maskattack.lbp 1.0.2

Texture (LBP) based counter-measures for the 3D MASK ATTACK database

This package implements the LBP counter-measure to spoofing attacks with 3d masks to 2d face recognition systems as described in the paper Spoofing in 2D Face Recognition with 3D Masks and Anti-spoofing with Kinect, by N. Erdogmus and S. Marcel, presented at BTAS 2013.

If you use this package and/or its results, please cite the following publications:

1. The original paper with the counter-measure explained in details:

   @INPROCEEDINGS{Erdogmus_BTAS_2013,
   author = {Erdogmus, Nesli and Marcel, S{\'{e}}bastien},
   keywords = {3D Mask Attack, Counter-Measures, Counter-Spoofing, Face Recognition, Liveness Detection, Replay, Spoofing},
   month = sep,
   title = {Spoofing in 2D Face Recognition with 3D Masks and Anti-spoofing with Kinect},
   journal = {BTAS 2013},
   year = {2013},
   }

2. Bob as the core framework used to run the experiments:

   @inproceedings{Anjos_ACMMM_2012,
       author = {A. Anjos AND L. El Shafey AND R. Wallace AND M. G\"unther AND C. McCool AND S. Marcel},
       title = {Bob: a free signal processing and machine learning toolbox for researchers},
       year = {2012},
       month = oct,
       booktitle = {20th ACM Conference on Multimedia Systems (ACMMM), Nara, Japan},
       publisher = {ACM Press},
   }

If you wish to report problems or improvements concerning this code, please contact the authors of the above mentioned papers.

Raw data

The data used in the paper is publicly available and should be downloaded and installed prior to try using the programs described in this package. Visit the 3D MASK ATTACK database portal for more information.

Installation

Note

If you are reading this page through our GitHub portal and not through PyPI, note the development tip of the package may not be stable or become unstable in a matter of moments.

Go to http://pypi.python.org/pypi/maskattack.lbp to download the latest stable version of this package.

There are 2 options you can follow to get this package installed and operational on your computer: you can use automatic installers like pip (or easy_install) or manually download, unpack and use zc.buildout to create a virtual work environment just for this package.

Using an automatic installer

Using pip is the easiest (shell commands are marked with a $ signal):

$ pip install maskattack.lbp

You can also do the same with easy_install:

$ easy_install maskattack.lbp

This will download and install this package plus any other required dependencies. It will also verify if the version of Bob you have installed is compatible.

This scheme works well with virtual environments by virtualenv or if you have root access to your machine. Otherwise, we recommend you use the next option.

Using zc.buildout

Download the latest version of this package from PyPI and unpack it in your working area. The installation of the toolkit itself uses buildout. You don’t need to understand its inner workings to use this package. Here is a recipe to get you started:

$ python bootstrap.py
$ ./bin/buildout

These 2 commands should download and install all non-installed dependencies and get you a fully operational test and development environment.

Note

The python shell used in the first line of the previous command set determines the python interpreter that will be used for all scripts developed inside this package. Because this package makes use of Bob, you must make sure that the bootstrap.py script is called with the same interpreter used to build Bob, or unexpected problems might occur.

If Bob is installed by the administrator of your system, it is safe to consider it uses the default python interpreter. In this case, the above 3 command lines should work as expected. If you have Bob installed somewhere else on a private directory, edit the file buildout.cfg before running ./bin/buildout. Find the section named external and edit the line egg-directories to point to the lib directory of the Bob installation you want to use. For example:

[external]
recipe = xbob.buildout:external
egg-directories=/Users/crazyfox/work/bob/build/lib

User Guide

This section explains how to use the package in order to: a) calculate the LBP features on the 3D Mask Attack database; b) perform classification using Chi-2, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Support Vector Machines (SVM).

It is assumed you have followed the installation instructions for the package, and got the required database downloaded and uncompressed in a directory. After running the buildout command, you should have all required utilities sitting inside the bin directory. We expect that the video files of the database are installed in a sub-directory called database at the root of the package. You can use a link to the location of the database files, if you don’t want to have the database installed on the root of this package:

$ ln -s /path/where/you/installed/the/database database

If you don’t want to create a link, use the --input-dir flag (available in all the scripts) to specify the root directory containing the database files.

Calculate the LBP features

The first stage of the process is calculating the feature vectors, which are essentially normalized LBP histograms. A single feature vector for each frame of the video (both for the depth and color images) is computed and saved as a multiple row array in a single file.

The program to be used for this is ./bin/calclbp.py. It uses the utility script spoof/calclbp.py. Depending on the command line arguments, it can compute different types of LBP histograms over the normalized face bounding box. Cropped and normalized images can be saved to a folder (./img_cropped by default) and used in future computations to skip cropping using -sc flag.

Furthermore, the normalized face-bounding box can be divided into blocks or not.

The following commands will calculate the feature vectors of all the videos in the database and will put the resulting .hdf5 files with the extracted feature vectors in the output directory ./lbp_features/r_1 with and without skipping the cropping step:

$ bin/calclbp.py -ld ./lbp_features/r_1 --el regular

$ bin/calclbp.py -cd ./img_cropped -ld ./lbp_features/r_1 --el regular -sc

In the above command, the program will crop (64x64 by default) and normalize the images according to the eye positions available in the database. The cropped images will be saved to the default directory (img_cropped) which can be changed using --cropped-dir argument.

To see all the options for the script calclbp.py, just type --help at the command line. Change the default option in order to obtain various features described in the paper.

Classification using Chi-2 distance

The clasification using Chi-2 distance consists of two steps. The first one is creating the histogram model (average LBP histogram of all the real access videos in the training set). The second step is comparison of the features of development and test videos to the model histogram and writing the results.

The script for performing Chi-2 histogram comparison is ./bin/cmphistmodels.py. It expects that the LBP features of the videos are stored in a folder ./bin/lbp_features.

First, it calculates the average real-access histogram using the training set and next, it computes the distances and writes the results in a file using the utility script spoof/chi2.py`. The default input directory is ``./lbp_features, while the default output directory is ./res. To execute this script on previously extracted features, just run:

$ ./bin/cmphistmodels.py -v ./lbp_features/r_1

To see all the options for the script cmphistmodels.py, just type --help at the command line.

Classification with linear discriminant analysis (LDA)

The classification with LDA is performed using the script ./bin/ldatrain_lbp.py. It makes use of the scripts ml/lda.py, ml/pca.py (if PCA reduction is performed on the data) and ml/norm.py (if the data need to be normalized). The default input and output directories are ./lbp_features and ./res. To execute the script with prior PCA dimensionality reduction as is done in the paper, call:

$ ./bin/ldatrain_lbp.py -v ./lbp_features/r_1 -r

To see all the options for this script, just type --help at the command line.

Classification with support vector machine (SVM)

The classification with SVM is performed using the script ./bin/svmtrain_lbp.py. It makes use of the scripts ml/pca.py (if PCA reduction is performed on the data) and ml\norm.py (if the data need to be normalized). The default input and output directories are ./lbp_features and ./res. To execute the script as is done in the paper, call:

$ ./bin/svmtrain_lbp.py -v ./lbp_features/r_1

To see all the options for this script, just type --help at the command line.

Plotting the HTER

The classification scripts cmphistmodels, ldatrain_lbp and svmtrain_lbp, run the experiments in 1000-fold manner, by randomly assigning subject ids to training, development and test sets (of fixed size). The resulting files are written to the res folder by default. If all the experiments in the paper are run (3 classification, 4 LBP methods with and without blocks - see run_experiments.sh), the barplot.py script will create and save the image with HTER bar plot (under the res folder), for which the height shows the mean of the HTER values in 1000 folds and the error bar shows the standard deviation:

$ ./bin/barplot.py

Problems

In case of problems, please contact any of the authors of the paper.