pytest-bdd 0.6.10

BDD for pytest

BDD library for the py.test runner
==================================

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pytest-bdd implements a subset of Gherkin language for the automation of the project
requirements testing and easier behavioral driven development.

Unlike many other BDD tools it doesn't require a separate runner and benefits from
the power and flexibility of the pytest. It allows to unify your unit and functional
tests, easier continuous integration server configuration and maximal reuse of the
tests setup.

Pytest fixtures written for the unit tests can be reused for the setup and actions
mentioned in the feature steps with dependency injection, which allows a true BDD
just-enough specification of the requirements without maintaining any context object
containing the side effects of the Gherkin imperative declarations.

Install pytest-bdd
==================

::

pip install pytest-bdd

Example
=======

publish\_article.feature:

.. code-block:: feature

Feature: Blog
A site where you can publish your articles.

Scenario: Publishing the article
Given I'm an author user
And I have an article
When I go to the article page
And I press the publish button
Then I should not see the error message
And the article should be published # Note: will query the database

test\_publish\_article.py:

.. code-block:: python

from pytest_bdd import scenario, given, when, then

test_publish = scenario('publish_article.feature', 'Publishing the article')


@given('I have an article')
def article(author):
return create_test_article(author=author)


@when('I go to the article page')
def go_to_article(article, browser):
browser.visit(urljoin(browser.url, '/manage/articles/{0}/'.format(article.id)))


@when('I press the publish button')
def publish_article(browser):
browser.find_by_css('button[name=publish]').first.click()


@then('I should not see the error message')
def no_error_message(browser):
with pytest.raises(ElementDoesNotExist):
browser.find_by_css('.message.error').first


@then('And the article should be published')
def article_is_published(article):
article.refresh() # Refresh the object in the SQLAlchemy session
assert article.is_published

Step aliases
============

Sometimes it is needed to declare the same fixtures or steps with the
different names for better readability. In order to use the same step
function with multiple step names simply decorate it multiple times:

.. code-block:: python

@given('I have an article')
@given('there\'s an article')
def article(author):
return create_test_article(author=author)

Note that the given step aliases are independent and will be executed
when mentioned.

For example if you associate your resource to some owner or not. Admin
user can’t be an author of the article, but articles should have a
default author.

.. code-block:: feature

Scenario: I'm the author
Given I'm an author
And I have an article


Scenario: I'm the admin
Given I'm the admin
And there is an article

Step arguments
==============

Often it's possible to reuse steps giving them a parameter(s).
This allows to have single implementation and multiple use, so less code.
Also opens the possibility to use same step twice in single scenario and with different arguments!
Important thing that argumented step names are not just strings but regular expressions.

Example:

.. code-block:: feature

Scenario: Arguments for given, when, thens
Given there are 5 cucumbers

When I eat 3 cucumbers
And I eat 2 cucumbers

Then I should have 0 cucumbers


The code will look like:

.. code-block:: python

import re
from pytest_bdd import scenario, given, when, then

test_arguments = scenario('arguments.feature', 'Arguments for given, when, thens')

@given(re.compile('there are (?P<start>\d+) cucumbers'))
def start_cucumbers(start):
# note that you always get step arguments as strings, convert them on demand
start = int(start)
return dict(start=start, eat=0)


@when(re.compile('I eat (?P<eat>\d+) cucumbers'))
def eat_cucumbers(start_cucumbers, eat):
eat = int(eat)
start_cucumbers['eat'] += eat


@then(re.compile('I should have (?P<left>\d+) cucumbers'))
def should_have_left_cucumbers(start_cucumbers, start, left):
start, left = int(start), int(left)
assert start_cucumbers['start'] == start
assert start - start_cucumbers['eat'] == left

Scenario parameters
===================
Scenario can accept `encoding` param to decode content of feature file in specific encoding. UTF-8 is default.

Step parameters
===============

Scenarios can be parametrized to cover few cases. In Gherkin the variable
templates are written using corner braces as <somevalue>.

Example:

.. code-block:: feature

Scenario: Parametrized given, when, thens
Given there are <start> cucumbers
When I eat <eat> cucumbers
Then I should have <left> cucumbers

Unlike other tools, pytest-bdd implements the scenario outline not in the
feature files, but in the python code using pytest parametrization.
The reason for this is that it is very often that some simple pythonic type
is needed in the parameters like a datetime or a dictionary, which makes it
more difficult to express in the text files and preserve the correct format.

The code will look like:

.. code-block:: python

import pytest
from pytest_bdd import scenario, given, when, then

# Here we use pytest to parametrize the test with the parameters table
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
['start', 'eat', 'left'],
[(12, 5, 7)])
@scenario(
'parametrized.feature',
'Parametrized given, when, thens',
)
# Note that we should take the same arguments in the test function that we use
# for the test parametrization either directly or indirectly (fixtures depend on them).
def test_parametrized(start, eat, left):
"""We don't need to do anything here, everything will be managed by the scenario decorator."""


@given('there are <start> cucumbers')
def start_cucumbers(start):
return dict(start=start)


@when('I eat <eat> cucumbers')
def eat_cucumbers(start_cucumbers, start, eat):
start_cucumbers['eat'] = eat


@then('I should have <left> cucumbers')
def should_have_left_cucumbers(start_cucumbers, start, eat, left):
assert start - eat == left
assert start_cucumbers['start'] == start
assert start_cucumbers['eat'] == eat

Test setup
==========

Test setup is implemented within the Given section. Even though these steps
are executed imperatively to apply possible side-effects, pytest-bdd is trying
to benefit of the PyTest fixtures which is based on the dependency injection
and makes the setup more declarative style.

.. code-block:: python

@given('I have a beautiful article')
def article():
return Article(is_beautiful=True)

This also declares a PyTest fixture "article" and any other step can depend on it.

.. code-block:: feature

Given I have a beautiful article
When I publish this article

When step is referring the article to publish it.

.. code-block:: python

@when('I publish this article')
def publish_article(article):
article.publish()

Many other BDD toolkits operate a global context and put the side effects there.
This makes it very difficult to implement the steps, because the dependencies
appear only as the side-effects in the run-time and not declared in the code.
The publish article step has to trust that the article is already in the context,
has to know the name of the attribute it is stored there, the type etc.

In pytest-bdd you just declare an argument of the step function that it depends on
and the PyTest will make sure to provide it.

Still side effects can be applied in the imperative style by design of the BDD.

.. code-block:: feature

Given I have a beautiful article
And my article is published

Functional tests can reuse your fixture libraries created for the unit-tests and upgrade
them by applying the side effects.

.. code-block:: python

given('I have a beautiful article', fixture='article')

@given('my article is published')
def published_article(article):
article.publish()
return article

This way side-effects were applied to our article and PyTest makes sure that all
steps that require the "article" fixture will receive the same object. The value
of the "published_article" and the "article" fixtures is the same object.

Fixtures are evaluated only once within the PyTest scope and their values are cached.
In case of Given steps and the step arguments mentioning the same given step makes
no sense. It won't be executed second time.

.. code-block:: feature

Given I have a beautiful article
And some other thing
And I have a beautiful article # Won't be executed, exception is raised


pytest-bdd will raise an exception even in the case of the steps that use regular expression
patterns to get arguments.


.. code-block:: feature

Given I have 1 cucumbers
And I have 2 cucumbers # Exception is raised

Will raise an exception if the step is using the regular expression pattern.

.. code-block:: python

@given(re.compile('I have (?P<n>\d+) cucumbers'))
def cucumbers(n):
return create_cucumbers(n)


Reusing fixtures
================

Sometimes scenarios define new names for the fixture that can be
inherited. Fixtures can be reused with other names using given():

.. code-block:: python

given('I have beautiful article', fixture='article')

Reusing steps
=============

It is possible to define some common steps in the parent conftest.py and
simply expect them in the child test file.

common\_steps.feature:

.. code-block:: feature

Scenario: All steps are declared in the conftest
Given I have a bar
Then bar should have value "bar"

conftest.py:

.. code-block:: python

from pytest_bdd import given, then


@given('I have a bar')
def bar():
return 'bar'


@then('bar should have value "bar"')
def bar_is_bar(bar):
assert bar == 'bar'

test\_common.py:

.. code-block:: python

test_conftest = scenario('common_steps.feature', 'All steps are declared in the conftest')

There are no definitions of the steps in the test file. They were
collected from the parent conftests.

Feature file paths
==================

But default, pytest-bdd will use current module’s path as base path for
finding feature files, but this behaviour can be changed by having
fixture named ‘pytestbdd\_feature\_base\_dir’ which should return the
new base path.

test\_publish\_article.py:

.. code-block:: python

import pytest
from pytest_bdd import scenario


@pytest.fixture
def pytestbdd_feature_base_dir():
return '/home/user/projects/foo.bar/features'

test_publish = scenario('publish_article.feature', 'Publishing the article')


Avoid retyping the feature file name
====================================

If you want to avoid retyping the feature file name when defining your scenarios in a test file, use functools.partial.
This will make your life much easier when defining multiple scenarios in a test file.

For example:


test\_publish\_article.py:

.. code-block:: python

from functools import partial

import pytest_bdd


scenario = partial(pytest_bdd.scenario, '/path/to/publish_article.feature')

test_publish = scenario('Publishing the article')
test_publish_unprivileged = scenario('Publishing the article as unprivileged user')


You can learn more about `functools.partial <http://docs.python.org/2/library/functools.html#functools.partial>`_ in the Python docs.

Hooks
=====

pytest-bdd exposes several pytest `hooks <http://pytest.org/latest/plugins.html#well-specified-hooks>`_
which might be helpful building useful reporting, visualization, etc on top of it:

* pytest_bdd_before_step(request, feature, scenario, step, step_func, step_func_args) - Called before step function
is executed

* pytest_bdd_after_step(request, feature, scenario, step, step_func, step_func_args) - Called after step function
is successfully executed

* pytest_bdd_step_error(request, feature, scenario, step, step_func, step_func_args, exception) - Called when step
function failed to execute

* pytest_bdd_step_validation_error(request, feature, scenario, step, step_func, step_func_args, exception) - Called
when step failed to validate

* pytest_bdd_step_func_lookup_error(request, feature, scenario, step, exception) - Called when step lookup failed


Subplugins
==========

The pytest BDD has plugin support, and the main purpose of plugins
(subplugins) is to provide useful and specialized fixtures.

List of known subplugins:

* pytest-bdd-splinter - collection of fixtures for the real browser BDD testing

License
=======

This software is licensed under the `MIT license <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_License>`_.

© 2013 Oleg Pidsadnyi

Changelog
=========


0.6.10
-----

- Fixed step arguments conflict with the fixtures having the same name (olegpidsadnyi)


0.6.9
-----

- Implemented support of Gherkin "Feature:" (olegpidsadnyi)


0.6.8
-----

- Implemented several hooks to allow reporting/error handling (bubenkoff)


0.6.6
-----

- Fixes to unnecessary mentioning of pytest-bdd package files in py.test log with -v (bubenkoff)


0.6.5
-----

- Compartibility with recent pytest (bubenkoff)


0.6.4
-----

- More unicode fixes (amakhnach)


0.6.3
-----

- Added unicode support for feature files. Removed buggy module replacement for scenario. (amakhnach)


0.6.2
-----

- Removed unnecessary mention of pytest-bdd package files in py.test log with -v (bubenkoff)


0.6.1
-----

- Step arguments in whens when there are no given arguments used. (amakhnach, bubenkoff)


0.6.0
-----

- Added step arguments support. (curzona, olegpidsadnyi, bubenkoff)
- Added checking of the step type order. (markon, olegpidsadnyi)


0.5.2
-----

- Added extra info into output when FeatureError exception raises. (amakhnach)


0.5.0
-----

- Added parametrization to scenarios
- Coveralls.io integration
- Test coverage improvement/fixes
- Correct wrapping of step functions to preserve function docstring


0.4.7
-----

- Fixed Python 3.3 support


0.4.6
-----

- Fixed a bug when py.test --fixtures showed incorrect filenames for the steps.


0.4.5
-----

- Fixed a bug with the reuse of the fixture by given steps being evaluated multiple times.


0.4.3
-----

- Update the license file and PYPI related documentation.