(8, 9), Interval(6, 8)]
>>> groups = min_groups_of_non_overlapping_intervals(intervals)
>>> for group in groups:
...     print(group)
... 
[Interval(1, 2), Interval(3, 4), Interval(6, 8)]
[Interval(2, 5), Interval(7, 9)]
[Interval(8, 9)]

SinglyLinkedList

>>> from ezcode.list.linked_list import SinglyLinkedList
>>> class Node:
...     def __init__(self, v=None, n=None):
...         self.v = v
...         self.n = n
... 
>>> head = Node(0, Node(1, Node(2, Node(3, Node(4, Node(5, Node(6, Node(7))))))))
>>> s_list = SinglyLinkedList(head=head, data_name="v", next_name="n")
>>> print(s_list)
0 ─> 1 ─> 2 ─> 3 ─> 4 ─> 5 ─> 6 ─> 7 ─> None
>>> c_list = s_list.copy()
>>> print(c_list)
0 ─> 1 ─> 2 ─> 3 ─> 4 ─> 5 ─> 6 ─> 7 ─> None
>>> c_list.reverse(start_index=2, end_index=5)
>>> print(c_list)
0 ─> 1 ─> 5 ─> 4 ─> 3 ─> 2 ─> 6 ─> 7 ─> None
>>> s_list.reverse(start_index=4)
>>> print(s_list)
0 ─> 1 ─> 2 ─> 3 ─> 7 ─> 6 ─> 5 ─> 4 ─> None
>>> s_list.reverse(end_index=1)
>>> print(s_list)
1 ─> 0 ─> 2 ─> 3 ─> 7 ─> 6 ─> 5 ─> 4 ─> None

LRU Cache

>>> from ezcode.list.lru_cache import LRUCache
>>> cache = LRUCache(capacity=3)
>>> cache.put(key=1, value="One")
>>> cache.put(key=2, value="Two")
>>> cache.put(key=3, value="Three")
>>> print(cache.get(1))
One
>>> cache.put(key=4, value="Four")
>>> print(cache.get(2))
None

Monotonic Queue

Monotonic Increasing Queue

>>> from ezcode.list.queue import MonotonicQueue
>>> mq = MonotonicQueue()
>>> for number in [5, 3, 1, 2, 4]:
...     mq.push(number)
...     print(mq)
... 
5
3
1
1 <─ 2
1 <─ 2 <─ 4

Monotonic Decreasing Queue

>>> from ezcode.list.queue import MonotonicQueue
>>> mq = MonotonicQueue(is_increasing=False)
>>> for number in [5, 3, 1, 2, 4]:
...     mq.push(number)
...     print(mq)
... 
5
5 <─ 3
5 <─ 3 <─ 1
5 <─ 3 <─ 2
5 <─ 4

Permutations

>>> from ezcode.array.utils import print_array
>>> from ezcode.math.discrete import permutations
>>> print_array(permutations(items=["A","A","B","B","C"], selection_size=3))
[
    ['A', 'A', 'B'],
    ['A', 'A', 'C'],
    ['A', 'B', 'A'],
    ['A', 'B', 'B'],
    ['A', 'B', 'C'],
    ['A', 'C', 'A'],
    ['A', 'C', 'B'],
    ['B', 'A', 'A'],
    ['B', 'A', 'B'],
    ['B', 'A', 'C'],
    ['B', 'B', 'A'],
    ['B', 'B', 'C'],
    ['B', 'C', 'A'],
    ['B', 'C', 'B'],
    ['C', 'A', 'A'],
    ['C', 'A', 'B'],
    ['C', 'B', 'A'],
    ['C', 'B', 'B'],
]

>>> from ezcode.math.discrete import next_lexicographic_permutation
>>> next_lexicographic_permutation(['A', 'A', 'B'])
['A', 'B', 'A']

Combinations

>>> from ezcode.array.utils import print_array
>>> from ezcode.math.discrete import combinations, all_subsets
>>> print_array(combinations(items=["A","A","B","B","C"], selection_size=3))
[
    ['A', 'A', 'B'],
    ['A', 'A', 'C'],
    ['A', 'B', 'B'],
    ['A', 'B', 'C'],
    ['B', 'B', 'C'],
]
>>> print_array(all_subsets(items=["A","A","B","B","C"]))
[
    [],
    ['A'],
    ['B'],
    ['C'],
    ['A', 'A'],
    ['A', 'B'],
    ['A', 'C'],
    ['B', 'B'],
    ['B', 'C'],
    ['A', 'A', 'B'],
    ['A', 'A', 'C'],
    ['A', 'B', 'B'],
    ['A', 'B', 'C'],
    ['B', 'B', 'C'],
    ['A', 'A', 'B', 'B'],
    ['A', 'A', 'B', 'C'],
    ['A', 'B', 'B', 'C'],
    ['A', 'A', 'B', 'B', 'C'],
]

Partitions

>>> from ezcode.array.utils import print_array
>>> from ezcode.math.discrete import partitions
>>> print_array(partitions([1, 2, 3, 4]))
[
    [
        [1, 2, 3, 4],
    ],
    [
        [1],
        [2, 3, 4],
    ],
    [
        [1],
        [2],
        [3, 4],
    ],
    [
        [1],
        [2],
        [3],
        [4],
    ],
    [
        [1],
        [2, 3],
        [4],
    ],
    [
        [1, 2],
        [3, 4],
    ],
    [
        [1, 2],
        [3],
        [4],
    ],
    [
        [1, 2, 3],
        [4],
    ],
]

Enumerations

>>> from ezcode.array.utils import print_array
>>> from ezcode.math.discrete import enumerations
>>> print_array(enumerations([['a', 'b'], ['X', 'Y'], [1, 2, 3]]))
[
    [a, X, 1],
    [a, X, 2],
    [a, X, 3],
    [a, Y, 1],
    [a, Y, 2],
    [a, Y, 3],
    [b, X, 1],
    [b, X, 2],
    [b, X, 3],
    [b, Y, 1],
    [b, Y, 2],
    [b, Y, 3],
]

Calculator

>>> from ezcode.math.calculator import infix_notation_to_reverse_polish_notation
>>> from ezcode.math.calculator import evaluate_reverse_polish_notation
>>> from ezcode.math.calculator import calculate
>>> arithmetic_expression = "-2/-1 + √4! * ((-1 + 5)-2)/2"
>>> rpn = infix_notation_to_reverse_polish_notation(arithmetic_expression)
>>> print(rpn)
[-2, -1, '/', 4, '!', '√', -1, 5, '+', 2, '-', '*', 2, '/', '+']

>>> evaluate_reverse_polish_notation(rpn)
6.898979485566356

>>> calculate(arithmetic_expression)
6.898979485566356

Binary Tree

Binary Tree Printer

>>> class Node:
...     def __init__(self, v=None, l=None, r=None):
...         self.v = v
...         self.l = l
...         self.r = r
... 
>>> from ezcode.tree.printer import BinaryTreePrinter
>>> root = Node(0, Node(1, Node(3, r=Node(7)), Node(4)), Node(2, Node(5, Node(8), Node(9)), Node(6)))
>>> printer = BinaryTreePrinter(data_name="v", left_name="l", right_name="r")
>>> printer.print(root)

       ┌──────────(0)──────────┐       
 ┌────(1)────┐           ┌────(2)────┐ 
(3)─┐       (4)       ┌─(5)─┐       (6)
   (7)               (8)   (9)         

Random Binary Tree

>>> from ezcode.tree.binary_tree import RandomBinaryTree
>>> tree = RandomBinaryTree(size=10, lower_bound=-5, upper_bound=10)
>>> tree.print()

           ┌────────────(3)────────────┐           
    ┌────(-4)─────┐                   (5)─────┐    
 ┌─(8)         ┌─(6)                      ┌──(9)─┐ 
(6)          (-2)                        (2)    (2)

>>> tree.make_tree()
>>> tree.print()

        ┌────────────(6)────────────┐        
 ┌─────(7)─────┐             ┌─────(6)─────┐ 
(9)         ┌─(1)──┐        (9)        ┌──(3)
           (1)    (5)                (10)    

Algorithm

Traversals

>>> from ezcode.tree.binary_tree import BinaryTree
>>> root = Node(0, Node(1, Node(3, r=Node(7)), Node(4)), Node(2, Node(5, Node(8), Node(9)), Node(6)))
>>> tree = BinaryTree(root, data_name="v", left_name="l", right_name="r")
>>> tree.print()

       ┌──────────(0)──────────┐       
 ┌────(1)────┐           ┌────(2)────┐ 
(3)─┐       (4)       ┌─(5)─┐       (6)
   (7)               (8)   (9)         
     
>>> print(f"  Pre-Order: {tree.traversal('pre-order')}")
>>> print(f"   In-Order: {tree.traversal('in-order')}")
>>> print(f" Post-Order: {tree.traversal('post-order')}")
>>> print(f"Level-Order: {tree.traversal('level-order')}")

  Pre-Order: [0, 1, 3, 7, 4, 2, 5, 8, 9, 6]
   In-Order: [1, 3, 7, 4, 0, 2, 5, 8, 9, 6]
 Post-Order: [1, 3, 7, 4, 2, 5, 8, 9, 6, 0]
Level-Order: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

Lowest Common Ancestor

>>> from ezcode.tree.binary_tree import BinaryTree
>>> root = Node(0, Node(1, Node(3, r=Node(7)), Node(4)), Node(2, Node(5, Node(8), Node(9)), Node(6)))
>>> tree = BinaryTree(root, data_name="v", left_name="l", right_name="r")
>>> tree.print()

       ┌──────────(0)──────────┐       
 ┌────(1)────┐           ┌────(2)────┐ 
(3)─┐       (4)       ┌─(5)─┐       (6)
   (7)               (8)   (9)         

>>> n6, n7, n8 = root.r.r, root.l.l.r, root.r.l.l
>>> tree.node_data(tree.lowest_common_ancestor([n6, n8]))
2
>>> tree.node_data(tree.lowest_common_ancestor([n6, n7, n8]))
0

Subtree Stats

>>> from ezcode.tree.binary_tree import BinaryTree
>>> root = Node(-2, Node(8, Node(-4, l=Node(-2)), Node(3, l=Node(-1))), Node(-3, l=Node(2, Node(10), Node(7))))
>>> tree = BinaryTree(root, data_name="v", left_name="l", right_name="r")
>>> tree.print()

            ┌───────────(-2)────────────┐ 
     ┌─────(8)─────┐             ┌────(-3)
  ┌(-4)         ┌─(3)        ┌──(2)─┐     
(-2)          (-1)         (10)    (7)    

>>> print(f"Subtree Sum Min: {tree.subtree('sum-min')}")
>>> print(f"Subtree Sum Max: {tree.subtree('sum-max')}")
>>> print(f"Subtree Avg Min: {tree.subtree('avg-min')}")
>>> print(f"Subtree Avg Max: {tree.subtree('avg-max')}")

Subtree Sum Min: -6
Subtree Sum Max: 19
Subtree Avg Min: -3.0
Subtree Avg Max: 10.0

Max Path Sum

>>> from ezcode.tree.binary_tree import BinaryTree
>>> root = Node(-2, Node(8, Node(-4, l=Node(-2)), Node(3, l=Node(-1))), Node(-3, l=Node(2, Node(10), Node(7))))
>>> tree = BinaryTree(root, data_name="v", left_name="l", right_name="r")
>>> tree.print()

            ┌───────────(-2)────────────┐ 
     ┌─────(8)─────┐             ┌────(-3)
  ┌(-4)         ┌─(3)        ┌──(2)─┐     
(-2)          (-1)         (10)    (7)    

>>> tree.max_path_sum()
19

Depth & Balance

>>> from ezcode.tree.binary_tree import BinaryTree
>>> root = Node(0, Node(0, Node(0), Node(0, r=Node(0))), Node(0, Node(0), Node(0, r=Node(0, l=Node(0)))))
>>> tree = BinaryTree(root, data_name="v", left_name="l", right_name="r")
>>> tree.print()

             ┌──────────────────────(0)──────────────────────┐                   
 ┌──────────(0)──────────┐                       ┌──────────(0)──────────┐       
(0)                     (0)────┐                (0)                     (0)────┐ 
                              (0)                                           ┌─(0)
                                                                           (0)   

>>> [tree.depth(), tree.is_balanced()]
[5, False]

>>> root = Node(0, Node(0, Node(0, l=Node(0)), Node(0, r=Node(0))), Node(0, Node(0), Node(0, l=Node(0))))
>>> tree.root = root
>>> tree.print()

          ┌──────────(0)──────────┐       
    ┌────(0)────┐           ┌────(0)────┐ 
 ┌─(0)         (0)─┐       (0)       ┌─(0)
(0)               (0)               (0)   

>>> [tree.depth(), tree.is_balanced()]
[4, True]

Serialization & Deserialization

>>> from ezcode.tree.printer import BinaryTreePrinter
>>> from ezcode.tree.binary_tree import BinaryTree
>>> printer = BinaryTreePrinter(data_name="v", left_name="l", right_name="r")
>>> root = Node(1, Node(2), Node(3, Node(4), Node(5)))
>>> tree = BinaryTree(root, data_name="v", left_name="l", right_name="r")
>>> tree.print()

 ┌────(1)────┐    
(2)       ┌─(3)─┐ 
         (4)   (5)

>>> serialized = tree.serialize(delimiter=",")
>>> print(serialized)

1,2,3,None,None,4,5,None,None,None,None

>>> printer.print(tree.deserialize(formatter=int, string=serialized, delimiter=","))

 ┌────(1)────┐    
(2)       ┌─(3)─┐ 
         (4)   (5)

Segment Tree

>>> from ezcode.tree.binary_tree import SegmentTree
>>> st = SegmentTree(merge=(lambda x,y:x+y))
>>> st.build_tree([2, 1, 5, 3, 4])
>>> st.print()

                       ┌────────────────────([0,4]:15)─────────────────────┐                 
          ┌────────([0,2]:8)────────┐                         ┌────────([3,4]:7)────────┐    
    ┌─([0,1]:3)──┐              ([2,2]:5)                 ([3,3]:3)                 ([4,4]:4)
([0,0]:2)    ([1,1]:1)                                                                       

>>> st.query(1, 3)
9
>>> st.update(index=2, data=7)
>>> st.print()

                       ┌────────────────────([0,4]:17)─────────────────────┐                 
          ┌───────([0,2]:10)────────┐                         ┌────────([3,4]:7)────────┐    
    ┌─([0,1]:3)──┐              ([2,2]:7)                 ([3,3]:3)                 ([4,4]:4)
([0,0]:2)    ([1,1]:1)                                                                       

>>> st.query(1, 3)
11

Trie

>>> from ezcode.tree.trie import Trie
>>> trie = Trie()
>>> for word in ["today", "tomorrow", "tonight", "tobaco", "tod", "tony"]:
...     trie.add(list(word))
... 
>>> trie.size()
6
>>> trie.print()
^:6 -> t:6 -> o:6 -> d:2:$ -> a:1 -> y:1:$
^:6 -> t:6 -> o:6 -> m:1 -> o:1 -> r:1 -> r:1 -> o:1 -> w:1:$
^:6 -> t:6 -> o:6 -> n:2 -> i:1 -> g:1 -> h:1 -> t:1:$
^:6 -> t:6 -> o:6 -> n:2 -> y:1:$
^:6 -> t:6 -> o:6 -> b:1 -> a:1 -> c:1 -> o:1:$
>>> trie.contains(list("toni"))
True
>>> trie.contains(list("tonx"))
False
>>> trie.contains(list("toni"), strict=True)
False
>>> trie.contains(list("tod"), strict=True)
True
>>> "".join(trie.longest_common_prefix())
'to'
>>> for word in trie.prefix_wildcard(list("ton")):
...     print("".join(word))
... 
tonight
tony

Suffix Trie

>>> from ezcode.tree.trie import SuffixTrie
>>> suffix_trie = SuffixTrie("abcab")
>>> suffix_trie.print()
^:5 -> a:2 -> b:2:$ -> c:1 -> a:1 -> b:1:$
^:5 -> b:2:$ -> c:1 -> a:1 -> b:1:$
^:5 -> c:1 -> a:1 -> b:1:$

Forest

Disjoint Sets

>>> from ezcode.tree.forest import DisjointSets
>>> ds = DisjointSets(set([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]))
>>> ds.get_max_set_size()
1
>>> len(ds)
7
>>> ds.union(3, 4)
True
>>> ds.union(1, 0)
True
>>> ds.union(4, 1)
True
>>> ds.get_max_set_size()
4
>>> ds.union(4, 0)
False
>>> ds.union(5, 2)
True
>>> len(ds)
3
>>> ds.is_joint(1, 4)
True
>>> ds.is_joint(1, 2)
False
>>> ds.get_set_size(2)
2
>>> ds.get_set_size(1)
4
>>> ds.union(2, 3)
True
>>> ds.get_max_set_size()
6
>>> len(ds)
2
>>> ds.is_joint(1, 2)
True
>>> ds.is_joint(1, 6)
False
>>> ds.get_set_size(2)
6
>>> ds.get_set_size(6)
1

File System

>>> from ezcode.tree.file_system import FileSystem
>>> fs = FileSystem()
>>> fs.mkdir("/var/tmp", True)
>>> fs.echo_to("/var/tmp/test.txt", "hello world")
>>> fs.cd("/var/tmp")
>>> fs.pwd()
/var/tmp
>>> fs.ls()
[f] test.txt
>>> fs.cat("test.txt")
hello world
>>> fs.cd("../..")
>>> fs.pwd()
/
>>> fs.mkdir("/home")
>>> for user in ["user_1", "user_2", "user_3"]:
...     fs.mkdir(f"/home/{user}")
...     fs.touch(f"/home/{user}/.profile")
...     fs.echo_to(f"/home/{user}/.profile", f"ID={user}")
...
>>> fs.ls("/")
[d] home
[d] var
>>> fs.cd("/home")
>>> fs.pwd()
/home
>>> fs.ls()
[d] user_1
[d] user_2
[d] user_3
>>> fs.cd("user_1")
>>> fs.echo_to("test.txt", "hello user_1")
>>> fs.pwd()
/home/user_1
>>> fs.ls()
[f] .profile
[f] test.txt
>>> fs.cat(".profile")
ID=user_1
>>> fs.cat("/home/user_3/.profile")
ID=user_3
>>> fs.ls("/home/user_3")
[f] .profile
>>> fs.rm("/home/user_3")
>>> fs.cd("..")
>>> fs.pwd()
/home
>>> fs.cat("user_1/test.txt")
hello user_1
>>> fs.ls()
[d] user_1
[d] user_2
>>> fs.cd("..")
>>> fs.pwd()
/
>>> fs.tree("home")
home
├── user_1
│   ├── .profile
│   └── test.txt
└── user_2
    └── .profile
>>> fs.tree()
/
├── home
│   ├── user_1
│   │   ├── .profile
│   │   └── test.txt
│   └── user_2
│       └── .profile
└── var
    └── tmp
        └── test.txt
>>> fs.tree("/", 2)
/
├── home
│   ├── user_1
│   └── user_2
└── var
    └── tmp