flagrs

Parts of my flagmining library rewritten as CPython extension code in Rust.

Due to some lacking functionality in rust-cpython==0.6.0 it depends on my own fork of said project.

ZZ

The integers.

n.inv_mod(m) -> r : Returns $1/n \pmod m$.

Arithmetic Operations

x+y, x-y, x*y : Addition, subtraction, and multiplication.

x//y -> q, x%y -> r, divmod(x,y) -> (q,r) : Euclidean integer division.

x**e, pow(x,e) : Exponentiation. e must be positive.

pow(x,e,m) : Exponentiation under a modulus. e can be negative if gcd(x,m) == 1.

x.__bool__() -> bool : True if x != 0.

n.sqrt() -> (w,r) : Floored integer square root with remainder. w*w + r == n.

n.root(d) -> (w,r) : Floored integer dth root with remainder. w**d + r == n.

Sign

-x : Negation.

abs(x) : Absolute value.

x.sign() -> s : The sign of x (-1, 0, or 1).

Bitwise Operations

x|y, x&y, x^y : Bitwise OR, AND, and XOR.

~x : Bitwise negation, acting as if the integer had infinite width. : Equivalent to -x-1.

x<<i, x>>i : Bit shifts (can be negative).

n.nbits() -> c : Number of bits needed to represent the absolute value of n. : Equivalent to n.bit_length().

n.weight() -> c : Number of bits set in the absolute value of n.

n.truncate(bits, [signed=False]) : Truncate n to the given number of bits. Negative numbers are treated as if they're in two's-complement form for the given bit width. : If signed is True the resulting bits will be re-interpreted as a signed value and so the result might be negative.

n.next_bit() -> b : Next power-of-two bigger than n.

Integers also function implicitly as a list of bits:

n[i] -> bool : Checks bit i (0-indexed).

n[i:j] -> v : Returns a number with the bits set in the slice. : Morally equivalent to (n>>i) % (1<<j-i) but supports full slice syntax, including negative numbers.

Representation

str(x) -> str, x.__repr__() : Number in base-10 as a text string.

x.nbytes() -> l : Number of bytes needed to represent the number. For positive numbers this is equivalent to (x.nbits() + 7)//8. Negative numbers might require an extra bit (see x.bytes()).

x.bytes([order='big']) -> bytes : Interprets the number as base-256 and returns the digits as a bytestring. : Negative numbers are treated as if they're in two's complement representation of the minimum bit width that will successfully represent them, so -128 gives b'\x80' and -129 gives b'\xff\x7f'.

x.digits(base) -> [d...] : Yields a list of digits in base base. The base can be negative, but must have a magnitude of 2 or more.

Factors

n.gcd(m...) -> g : Returns the GCD of n with all arguments.

n.egcd(m) -> (g,x,y) : Extended GCD yielding Bézout coefficients. x*n + m*y == g.

n.lcm(m...) -> m : Returns the LCM of n with all arguments.

n.is_prime([reps=25]) -> bool : Trivial divisors, then Baille-PSW, then $(reps-24)$ sounds of Miller-Rabin.

n.next_prime() -> p : Returns the next prime larger than n.

n.make_odd() -> (q,e) : Returns the odd part and exponent of 2 in n. 2**e * q == n

n.small_factors([upto=0x100000]) -> (q,[(p,e)...]) : Factors out all primes smaller than upto. : Returns the remaining factor q and a list of primes and their multiplicity.

x.factor_pollard(upto) : ... x.factor_fermat(s, e) : ...