python-project-stub 0.0.10

Stub files to use as the basis of a Python project that can be packaged and uploaded to PyPI

python-project-stub

This repository contains stub files that can be used to create a Python project that is able to be packaged and uploaded to the Python Package Index and hence can be conveniently installed with `pip install my-project-name`.

This README describes how to modify the stub files, using them as the base of a new Python project. Requirements are a recent installation of Python 3 on Linux.

Contents

• Outstanding issues

• Choose a project name

• Update package metadata

• Create a GitHub repo

• Build the package

• Upload the package to PyPI test

• Upload the package to the real PyPI

• Links

Outstanding issues

• When building a project named, e.g., python.project.stub, how can one get a dist file named
  • python.project.stub-x.y.z.tar.gz
  • and not python_project_stub-x.y.z.targ.gz?

Choose a project name

First, clone this repository by typing the following at a Linux shell

git clone [e-mail]:striebel/python-project-stub.git

This creates the directory python-project-stub in the current working directory. Rename this directory to the name of your project with

mv python-project-stub my-project-name

Before choosing a project name, check if the name has been taken yet by visiting

https://pypi.org/project/my-project-name

If you get a 404 error, then your desired name hasn't been taken. Also search your project name from the PyPI search bar on the homepage, because if there is another project with a name that is only a character or two different from your desired name, your name will likely be rejected when you try to upload your package.

After you choose a project name, cd into the repo root dir and remove the existing git repo itself, since you will subsequently create a brand new repo for your project:

cd my-project-name
rm -rf .git

And, next, rename the project's root module based on the new name that you chose; while the convention is to use hyphens in the project/package name, Python does not permit hyphens in module names, so the convention is to replace them with underscores; thus, for example, execute:

mv python_project_stub my_project_name

Update package metadata

There are several locations where metadata needs to be updated in the stub files.

First, update pyproject.toml; open the file in a text editor, and, under the [project] heading, update the following fields:

• name = "python-project-stub ---> name = "my-project-name"
• version = "x.y.z" ---> version = "0.0.1"
• license (if you prefer/need to use a different license)

Also, under [project.scripts], change

python_project_stub = "python_project_stub.__main__:main"

to

my_project_name = "my_project_name.__main__:main"

And update all fields under [project.urls].

After saving pyproject.toml with these changes, next open setup.cfg. All fields in this file should need to be updated.

Then, open my_project_name/__init__.py and update the metadata variables in this file.

Finally, update the variable(s) in the makefile.

With the metadata updated and with my-project-name still as the working dir, now execute

python -m my_project_name

The expected output is

/* Kernighan and Ritchie (1978, p. 6) */
main()
{
    printf("hello, world\n");
}

which is just intended to show that the stub main function can be executed.

Create a GitHub repo

Create a GitHub repository corresponding to your new Python project using GitHub's web interface, and name the new repo my-project-name. In order to use the rest of the instructions below, do not choose any of the options to automatically add a README, .gitignore, or license file when creating the repo (these are already present locally).

Now, either rename the existing README.md file so that you can continue to read it locally, or just continue to read it in a web browser at https://github.com/striebel/python-project-stub (if that's what you have been doing), because the next step will intentionally replace the current README file.

In the my-project-name directory, which should still be the current working directory, execute

git init
echo '# `my-project-name`' > README.md
git add --all
git commit --message "initial commit"

Now set the new GitHub repo as the remote/origin of the local repo that you created, and push your initial commit:

git remote add origin [e-mail]:my-github-username/my-project-name.git
git push --set-upstream origin master

In a web browser navigate to

https://github.com/my-github-username/my-project-name

to see GitHub's web interface to your repo with the initial files now uploaded.

Build the package

First create a Python virtual environment in your local repo dir

python -m venv venv-my-project-name

You do not want the virtual environment created on any given machine to be added under git source control, so in your repo's root dir, create a file named .gitignore, and add the line

venv*/

to the file. Then push this file to the remote repo:

git add .gitignore
git commit -m 'added .gitignore file'
git push origin

Next activate the newly created Python virtual environment:

. venv-my-project-name/bin/activate

Execute the following sequence of commands to build the package

pip install --upgrade pip
pip install --upgrade build
python -m build --sdist .

Alternatively, the package can be built by executing:

make build

Confirm that the package file dist/my-project-name-x.y.z.tar.gz was generated:

$ ls -l dist

Upload the package to PyPI test

Create/register the test Python package-index entry

First visit https://test.pypi.org and create an account.

Next create a PyPI Test API token here:
https://test.pypi.org/manage/account/#api-tokens .
Name the token something like tmp-universal-token and set the token scope to Entire account (all projects).

Since this is a pure Python package, upload only the source package (dist/my-project-name-x.y.z.tar.gz) - no need to upload the pre-built binary "wheel" (dist/my-project-name-0.0.0-py3-none-any.whl):

pip install --upgrade 'twine>=5.0.0,<6.0.0'
python -m twine upload --repository-url https://test.pypi.org/legacy/ dist/my-project-name-x.y.z.tar.gz

For username enter __token__ and for the password enter the token value including the pypi- prefix.

The twine register command is not supported by PyPI, so the twine upload command invocation described above is the only option to create a new package-index entry.

Set up ~/.pypirc with my-package-name-specific token

Now that the new package-index entry has been created, an authentication token specific to the entry can be created and added to a local config file so that credentials don't need to be manually entered every time a new version of the package is uploaded.

First, delete the token created above (e.g., named tmp-universal-token). To do this, navigate to:
https://test.pypi.org/manage/account/#api-tokens
Then create the entry-specific token with permission only to upload to my-project-name.

With this token in hand, create the PyPI run conditions file: ~/.pypirc, and set its access permissions to private:

chmod 600 ~/.pypirc # r+w for the user only

Then write the following contents to the file:

# https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/specifications/pypirc/

[distutils]
    index-servers =
        testpypi-my-project-name
        pypi-my-project-name

[testpypi-my-project-name]
    repository = https://test.pypi.org/legacy/
    username = __token__
    password = <testpypi_token_goes_here>

[pypi-my-project-name]
    repository = https://upload.pypi.org/legacy/
    username = __token__
    password = <pypi_token_goes_here>

and replace <testpypi_token_goes_here> with the created token that starts with pypi- .... The <pypi_token_goes_here field can be filled in later.

Now open pyproject.toml and increment the version x.y.z to x.y.z+1.

Next remove the sdist (source distribution) package with rm -rf dist, and then rebuild the package with the updated version number by running make build.

Then upload by running:

python -m twine upload \
    --repository testpypi-my-project-name \
    dist/my-project-name-x.y.z+1.tar.gz

This is also implemented in the makefile and can be run with:

make upload-testpypi

Download and install the package

To confirm that the package was properly uploaded to testpypi, first cd out of the repo root into, say, your home directory. Confirm that the package is not installed in the current virtual environment by executing:

python -m my_project_name

which should produce an error message saying there is no module of the name my_project_name.

Also run

pip show my-project-name

which should report that the package is not found.

If the package is found, then uninstall it:

pip uninstall my-project-name

Then check if the package remains in the pip cache, which it likely will:

pip cache list my_project_name

or

pip cache list | grep -E 'my[-_]project[-_]name'

Then remove it from the cache:

pip cache remove my_project_name

Now install the package from the test PyPI. Clear documentation is not available that describes how to download and install a package from testpypi while also downloading and installing all dependencies exclusively from the regular pypi. For example, as of 2024-05-13,
https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/guides/using-testpypi/#using-testpypi-with-pip
provides the following invocation of pip if "you also want to download packages from PyPI [when installing a package from testpypi]":

pip install \
>     --index-url https://test.pypi.org/simple/ \
>     --extra-index-url https://pypi.org/simple/ \
>     my-project-name

but it is not at all clear what the behavior of this pip invocation will be when a package with the name of a dependency is available on both testpypi and regular pypi. (The help messages for --index-url and --extra-index-url do not clarify this issue.)

Thus to ensure the desired behavior of downloading all dependencies from the regular pypi, first download the package from testpyi without installing it:

mkdir tmp && cd tmp
python -m pip download \
    --no-deps \
    --index-url https://test.pypi.org/simple/ \
    --extra-index-url https://pypi.org/simple/ \
    my-package-name

The --extra-index-url https://pypi.org/simple/ argument is required because the build-system setuptools needs to be downloaded from the regular pypi. Executing this command will place a file named something like my_package_name-x.y.z+1.tar.gz in the current dir.

Now install the package, downloading the dependencies from the regular pypi by default, by running:

pip install ./my_package_name-x.y.z+1.tar.gz

Then try executing both

python -m my_package_name

and the console script

my_package_name

They should both produce:

/* Kernighan and Ritchie (1978, p. 6) */
main()
{
    printf("hello, world\n");
}

Also try running:

my_package_name --version

which should produce

my-package-name x.y.z+1

Upload the package to the real PyPI

Create/register the regular Python package-index entry

First visit https://pypi.org and create an account.

Next create a PyPI API token here:
https://pypi.org/manage/account/#api-tokens .
Name the token something like tmp-universal-token and set the token scope to Entire account (all projects).

Since this is a pure Python package, upload only the source package (dist/my-project-name-x.y.z.tar.gz) - no need to upload the pre-built binary "wheel" (dist/my-project-name-0.0.0-py3-none-any.whl):

pip install --upgrade 'twine>=5.0.0,<6.0.0'
python -m twine upload --repository-url https://upload.pypi.org/legacy/ dist/my-project-name-x.y.z+1.tar.gz

For username enter __token__ and for the password enter the token value including the pypi- prefix.

The twine register command is not supported by PyPI, so the twine upload command invocation described above is the only option to create a new package-index entry.

Set up ~/.pypirc with my-package-name-specific token

Now that the new package-index entry has been created, an authentication token specific to the entry can be created and added to a local config file so that credentials don't need to be manually entered every time a new version of the package is uploaded.

First, delete the token created above (e.g., named tmp-universal-token). To do this, navigate to:
https://test.pypi.org/manage/account/#api-tokens .
Then create the entry-specific token with permission only to upload to my-project-name.

Now add this token to the PyPI run conditions file (~/.pypirc) which have should have already been created. Confirm that access permissions for ~/.pypirc is set to private, and set it if it is not already:

chmod 600 ~/.pypirc # r+w for the user only

The file should already contain the following:

# https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/specifications/pypirc/

[distutils]
    index-servers =
        testpypi-my-project-name
        pypi-my-project-name

[testpypi-my-project-name]
    repository = https://test.pypi.org/legacy/
    username = __token__
    password = <testpypi_token_goes_here>

[pypi-my-project-name]
    repository = https://upload.pypi.org/legacy/
    username = __token__
    password = <pypi_token_goes_here>

and the field <testpypi_token_goes_here> should already be filled in. Now fill in the only remaining empty field of <pypi_token_goes_here> with the just-created token that starts with pypi- ....

Now open pyproject.toml and increment the version x.y.z+1 to x.y.z+2.

Next remove the sdist (source distribution) package with rm -rf dist, and then rebuild the package with the updated version number by running make build.

Then upload by running:

python -m twine upload \
    --repository pypi-my-project-name \
    dist/my-project-name-x.y.z+2.tar.gz

This is also implemented in the makefile and can be run with:

make upload

Download and install the package

Confirm that the package is not currently installed in your virtual environment:

python -m my_project_name

should produce a module-not-found error. And

pip show my-project-name

should report that the package is not installed.

Now test that the package can be installed from the real PyPI using pip:

pip install --no-cache-dir my-project-name

Confirm that the install worked by executing

python -m my_project_name

and test the console script with

my_project_name

And confirm that the version number is as expected with

my_project_name --version

Links

• Python packaging user guide
  • Packaging python projects tutorial