poincare 0.3.0

Simulation of dynamical systems.

Poincaré: simulation of dynamical systems

Poincaré allows to define and simulate dynamical systems in Python.

Definition

To define the system

$$ \frac{dx}{dt} = -x \quad \text{with} \quad x(0) = 1 $$

we write can:

>>> from poincare import Variable, System, initial
>>> class Model(System):
...   # Define a variable with name `x` with an initial value (t=0) of `1``.
...   x: Variable = initial(default=1)
...   # The rate of change of `x` (i.e. velocity) is assigned (<<) to `-x`.
...   # This relation is assigned to a Python variable (`eq`)
...   eq = x.derive() << -x
...

Simulation

To simulate that system, we do:

>>> from poincare import Simulator
>>> sim = Simulator(Model)
>>> sim.solve(save_at=range(3))
             x
time
0     1.000000
1     0.368139
2     0.135501

The output is a pandas.DataFrame, which can be plotted with .plot().

Changing initial conditions

To change the initial condition, we have two options.

1. Passing a dictionary to the `solve`` method:

>>> sim.solve(values={Model.x: 2}, save_at=range(3))
             x
time
0     2.000000
1     0.736278
2     0.271002

which reuses the previously compiled model in the Simulator instance.

2. Instantiating the model with other values:

>>> Simulator(Model(x=2)).solve(save_at=range(3))
             x
time
0     2.000000
1     0.736278
2     0.271002

This second option allows to compose systems into bigger systems. See the example in examples/oscillators.py.

Transforming the output

We can compute transformations of the output by passing a dictionary of expressions:

>>> Simulator(Model, transform={"x": Model.x, "2x": 2 * Model.x}).solve(save_at=range(3))
             x        2x
time
0     1.000000  2.000000
1     0.368139  0.736278
2     0.135501  0.271002

Higher-order systems

To define a higher-order system, we have to assign an initial condition to the derivative of a variable:

>>> from poincare import Derivative
>>> class Oscillator(System):
...   x: Variable = initial(default=1)
...   v: Derivative = x.derive(initial=0)
...   eq = v.derive() << -x
...
>>> Simulator(Oscillator).solve(save_at=range(3))
             x         v
time
0     1.000000  0.000000
1     0.540366 -0.841561
2    -0.416308 -0.909791

Constants, Parameters, and functions

Besides variables, we can define parameters and constants, and use functions from symbolite.

Constants

Constants allow to define common initial conditions for Variables and Derivatives:

>>> from poincare import assign, Constant
>>> class Model(System):
...     c: Constant = assign(default=1, constant=True)
...     x: Variable = initial(default=c)
...     y: Variable = initial(default=2 * c)
...     eq_x = x.derive() << -x
...     eq_y = y.derive() << -y
...
>>> Simulator(Model).solve(save_at=range(3))
             x         y
time
0     1.000000  2.000000
1     0.368139  0.736278
2     0.135501  0.271002

Now, we can vary their initial conditions jointly:

>>> Simulator(Model(c=2)).solve(save_at=range(3))
             x         y
time
0     2.000000  4.000000
1     0.736278  1.472556
2     0.271001  0.542003

But we can break that connection by passing y initial value directly:

>>> Simulator(Model(c=2, y=2)).solve(save_at=range(3))
             x         y
time
0     2.000000  2.000000
1     0.736278  0.736278
2     0.271002  0.271002

Parameters

Parameters are like Variables, but their time evolution is given directly as a function of time, Variables, Constants and other Parameters:

>>> from poincare import Parameter
>>> class Model(System):
...     p: Parameter = assign(default=1)
...     x: Variable = initial(default=1)
...     eq = x.derive() << -p * x
...
>>> Simulator(Model).solve(save_at=range(3))
             x
time
0     1.000000
1     0.368139
2     0.135501

Functions

Symbolite functions are accessible from the symbolite.scalar module:

>>> from symbolite import scalar
>>> class Model(System):
...     x: Variable = initial(default=1)
...     eq = x.derive() << scalar.sin(x)
...
>>> Simulator(Model).solve(save_at=range(3))
             x
time
0     1.000000
1     1.951464
2     2.654572

Units

poincaré also supports functions through pint and pint-pandas.

>>> import pint
>>> unit = pint.get_application_registry()
>>> class Model(System):
...     x: Variable = initial(default=1 * unit.m)
...     v: Derivative = x.derive(initial=0 * unit.m/unit.s)
...     w: Parameter = assign(default=1 * unit.Hz)
...     eq = v.derive() << -w**2 * x
...
>>> result = Simulator(Model).solve(save_at=range(3))

The columns have units of m and m/s, respectively. pint raises a DimensionalityError if we try to add them:

>>> result["x"] + result["v"]
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
pint.errors.DimensionalityError: Cannot convert from 'meter' ([length]) to 'meter / second' ([length] / [time])

We can remove the units and set them as string metadata with:

>>> result.pint.dequantify()
             x              v
unit     meter meter / second
time
0     1.000000       0.000000
1     0.540366      -0.841561
2    -0.416308      -0.909791

which allows to plot the DataFrame with .plot().

Installation

pip install -U poincare