json-stream 1.4.1

Streaming JSON decoder

json-stream

Simple streaming JSON parser.

json-stream is a JSON parser just like the standard library's json.load(). It will read a JSON document and convert it into native python types.

import json_stream
data = json_stream.load(f)

Features:

• stream all JSON data types (objects or lists)
• stream nested data
• simple pythonic list-like/dict-like interface
• stream truncated or malformed JSON data (up to the first error)
• pure python
• no dependencies

Unlike json.load(), json-stream can stream JSON data from a file-like object. This has the following benefits:

• It does not require the whole json document to be into memory up-front
• It can start producing data before the entire document has finished loading
• It only requires enough memory to hold the data currently being parsed

What are the problems with standard json.load()?

The problem with the json.load() stem from the fact that it must read the whole JSON document into memory before parsing it.

Memory usage

json.load() first reads the whole document into memory as a string. It then starts parsing that string and converting the whole document into python types again stored in memory. For a very large document, this could be more memory than you have available to your system.

json_stream.load() does not read the whole document into memory, it only buffers enough from the stream to produce the next item of data.

Additionally, in transient mode (see below) json-stream also doesn't store up all of the parsed data in memory.

Latency

json.load() produces all the data after parsing the whole document. If you only care about the first 10 items in a list of 2 million items, then you have wait until all 2 million items have been parsed first.

json_stream.load() produces data as soon as it is available in the stream.

Usage

json_stream.load()

json_stream.load() has two modes of operation, controlled by the persistent argument (default false).

It is also possible to "mix" the modes as you consume the data.

Transient mode (default)

This mode is appropriate if you can consume the data iteratively. You cannot move backwards through the stream to read data that has already been skipped over. It is the mode you must use if you want process large amounts of JSON data without consuming large amounts of memory required.

In transient mode, only the data currently being read is stored in memory. Any data previously read from the stream is discarded (it's up to you what to do with it) and attempting to access this data results in a TransientAccessException.

import json_stream

# JSON: {"count": 3, "results": ["a", "b", "c"]}
data = json_stream.load(f)  # data is a transient dict-like object 
# stream has been read up to "{"

# use data like a dict
results = data["results"]  # results is a transient list-like object
# stream has been read up to "[", we now cannot read "count"

# iterate transient list
for result in results:
    print(result)  # prints a, b, c
# stream has been read up to "]"

# attempt to read "count" from earlier in stream
count = data["count"]  # will raise exception
# stream is now exhausted

# attempt to read from list that has already be iterated
for result in results:  # will raise exception
    pass

Persistent mode

In persistent mode all previously read data is stored in memory as it is parsed. The returned dict-like or list-like objects can be used just like normal data structures.

If you request an index or key that has already been read from the stream then it is retrieved from memory. If you request an index or key that has not yet been read from the stream, then the request blocks until that item is found in the stream.

import json_stream

# JSON: {"count": 1, "results": ["a", "b", "c"]}
data = json_stream.load(f, persistent=True)
# data is a streaming  dict-like object 
# stream has been read up to "{"

# use data like a dict
results = data["results"]  # results is a streaming list-like object
# stream has been read up to "["
# count has been stored data

# use results like a list
a_result = results[1]  # a_result = "b"
# stream has been read up to the middle of list
# "a" and "b" have been stored in results

# read earlier data from memory
count = data["count"]  # count = 1

# consume rest of list
results.read_all()
# stream has been read up to "}"
# "c" is now stored in results too
# results.is_streaming() == False

# consume everything
data.read_all()
# stream is now exhausted
# data.is_streaming() == False

Persistent mode is not appropriate if you care about memory consumption, but provides an identical experience compared to json.load().

Mixed mode

In some cases you will need to be able to randomly access some part of the data, but still only have that specific data taking up memory resources.

For example, you might have a very long list of objects, but you cannot always access the keys of the objects in stream order. You want to be able to iterate the list transiently, but access the result objects persistently.

This can be achieved using the persistent() method of all the list or dict-like objects json_stream produces. Calling persistent() causes the existing transient object to produce persistent child objects.

Note that the persistent() method makes the children of the object it is called on persistent, not the object it is called on.

import json_stream

# JSON: {"results": [{"x": 1, "y": 3}, {"y": 4, "x": 2}]}
# note that the keys of the inner objects are not ordered 
data = json_stream.load(f)  # data is a transient dict-like object 

# iterate transient list, but produce persistent items
for result in data['results'].persistent():
    # result is a persistent dict-like object
    print(result['x'])  # print x
    print(result['y'])  # print y (error on second result without .persistent())
    print(result['x'])  # print x again (error without .persistent())

The opposite is also possible, going from persistent mode to transient mode, though the use cases for this are more esoteric.

# JSON: {"a": 1, "x": ["long", "list", "I", "don't", "want", "in", "memory"], "b": 2}
data = load(StringIO(json), persistent=True).transient()
# data is a persistent dict-list object that produces transient children

print(data["a"])  # prints 1
x = data["x"]  # x is a transient list, you can use it accordingly
print(x[0])  # prints long

# access earlier data from memory
print(data["a"])  # this would have raised an exception if data was transient

print(data["b"])  # prints 2

# we have now moved past all the data in the transient list
print(x[0])  # will raise exception

visitor pattern

You can also parse using a visitor-style approach where a function you supply is called for each data item as it is parsed (depth-first).

This uses a transient parser under the hood, so does not consume memory for the whole document.

import json_stream

# JSON: {"x": 1, "y": {}, "xxxx": [1,2, {"yyyy": 1}, "z", 1, []]}

def visitor(item, path):
    print(f"{item} at path {path}")

json_stream.visit(f, visitor)

Output:

1 at path ('x',)
{} at path ('y',)
1 at path ('xxxx', 0)
2 at path ('xxxx', 1)
1 at path ('xxxx', 2, 'yyyy')
z at path ('xxxx', 3)
1 at path ('xxxx', 4)
[] at path ('xxxx', 5)

Stream a URL

urllib

import urllib.request
import json_stream

with urllib.request.urlopen('http://example.com/data.json') as response:
    data = json_stream.load(response)

requests

import requests
import json_stream.requests

with requests.get('http://example.com/data.json', stream=True) as response:
    data = json_stream.requests.load(response)

Stream a URL (with visitor)

urllib

import urllib.request
import json_stream

def visitor(item, path):
    print(f"{item} at path {path}")
    
with urllib.request.urlopen('http://example.com/data.json') as response:
    json_stream.visit(response, visitor)

requests

import requests
import json_stream.requests

def visitor(item, path):
    print(f"{item} at path {path}")
    
with requests.get('http://example.com/data.json', stream=True) as response:
    json_stream.requests.visit(response, visitor)

Encoding json-stream objects

You can encode persistent json-stream dict-like and list-like object back to JSON using the built-in json.dump() or json.dumps functions, but with a little additional work:

import json

import json_stream
from json_stream.dump import JSONStreamEncoder, default

data = json_stream.load(f, persistent=True)

# Option 1: supply json_stream.encoding.default as the default argument
print(json.dumps(data, default=default))

# Option 2: supply json_stream.encoding.JSONStreamEncoder as the cls argument
# This allows you to created your own subclass to further customise encoding
print(json.dumps(data, cls=JSONStreamEncoder))

If you are using a library that internally takes data you pass it and encodes it using json.dump(). You can also use JSONStreamEncoder() as a context manager.

It works by monkey-patching the built-in JSONEncoder.default method during the scope of the with statement.

# library code
def some_library_function_out_of_your_control(arg):
    json.dumps(arg)

# your code
with JSONStreamEncoder():
    some_library_function_out_of_your_control(data)

Thread safety (experimental)

There is also a thread-safe version of the json.dump context manager:

from json_stream.dump.threading import ThreadSafeJSONStreamEncoder

# your code
with ThreadSafeJSONStreamEncoder():
   some_library_function_out_of_your_control(data)

The thread-safe implementation will ensure that concurrent uses of the context manager will only apply the patch for the first thread entering the patched section(s) and will only remove the patch when the last thread exits the patched sections(s)

Additionally, if the patch is somehow called by a thread that is not currently in a patched section (i.e. some other thread calling json.dump) then that thread will block until the patch has been removed. While such an un-patched thread is active, any thread attempting to apply the patch is blocked.

Custom tokenizer

You can supply and alternative JSON tokenizer implementation. Simply pass a tokenizer to the load() or visit() methods.

json_stream.load(f, tokenizer=some_tokenizer)

json-stream-rs-tokenizer

3rd party Rust-based tokenizer implementations that provides significant parsing speedup compared to pure python implementation.

Future improvements

• Allow long strings in the JSON to be read as streams themselves
• Allow transient mode on seekable streams to seek to data earlier in the stream instead of raising a TransientAccessException
• A more efficient tokenizer?

Alternatives

NAYA

NAYA is a pure python JSON parser for parsing a simple JSON list as a stream.

Why not NAYA?

• It can only stream JSON containing a top-level list
• It does not provide a pythonic dict/list-like interface

Yajl-Py

Yajl-Py is a wrapper around the Yajl JSON library that can be used to generate SAX style events while parsing JSON.

Why not Yajl-Py?

• It's not pure python
• It does not provide a pythonic dict/list-like interface

Build

cd ~/sources/json-stream/
python3 -m venv ~/build/
. ~/build/bin/activate
pip install --upgrade build twine
python -m build
twine upload dist/*

Acknowledgements

The JSON tokenizer used in the project was taken from the NAYA project.