ipromise 1.1

Implementing

Implementing is the pattern whereby an inheriting class’s method implements an abstract method from a base class method. It is declared using the decorators:

• abc.abstractmethod from the standard library, and

• implements, which indicates that a method implements an abstract method in a base class

For example:

class HasAbstractMethod(AbstractBaseClass):

    @abstractmethod
    def f(self):
        raise NotImplementedError


class ImplementsAbstractMethod(HasAbstractMethod):

    @implements(HasAbstractMethod)
    def f(self):
        return 0

Augmenting

Augmenting is the pattern whereby an inheriting class’s method calls a base class method. This pattern is typical in multiple inheritance whereby mixins provide additional behavior. It is declared using two decorators:

• augments indicates that this method must call super within its definition and thus augments the behavior of the base class method, and

• must_agugment indicates that child classes that define this method must decorate their method overriddes with augments.

For example:

class HasMustAugmentMethod(AbstractBaseClass):

    @must_augment
    def f(self):
        # must_augment prevents this behavior from being lost.
        self.times_f_called += 1
        return 0


class AugmentsMethod(HasMustAugmentMethod):

    @augments(HasMustAugmentMethod)
    def f(self, extra=0, **kwargs):
        return super().f(**kwargs) + extra


class AlsoAugmentsMethod(HasMustAugmentMethod):

    @augments(HasMustAugmentMethod)
    def f(self, **kwargs):
        print("f has been called")
        return super().f(**kwargs)

Overriding

Overriding is the pattern whereby an inheriting class’s method calls a base class method. This pattern indicates that the base class method is hidden (at least in some cases). It is declared using the decorator overrides, which indicates that this is an overriding method. Such a method could call super, but does not have to:

class HasRegularMethod(AbstractBaseClass):

    def f(self):
        return 1


class OverridesRegularMethod(HasRegularMethod):

    @overrides(HasRegularMethod)
    def f(self):
        return 2