mendeleev 1.3.0

Pythonic periodic table of elements

A package with a convenient python API for accessing various properties of elements, ions and isotopes in the periodic table of elements.

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[!TIP] If you're looking for raw data behind mendeleev have a look at mendeleev-data repo.

You can find all data assets in multiple formats:

• csv,
• html,
• json,
• sql,
• markdown.

All releases a tagged with the same version numbers as mendeleev.

Table of Contents

• Table of Contents
• About the project
  • Interactive web app
• Installation
• Documentation
• Data
  • Basic properties
  • Standardized colors schemes
  • Size related properties
  • Electronegativity scales
  • Descriptive properties
  • Physical properties
  • Computed properties
  • Isotope properties
• Getting started
  • Lists of elements
    • Isotopes
  • Accesing data tables and the database
  • Command line interface utility
• Contributing
  • Issues
  • Pull requests
• Implementations in other languages
• License
• Citing
• Funding

source: https://github.com/lmmentel/mendeleev

About the project

This package provides a convenient python API for accessing various properties of elements, ions and isotopes in the periodic table of elements.

Moreover it provides an easy to use interface to pandas and convenient visualization functionality through bokeh that enables you to create customized periodic tables displaying various properties.

The package also facilitates the exploration and visualization of periodic trends in the periodic table. If you want to look at some examples there are a few tutorials available as jupyter notebooks.

Interactive web app

If you would like to explore the data available in mendeleev check out the interactive web app at mendeleev.herokuapp.com where you can create your own periodic tables and visualize the relations between various properties of elements.

Installation

The preferred installation method is with conda and you can install the package from the conda-forge Anaconda channel channel by

conda install conda-forge::mendeleev

The package can also be installed using pip

pip install mendeleev

or pipenv

pipenv install mendeleev

You can also install the most recent version from the repository:

pip install git+https://github.com/lmmentel/mendeleev.git

Documentation

Full documentation is hosted on Read the Docs.

Key Documentation Pages:

• API Overview - Architecture and usage patterns
• Units Support - Working with physical units (v1.3.0+)
• FAQ - Frequently asked questions
• Troubleshooting - Common issues and solutions

Interactive Tutorials:

There are also tutorials available as Jupyter notebooks on binder where you can explore the examples interactively:

• Quick start
• Bulk data access
• Electronic Configuration
• Ions
• Visualizations
• Advanced visualizations

Data

A comprehensive list of the available data together with appropriate references are available in the documentation. Here the most important entries are listed:

Basic properties

• atomic number
• atomic volume
• atomic weight
• block
• cas
• electrons
• electronic configuration
• group
• name
• neutrons
• mass number
• period
• protons
• series
• symbol

Standardized colors schemes

• cpk_color
• jmol_color
• molcas_gv_color

Size related properties

• atomic radius (Slater, Rahm)
• covalent radius (Bragg, Cordero, Pyykko)
• ionic radius
• metallic radius
• van der Waals radius (Alvarez, Batsanov, Bondi, Dreiding, MM3, RT, Truhlar, UFF)

Electronegativity scales

• Allen
• Allred & Rochow
• Cottrell & Sutton
• Ghosh
• Gordy
• Gunnarsson-Lundqvist
• Li & Xue
• Nagle
• Martynov & Batsanov
• Miedema
• Mulliken
• Pauling
• Robles-Bartolotti
• Sanderson

Descriptive properties

• discoverers
• discovery location
• discovery year
• dipole year
• description
• name origin
• sources
• uses

Physical properties

• boiling point
• C₆
• critical temperature
• critical pressure
• density
• dipole polarizability
• electron affinity
• evaporation heat
• fusion heat
• gas basicity
• heat of formation
• ionization energies
• lattice constant
• lattice structure
• melting point
• oxidation states
• proton affinity
• specific heat capacity
• thermal conductivity
• triple point temperature
• triple point pressure

Computed properties

• hardness
• softness
• electrophilicity

Other properties

• abundance in the Earth's crust
• abundance in the sea
• geochemical class
• Glawe number
• Goldschmidt class
• InChI
• is monoisotopic
• is radioactive
• isotopes
• Mendeleev number
• NIST WebBook URL
• nuclear screening constants (Slater & Clementi)

Isotope properties

• abundance
• abundance uncertainty
• discovery year
• g-factor
• g-factor uncertainty
• half life
• half life uncertainty
• radioactivity
• mass
• mass number
• parity
• quadrupole moment
• quadrupole moment uncertainty
• spin

Units Support (v1.3.0+)

Since version 1.3.0, mendeleev integrates with pint to provide physical units for properties. Each property includes metadata describing its units, making it easy to work with quantities in different unit systems and perform unit-aware calculations. See the Units documentation for details.

Getting started

The simplest way of accessing the element data is by importing elements directly from the [mendeleev]{.title-ref} package by their symbols. For example consider iron (Fe):

>>> from mendeleev import Fe
>>> Fe.name
'Iron'
>>> Fe.atomic_number
26
>>> Fe.thermal_conductivity
80.4

Another, more flexible way is through the element method that returns the Element object:

>>> from mendeleev import element

The element method accepts unique identifiers: atomic number, atomic symbol or element's name in English. To retrieve the entries on Silicon by symbol type

>>> si = element('Si')
>>> si.name
'Silicon'

Similarly to access the data by atomic number or element names type

>>> al = element(13)
>>> al.name
'Aluminium'
>>> o = element('Oxygen')
>>> o.atomic_number
8

Lists of elements

The element method also accepts list or tuple of identifiers and then returns a list of Element objects

>>> c, h, o = element(['C', 'Hydrogen', 8])
>>> c.name, h.name, o.name
('Carbon', 'Hydrogen', 'Oxygen')

Isotopes

The isotopes attribute returns a list of Isotope objects with the following attributes per isotope

• atomic_number
• mass
• abundance
• mass_number

>>> fe = element('Fe')
>>> for iso in fe.isotopes:
...     print(iso)
 26   55.93494  91.75%    56
 26   56.93540   2.12%    57
 26   57.93328   0.28%    58
 26   53.93961   5.85%    54

The columns represent the attributes atomic_number, mass, abundance and mass_number respectively.

Accessing data tables and the database

mendeleev offers also methods for accessing whole tables of data, e.g. table with the data on all isotopes and methods for interacting directly with the database engine, for more details see the API documentation and this tutorial.

Command line interface utility

For those who work in the terminal there is a simple command line interface (CLI) for printing the information about a given element. The script name is [element.py]{.title-ref} and it accepts either the symbol or name of the element or it's atomic number as an argument and prints the data about it. For example, to print the properties of silicon type

$ element.py Si
                            _  _  _  _      _
                          _(_)(_)(_)(_)_   (_)
                         (_)          (_)_  _
                         (_)_  _  _  _  (_)(_)
                           (_)(_)(_)(_)_   (_)
                          _           (_)  (_)
                         (_)_  _  _  _(_)_ (_) _
                           (_)(_)(_)(_) (_)(_)(_)



Description
===========

  Metalloid element belonging to group 14 of the periodic table. It is
  the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust, making up 25.7%
  of it by weight. Chemically less reactive than carbon. First
  identified by Lavoisier in 1787 and first isolated in 1823 by
  Berzelius.

Sources
=======

  Makes up major portion of clay, granite, quartz (SiO2), and sand.
  Commercial production depends on a reaction between sand (SiO2) and
  carbon at a temperature of around 2200 °C.

Uses
====

  Used in glass as silicon dioxide (SiO2). Silicon carbide (SiC) is one
  of the hardest substances known and used in polishing. Also the
  crystalline form is used in semiconductors.

Properties
==========

Abundance crust                                         282000
Abundance sea                                              2.2
Annotation
Atomic number                                               14
Atomic radius                                              132
Atomic radius rahm                                         232
Atomic volume                                             12.1
Atomic weight                                           28.085
Atomic weight uncertainty                                  NaN
Block                                                        p
Boiling point                                             2628
C6                                                         305
C6 gb                                                      308
Cas                                                  7440-21-3
Covalent radius bragg                                      117
Covalent radius cordero                                    111
Covalent radius pyykko                                     116
Covalent radius pyykko double                              107
Covalent radius pyykko triple                              102
Covalent radius slater                                     110
Cpk color                                              #daa520
Density                                                   2.33
Dipole polarizability                                    37.31
Discoverers                                     Jöns Berzelius
Discovery location                                      Sweden
Discovery year                                            1824
Electron affinity                                      1.38952
Electronic configuration                          [Ne] 3s2 3p2
En allen                                                 11.33
En ghosh                                              0.178503
En pauling                                                 1.9
Evaporation heat                                           383
Fusion heat                                               50.6
Gas basicity                                             814.1
Geochemical class                                        major
Goldschmidt class                                    litophile
Group id                                                    14
Heat of formation                                          450
Is monoisotopic                                           None
Is radioactive                                           False
Jmol color                                             #f0c8a0
Lattice constant                                          5.43
Lattice structure                                          DIA
Melting point                                             1683
Metallic radius                                            117
Metallic radius c12                                        138
Molcas gv color                                        #f0c8a0
Name                                                   Silicon
Name origin                    Latin: silex, silicus, (flint).
Period                                                       3
Proton affinity                                            837
Series id                                                    5
Specific heat                                            0.703
Symbol                                                      Si
Thermal conductivity                                       149
Vdw radius                                                 210
Vdw radius alvarez                                         219
Vdw radius batsanov                                        210
Vdw radius bondi                                           210
Vdw radius dreiding                                        427
Vdw radius mm3                                             229
Vdw radius rt                                              NaN
Vdw radius truhlar                                         NaN
Vdw radius uff                                           429.5

Contributing

mendeleev is free and always will be. It is developed and maintained by developers in an Open Source manner. Any contributions are welcome. You could help by writing documentation, pull-requests, report issues or suggesting new features.

Issues

Feel free to submit issues regarding:

• data updates and recommendations
• enhancement requests and new useful features
• code bugs
• data or citation inconsistencies or errors

Pull requests

• before stating to work on your pull request please submit an issue first
• fork the repo on github
• clone the project to your own machine
• commit changes to your own branch
• push your work back up to your fork
• submit a pull request so that your changes can be reviewed

Implementations in other languages

Due to great work of other people there are alternative versions in different languages:

Name	Language	Source	Documentation	Releases
mendeleev		gitlab	docs.rs/mendeleev
Mendeleev.jl		github	eben60.github.io/Mendeleev.jl/

License

This package is released under the permissive MIT license, see LICENSE

Citing

If you use mendeleev in a scientific publication, please consider citing the software as

L. M. Mentel, mendeleev - A Python resource for properties of chemical elements, ions and isotopes. , 2014-- . Available at: https://github.com/lmmentel/mendeleev.

Here's the reference in the BibLaTeX format

@software{mendeleev2014,
   author = {Mentel, Łukasz},
   title = {{mendeleev} -- A Python resource for properties of chemical elements, ions and isotopes},
   url = {https://github.com/lmmentel/mendeleev},
   version = {1.3.0},
   date = {2014--},
}

or the older BibTeX format

@misc{mendeleev2014,
   author = {Mentel, Łukasz},
   title = {mendeleev} -- A Python resource for properties of chemical elements, ions and isotopes, ver. 1.3.0},
   howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/lmmentel/mendeleev}},
   year  = {2014--},
}

Funding

This project was supported by the RCN (The Research Council of Norway) project number 239193.