py-flags 1.1.4

Type-safe (bit)flags for python 3

Note

Python 3.6+ users should consider using the Flag and IntFlag classes of the standard enum module. Those are very similar to the flags.Flags class of this repo.

It’s enough to read only the short Installation and Quick Overview sections to start using this module. The rest is about details.

Contents

• Installation

• Quick Overview

• Flags type VS builtin python types

• Flags class declaration

  • Class attributes: flags VS your helper methods, properties and attributes

  • Possible ways to define flag values

  • Aliases

  • Inheritance

  • Subclassing with the function call syntax

• Supported operations

  • Instance methods and properties

  • Class methods

• The @unique and @unique_bits decorators

• Serialization

  • Pickle

  • Custom serialization

• Implementation details

  • Introspection

  • Efficiency

Installation

pip install py-flags

Alternatively you can download the distribution from the following places:

• https://pypi.python.org/pypi/py-flags#downloads

• https://github.com/pasztorpisti/py-flags/releases

Quick Overview

With this module you can define type-safe (bit)flags. The style of the flag definition is very similar to the enum definitions you can create using the standard enum module of python 3.

Defining flags with the class syntax:

>>> from flags import Flags
>>>
>>> class TextStyle(Flags):
>>>     bold = 1            # value = 1 << 0
>>>     italic = 2          # value = 1 << 1
>>>     underline = 4       # value = 1 << 2

In most cases you just want to use the flags as a set (of bool variables) and the actual flag values aren’t important. To avoid manually setting unique flag values you can use auto assignment. To auto-assign a unique flag value use an empty iterable (for example empty tuple or list) as the value of the flag. Auto-assignment picks the first unused least significant bit for each auto-assignable flag in top-to-bottom order.

>>> class TextStyle(Flags):
>>>     bold = ()           # value = 1 << 0
>>>     italic = ()         # value = 1 << 1
>>>     underline = ()      # value = 1 << 2

As a shortcut you can call a flags class to create a subclass of it. This pattern has also been stolen from the standard enum module. The following flags definition is equivalent to the previous definition that uses the class syntax:

>>> TextStyle = Flags('TextStyle', 'bold italic underline')

Flags have human readable string representations and repr with more info:

>>> print(TextStyle.bold)
TextStyle.bold
>>> print(repr(TextStyle.bold))
<TextStyle.bold bits=0x0001 data=UNDEFINED>

The type of a flag is the flags class it belongs to:

>>> type(TextStyle.bold)
<class '__main__.TextStyle'>
>>> isinstance(TextStyle.bold, TextStyle)
True

You can combine flags with bool operators. The result is also an instance of the flags class with the previously described properties.

>>> result = TextStyle.bold | TextStyle.italic
>>>
>>> print(result)
TextStyle(bold|italic)
>>> print(repr(result))
<TextStyle(bold|italic) bits=0x0003>

Operators work in a type-safe way: you can combine only flags of the same type. Trying to combine them with instances of other types results in error:

>> result = TextStyle.bold | 1
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for |: 'TextStyle' and 'int'
>>>
>>> class OtherFlags(Flags):
...     flag0 = ()
...
>>> result = TextStyle.bold | OtherFlags.flag0
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for |: 'TextStyle' and 'OtherFlags'

Flags and their combinations (basically the instances of the flags class) are immutable and hashable so they can be used as set members and dictionary keys:

>>> font_files = {}
>>> font_files[TextStyle.bold] = 'bold.ttf'
>>> font_files[TextStyle.italic] = 'italic.ttf'
>>> font_files == {TextStyle.bold: 'bold.ttf', TextStyle.italic: 'italic.ttf'}
True

The flags you define automatically have two “virtual” flags: no_flags and all_flags. no_flags is basically the zero flag and all_flags is the combination of all flags you’ve defined:

>>> TextStyle.no_flags
<TextStyle() bits=0x0000>
>>> TextStyle.all_flags
<TextStyle(bold|italic|underline) bits=0x0007>

Testing whether specific flags are set:

>>> result = TextStyle.bold | TextStyle.italic
>>> bool(result & TextStyle.bold)       # 1. oldschool bit twiddling
True
>>> TextStyle.bold in result            # 2. in operator
True
>>> result.bold                         # 3. attribute-style access
True

From the above testing methods the attribute-style access can check only the presence of a single flag. With the & and in operators you can check the presence of multiple flags at the same time:

>>> result = TextStyle.bold | TextStyle.italic
>>>
>>> # True if at least one of the bold and underline flags is set
>>> bool((TextStyle.bold | TextStyle.underline) & result)
True
>>> # True only when both the bold and underline flags are set
>>> (TextStyle.bold | TextStyle.underline) in result
False

If for some reason you need the actual integer value of the flags then you can cast them to int:

>>> int(TextStyle.bold)
1

You can convert the int() and str() representations of flags back into flags instances:

>>> TextStyle(2)
<TextStyle.italic bits=0x0002 data=UNDEFINED>
>>> TextStyle('TextStyle.bold')
<TextStyle.bold bits=0x0001 data=UNDEFINED>

Flags type VS builtin python types

You can find several discussions online questioning the pythonicity of using flags. The reason for this is that python provides several builtin types that provide flags-like functionality. Despite this you can still see some libraries (like the re module of python) that make use of flags usually in the form of an int value.

I think that a flags type provides an interesting combination of the properties of the native python solutions that can make your code better in some cases.

Instead of a flags type you can use the following solutions if you want to work with builtin python types:

Builtin type	How can we use it as flags?
int	Closes sibling of a full-featured flags class. No need for explanation.
set, frozenset	By giving each flag an id/name we can represent a set of flags by putting only the name of the active bits/flags into the set.
Several bool variables	We can store bits of a flag in separate bool variables: as function args and locals as named bool values in dictionaries as attributes of an arbitrary object

A purpose-built flags type can provide all of the following features while all builtin python types lack at least some:

• Easy to store and pass around as a single object (e.g.: as a function arg).

• Easy way to combine “a set of bool variables”/flags with a single bitwise bool operation.

• Flag with integer representation possibly with several bits set (sometimes comes in handy for FFI code).

• Human readable str() and repr() for debugging and error messages.

• Type safety: we should be able to combine only instances of the same flags type.

• Immutability.

Based on the above info it’s easier to decide when it makes sense to use flags. In some cases the flags module absolutely rocks:

• FFI code.

• Having a lot of related bool variables that you often pass around in function calls. In this case using flags can simplify your function declarations (and other parts of the code) while adding/removing flags requires no change in function signatures.

Flags class declaration

Class attributes: flags VS your helper methods, properties and attributes

A flags class attribute is treated as a flag if it isn’t a descriptor and its name doesn’t start with _. For those who don’t know what python descriptors are: methods and properties are descriptors so you can safely define helper methods and properties without being afraid that they are treated as flags.

>>> from flags import Flags
>>>
>>> class TextStyle(Flags):
>>>     bold = 1            # value = 1 << 0
>>>     italic = 2          # value = 1 << 1
>>>     underline = 4       # value = 1 << 2
>>>
>>>     # this isn't treated as a flag because of the '_' prefix
>>>     _extra_data = 42
>>>
>>>     @property
>>>     def helper_property(self):
>>>         ...
>>>
>>>     def helper_method(self):
>>>         ...

Possible ways to define flag values

Each flag in your flags class has an integer value (bitmask) and also an optional user defined app-specific data object. Class attributes that define your flags can have the following values:

1. An integer value: bits=integer_value, data=flags.UNDEFINED

2. An iterable of …

   1. 0 items: bits=<auto-assigned>, data=flags.UNDEFINED

   2. 1 item: bits=<auto-assigned>, data=iterable[0]

   3. 2 items: bits=iterable[0], data=iterable[1]

>>> from flags import Flags
>>>
>>> class FlagValueAssignmentExample(Flags):
>>>     # 1. bits=42, data=flags.UNDEFINED
>>>     flag1 = 42
>>>
>>>     # 2.1. bits=<auto-assigned>, data=flags.UNDEFINED
>>>     flag21_1 = ()
>>>     flag21_2 = []
>>>
>>>     # 2.2. bits=<auto-assigned>, data='my_data'
>>>     flag22_1 = 'my_data',       # a tuple with 1 item
>>>     flag22_2 = ('my_data',)
>>>     flag22_3 = ['my_data']
>>>
>>>     # 2.3. bits=42, data='my_data'
>>>     flag23_1 = 42, 'my_data'    # a tuple with 2 items
>>>     flag23_2 = (42, 'my_data')
>>>     flag23_3 = [42, 'my_data']

Auto-assignment processes auto-assignable flag definitions in top-to-bottom order and picks the first unused least significant bit for each. We treat a bit as used if it has been used by any flags that aren’t auto-assignable including those that are defined below the currently auto-assigned flag.

See the Instance methods and properties section to find out how to access the bits and the user defined data of flag members.

Aliases

If you define more than one flags with the same bits then these flags are aliases to the first flag that has been defined with the given bits. In this case only the first flag member is allowed to define user data. Trying to define data in aliases results in error.

>>> class AliasExample(Flags):
>>>     flag1 = 1, 'user_data1'
>>>     flag2 = 2, 'user_data2'
>>>
>>>     # Alias for flag1 because it has the same bit value (1)
>>>     flag1_alias1 = 1
>>>
>>>     # The flag definition below would cause an error because
>>>     # aliases aren't allowed to define user data.
>>>     # flag1_alias2 = 1, 'alias_user_data'

Inheritance

If a flags class has already defined at least one flag then it is considered to be final. Trying to subclass it results in error. Extending an existing flags class with additional flag members and behavior through subclassing is semantically undesired (just like in case of enums).

You can however define and subclass your own customized flags base class given that it doesn’t define any flags. This is useful if you want to share utility functions/properties between your flags classes or if you want to customize some special class attributes (like __no_flags_name__ and __all_flags_name__) for multiple flags classes in one base class.

>>> # defining a project-wide customized flags base class
>>> class BaseFlags(Flags):
>>>     # setting the project-wide pickle serialization mode
>>>     __pickle_int_flags__ = True
>>>
>>>     # changing the default 'no_flags' to 'none'
>>>     __no_flags_name__ = 'none'
>>>
>>>     # changing the default 'all_flags' to 'all'
>>>     __all_flags_name__ = 'all'
>>>
>>>     @property
>>>     def helper_property_shared_by_subclasses(self):
>>>         ...

Subclassing with the function call syntax

To create a subclass of an existing (non-final) flags class you can also call it. In this case the flags class provides the following signature:

FlagsClass(class_name, flags, *, mixins=(), module=None, qualname=None, no_flags_name=flags.UNDEFINED, all_flags_name=flags.UNDEFINED)

The return value of this function call is the newly created subclass.

The format of the flags parameter can be one of the following:

• A space and/or comma separated list of flag names. E.g.: 'flag0 flag1 flag2' or 'flag0, flag1, flag2'

• An iterable of flag names. E.g.: ['flag0', 'flag1']

• An iterable of (name, value) pairs where value defines the bits and/or the data for this flag as described in the Possible ways to define flag values section.

• A mapping (e.g.: dict) where the keys are flag names and the values define the bits and/or data for the flags as described in the Possible ways to define flag values section.

The module and qualname parameters have to be specified only if you want to use the the created flags class with pickle. In this case module and qualname should point to a place from where pickle can import the created flags class. For flags classes that reside at module level it’s enough to define only module and class_name for pickle support. qualname is optional and works only with python 3.4+ with pickle protocol 4.

>>> class MyBaseFlags(Flags):
...     __no_flags_name__ = 'none'
...     __all_flags_name__ = 'all'
...
>>> FlagsClass1 = Flags('FlagsClass1', 'flag0 flag1')
>>> FlagsClass2 = MyBaseFlags('FlagsClass2', ['flag0', 'flag1'])
>>> FlagsClass3 = Flags('FlagsClass3', '', no_flags_name='zero', all_flags_name='all')
>>> FlagsClass4 = FlagsClass3('FlagsClass4', dict(flag4=4, flag8=8))

Supported operations

Instance methods and properties

property Flags.properties

If this instance has the same bits as one of the flags you have defined in the flags class then this property is an object with some extra info for that flag member definition otherwise None. Note that if you are using flag aliases then all aliases share the same properties object.

The returned object has the following readonly attributes:

name

The name of the flag.

bits

The integer value associated with this flag.

data

The user defined application-specific data for this flag. The value of this is flags.UNDEFINED if you haven’t defined any user-data for this flag.

index

The zero based index of this flag in the flags class.

index_without_aliases

The zero based index of this flag in the flags class excluding the aliases.

property Flags.name

Returns None if the properties property is None otherwise returns properties.name.

property Flags.data

Returns flags.UNDEFINED if the properties property is None otherwise returns properties.data.

Flags.to_simple_str()

While Flags.__str__() returns a long string representation that always contains the flags class name (e.g.: 'TextStyle()', 'TextStyle.bold' or 'TextStyle(bold|italic)') this method returns a simplified string without the classname. This simple string is an empty string for the zero flag or the '|' concatenated list of flag names otherwise. Examples: '', 'bold', 'bold|italic'

Flags.__iter__() and Flags.__len__()

Iterating over a flags class instance yields all flags class members that are part of this flag instance. Flag aliases are excluded from the yielded items. A flags class member is part of this flag instance if the flags_class_member in flags_instance expression is True. len(flags_instance) returns the number of items returned by iteration.

>>> from flags import Flags
>>>
>>> class Example(Flags):
...     flag_1 = 1
...     flag_2 = 2
...     # Note: flag_3 is the combination of flag_1 and flag_2
...     flag_3 = 3
...     flag_4 = 4
...     # Alias for flag_4
...     flag_4_alias = 4
...
>>> list(iter(Example.no_flags))
[]
>>> len(Example.no_flags)
0

>>> list(Example.all_flags)
[<Example.flag_1 bits=0x0001 data=UNDEFINED>, <Example.flag_2 bits=0x0002 data=UNDEFINED>,
 <Example.flag_3 bits=0x0003 data=UNDEFINED>, <Example.flag_4 bits=0x0004 data=UNDEFINED>]
>>> len(Example.all_flags)
4

>>> list(Example.flag_1)
[<Example.flag_1 bits=0x0001 data=UNDEFINED>]
>>> len(Example.flag_1)
1

>>> list(Example.flag_2)
[<Example.flag_2 bits=0x0002 data=UNDEFINED>]
>>> len(Example.flag_2)
1

>>> list(Example.flag_3)
[<Example.flag_1 bits=0x0001 data=UNDEFINED>, <Example.flag_2 bits=0x0002 data=UNDEFINED>,
 <Example.flag_3 bits=0x0003 data=UNDEFINED>]
>>> len(Example.flag_3)
3

>>> list(Example.flag_4)
[<Example.flag_4 bits=0x0004 data=UNDEFINED>]
>>> len(Example.flag_4)
1

>>> list(Example.flag_4_alias)
[<Example.flag_4 bits=0x0004 data=UNDEFINED>]
>>> len(Example.flag_4_alias)
1

>>> list(Example.flag_1 | Example.flag_4)
[<Example.flag_1 bits=0x0001 data=UNDEFINED>, <Example.flag_4 bits=0x0004 data=UNDEFINED>]
>>> len(Example.flag_1 | Example.flag_4)
2

Note

Under the hood __len__() uses iteration to count the number of contained flag members.

Flags.__hash__()

Flags class instances are immutable and hashable. You can use the builtin hash() function to hash them and you can use them as set members and mapping keys.

Flags.__eq__(), Flags.__ne__(), Flags.__ge__(), Flags.__gt__(), Flags.__le__(), Flags.__lt__()

Comparison operators on flag instances work similarly as in case of native python sets. Two flag instances are equal only if their bits are the same. A flags instance is less than or equal to another flags instance only if its bits are a subset of the bits of the other one. The first flags instance is less than the second one if its bits are a proper/strict subset (is subset, but not equal) of the bits of the other one.

Flags.__int__()

A flags instance can be converted to an int using the int(flags_instance) expression. This conversion returns the bits of the flags instance.

Flags.__bool__()

A flags instance can be converted to a bool value using the bool(flags_instance) expression. The result is False only if the instance is the zero flag.

Flags.__contains__()

A flags instance is contained by another instance if the bits of the first one is a subset of the second one. The flags_instance1 in flags_instance2 expression has the same value as the flags_instance1 <= flags_instance2 expression.

Flags.is_disjoint(*flags_instances)

The return value is True only if the flags instance on which we called is_dijoint() has no common bit with any of the flags instances passed as a parameters.

Flags.__or__(), Flags.__xor__(), Flags.__and__()

Bitwise bool operators (|, ^, &) combine the bits of two flags instances and return a new immutable flags instance that wraps the combined bits.

Flags.__invert__()

Applying the unary ~ operator returns a new immutable flags instance that contains the inverted bits of the original flags instance. Note that inversion affects only those bits that are included in the __all_flags__ of this flag type.

Flags.__sub__()

Subtracting flags instances is similar to subtracting native python set instances. The result of flags1 - flags2 is a new flags instance that contains all bits that are set in flags1 but aren’t set in flags2. We could also say that flags1 - flags2 is the same as flags1 & ~flags2.

Class methods

classmethod Flags.__iter__() and Flags.__len__()

Iterating a flags class yields all non-alias flags you’ve declared for the class. len(flags_class) returns the number of non-alias flags declared for the class.

classmethod Flags.__getitem__()

You can access the members of a flags class not only as class attributes (FlagsClass.flag) but also with the subscript notation (FlagsClass['flag']).

classmethod Flags.from_simple_str(s)

Converts the output of Flags.to_simple_str() into a flags instance.

classmethod Flags.from_str(s)

Converts the output of Flags.to_simple_str() or Flags.__str__() into a flags instance.

classmethod Flags.bits_from_simple_str(s)

Converts the output of Flags.to_simple_str() into an integer (bits).

classmethod Flags.bits_from_str(s)

Converts the output of Flags.to_simple_str() or Flags.__str__() into an integer (bits).

The @unique and @unique_bits decorators

You can apply the @unique and @unique_bits operators only to “final” flags classes that have flag members defined. Trying to apply them onto base classes without any flag members results in error.

@unique forbids the declaration of aliases. In fact, originally I wanted to call this decorator @no_aliases but decided to use @unique to follow the conventions used by the standard enum module. A flags class with this decorator can not have two flags defined with the exact same bits (but a few overlapping bits are still allowed).

@unique_bits ensures that there isn’t a single bit that is shared by any two members of the flags class. Note that @unique_bits is a much stricter requirement than @unique and applying @unique along with this decorator is unnecessary and redundant (but not harmful or forbidden).

Serialization

Pickle

Flags class instances are pickle serializable. In case of python 3.3 and lower the picklable flags class has to be declared at module level in order to make it importable for pickle. From python 3.4 pickle protocol 4 can deal with __qualname__ so can declare serializable flags classes at a deeper scope.

Note that the pickle support by default saves the flags class (name) along with the output of Flags.to_simple_str() to the pickled stream. To save the bits of instances (an integer) instead of the Flags.to_simple_str() output set the __pickle_int_flags__ class attribute to True.

Custom serialization

If you want to roll your own serializer instead of using pickle then it is recommended to use the same strategy as pickle - your serializer should remember:

1. the flags class

2. the int or string representation of the flags class instances

You can retrieve the int representation of a flags instance with int(flags_instance) while the recommended string representation for serialization can be acquired using Flags.to_simple_str(). str(flags_instance) would also work but it is unnecessarily verbose compared to the to_simple_str() output.

You can convert the integer and string representations back to flags instances by calling the flags class itself with the given integer or string as a single argument. E.g.: flags_instance = flags_class(int_representation)

Implementation details

Introspection

Flags classes have some special attributes that may come in handy for introspection.

__all_members__

This is a readonly ordered dictionary that contains all members including the aliases and also the special no_flags and all_flags members. The dictionary keys store member names and the values are flags class instances.

Note

If you customize the names of special members through the __no_flag_name__ and __all_flag_name__ class attributes then this dictionary contains the customized names.

__members__

Same as __all_members__ but this doesn’t contain the special no_flags and all_flags members. This dictionary contains only the members including the aliases.

__members_without_aliases__

Same as __members__ but without the aliases. This doesn’t contain the special no_flags and all_flags or any aliases.

__member_aliases__

An ordered dictionary in which each key is the name of an alias and the associated value is the name of the aliased member.

__no_flags__

An instance of the flags class: the zero flag.

__all_flags__

The bitwise or combination of all members that have been declared in this class.

__no_flags_name__

A string that specifies the name of an alias for the __no_flags__ class attribute. By default the value of __no_flags_name__ is 'no_flags' which means that the zero flag can be accessed not only through the __no_flags__ class attribute but also as no_flags.

The interesting thing about __no_flags_name__ is that it can be customized during flags class declaration so the name of this alias can be used to give the zero flag a name that is specific to a flags class (e.g.: 'Unknown'). A project can also use this name to customize the name of the zero flag in a project specific flags base class to match the flags class member naming convention of the project (if the default 'no_flags' isn’t good). By setting __no_flags_name__ to None we can prevent the creation of an alias for __no_flags__.

__all_flags_name__

A string that specifies the name of an alias for __all_flags__. Works in a similar way as __no_flags_name__.

__pickle_int_flags__

By default the pickle serializer support saves the names of flags. By setting __pickle_int_flags__ to True you can ask the pickle support to save the int value of serialized flags instead of the names.

__dotted_single_flag_str__

By default __str__() handles flag instances with only a single flag set specially. For the zero flag it outputs 'FlagsClass()', for a single flag it outputs 'FlagsClass.flag1' and for multiple flags it’s 'FlagsClass(flag1|flag2)'. If you set __dotted_single_flag_str__ to False then the output for a single flag changes to 'FlagsClass(flag1)'. This matches the format of the output for zero and multiple flags.

Efficiency

A flag object has only a single instance attribute that stores an integer (flags). The storage of this instance attribute is optimized using __slots__. Your flags classes aren’t allowed to add or use instance variables and you can not define __slots__. Trying to do so results in error.