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Overview

Penney's game, named after its inventor Walter Penney, is a binary (head/tail) sequence generating game between two or more players. Player A selects a sequence of heads and tails (of length 3 or larger), and shows this sequence to player B. Player B then selects another sequence of heads and tails of the same length. Subsequently, a fair coin is tossed until either player A's or player B's sequence appears as a consecutive subsequence of the coin toss outcomes. The player whose sequence appears first wins. Here we have a clone of this game that I wrote during coronavirus quarantine days.

ℹ️ In playing with the computer, the computer selects its sequence randomly

ℹ️ For details about how the winning probability is calculated, you can visit Penney’s game between many players paper

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Code Quality

Installation

Source Code

• Download and install Python3.x (>=3.7)
  • Select Add to PATH option
  • Select Install pip option
• Download Version 0.5 or Latest Source
• Run pip install .

PyPI

• Check Python Packaging User Guide
• Run pip install penney==0.5

Exe Version (Windows)

• Download Exe-Version 0.5
• Run Penney-0.5.exe

How to Play

ℹ️ You can use penney, python -m penney or Penney.exe to run this program

Try Penney in Your Browser!

You can play Penney's game online in interactive Jupyter Notebooks via the Binder or Colab services! Try it out now!:

• Open Notebook.ipynb

Contribution

Changes and improvements are more than welcome! ❤️ Feel free to fork and open a pull request.

Please consider the following :

1. Fork it!
2. Create your feature branch (under dev branch)
3. Add your functions/methods to proper files
4. Add standard docstring to your functions/methods
5. Add tests for your functions/methods (test cases in test folder)
6. Pass all CI tests
7. Update CHANGELOG.md
   • Describe changes under [Unreleased] section
8. Submit a pull request into dev (please complete the pull request template)

Issues & Bug Reports

Just open an issue and describe it. I'll check it ASAP! or send an email to me@sepand.tech.

• Please complete the issue template

References

1- Penney, Walter. "Problem 95: penney-ante." Journal of Recreational Mathematics 7 (1974): 321.

2- Zajkowski, Krzysztof. "Penney's game between many players." arXiv preprint arXiv:1212.3973 (2012).

3- Guy, R. K., and John Horton Conway. Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays. Academic Press, London, 1982.

4- Humble, Steve, and Yutaka Nishiyama. "Humble-Nishiyama Randomness Game-A New Variation on Penney's Coin Game." (2010).

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Changelog

All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.

The format is based on Keep a Changelog and this project adheres to Semantic Versioning.

Unreleased

0.5 - 2025-09-26

Added

• SECURITY.md

Changed

• Logo updated
• Python typing features added to all modules
• det function renamed to calculate_determinant
• line function renamed to print_line
• description function renamed to print_description
• left_justify function renamed to justify_left
• justify function renamed to justify_text
• seq_generator function renamed to generate_sequence
• C_calc function renamed to calculate_C
• prob_calc function renamed to calculate_probability
• print_prob function renamed to print_probability
• game function renamed to run_game
• check_seq function renamed to validate_sequence
• get_seq function renamed to get_sequences
• get_len function renamed to get_length
• check_name function renamed to validate_name
• print_seq function renamed to print_sequence
• computer_seq_gen function renamed to generate_computer_sequence
• player_filter function renamed to filter_players
• menu function renamed to menu_handler
• print_probability function bug fixed
• get_names function bug fixed
• Test system modified
• Build script updated
• CLI mode updated
• Notebook.ipynb updated
• codecov removed from dev-requirements.txt
• Python 3.5 support dropped
• Python 3.6 support dropped
• Python 3.10 added to test.yml
• Python 3.11 added to test.yml
• Python 3.12 added to test.yml
• Python 3.13 added to test.yml
• README.md modified
• String templates modified

0.4 - 2021-05-19

Added

• requirements-splitter.py
• print_seq function

Changed

• Test system modified
• game function modified
• Menu optimized

0.3 - 2020-04-16

Changed

• README.md modified
• Minor issues fixed
• print_result function tie condition bug fixed

0.2 - 2020-04-08

Added

• det function
• prob_calc function
• print_prob function
• C_calc function
• Notebook.ipynb file
• build_unix.sh file
• Github action

Changed

• README.md modified
• version_check.py updated

0.1 - 2020-03-21

Added

• Player mode
• Computer mode
• Exe version
• Test system