unitids 1.0.1

Python module to imputate IPEDS unitids from non-matching institution names

get_unitids by Adam Hearn

A Python Module to Imputate IPEDS UnitID Numbers from Non-Matching Institution Names

Have you ever worked with institutional data from multiple sources? If so, one of them is likmayely IPEDS which of course involves the infamous unitid variable. The secondary source, on the other hand, may only have the institution's name and no unitid. In this case, to join the datasets, you would need to merge on institution name and fill in the rest of the unitids manually to retrieve the IPEDS data.

Anyone who has worked with IPEDS data would know that not all institution names perfectly line up across multiple sources. For example, Tulane University is named as Tulane University of Louisiana in the IPEDS universe. In this case of conflicting names, there would be an imperfect merge requiring you to manually enter Tulane's unitid number.

In my background, I've run into this issue several times and has gotten to the point where it would be a better use of time to create a module to automate this step rather than filling out unitids manually. That said, I've developed the Python module unitids. I'm making this process open-source so other higher-ed researchers can benefit, too.

This module, available in the pip library, uses a cosine similarity text-analyis metric to merge partial or "non-matching" institution names with an IPEDS master file including all institutions in the IPEDS universe since 2004 and their unitid numbers.

The process works by passing a DataFrame of institutions of which you want to get their unitids into the get_unitids function. From there, the function populates a sparse matrix and generates a cosine-similarity metric for each insitution you passed and each institution in the IPEDS universe.

It will then return two DataFrame objects: the first DataFrame will include your original data and the unitid numbers of the institutions in the dataset, along with a "match score" (displayed on a scale of 0-100).

The second DataFrame includes information on the institutions that were not a perfect match, alongside their top-5 closes matches so you can make adjustments as necessary.

Example

Take, for example, the data present in this article. The cleaned data is available on my Github here.

Suppose we want to see the relationshpi between Forbes' Financial GPA and endowment, as reported to IPEDS. I've included a sample dataset of FY2018 endowment for all institutions in the IPEDS universe here.

# Import necessary modules (no unitid, yet)
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np

# First we read in the Forbes data:
url = 'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ahearn15/get_unitids/master/example_dta.csv'
forbes = pd.read_csv(url)
forbes.head(5)

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	College	State	Financial GPA	Financial Grade
0	Stanford University	CA	4.5	A+
1	Massachusetts Institute of Technology	MA	4.5	A+
2	University of Notre Dame	IN	4.5	A+
3	Princeton University	NJ	4.5	A+
4	University of Pennsylvania	PA	4.5	A+

# Now we read in the IPEDS data
url = 'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ahearn15/get_unitids/master/ipeds_example.csv'
ipeds = pd.read_csv(url).drop(columns = 'Unnamed: 0')
ipeds.head(5)

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	unitid	institution	endowment
0	177834	A T Still University of Health Sciences	32420.0
1	180203	Aaniiih Nakoda College	9212.0
2	491464	ABC Adult School	NaN
3	459523	ABC Beauty Academy	NaN
4	485500	ABCO Technology	NaN

# Now we merge together
forbes = forbes.rename(columns = {'College' : 'institution'}) # need to rename for merge
merged = pd.merge(forbes, ipeds, on = 'institution', how = "left")
merged.head(5)

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	institution	State	Financial GPA	Financial Grade	unitid	endowment
0	Stanford University	CA	4.5	A+	243744.0	1496715.0
1	Massachusetts Institute of Technology	MA	4.5	A+	166683.0	1454419.0
2	University of Notre Dame	IN	4.5	A+	152080.0	837184.0
3	Princeton University	NJ	4.5	A+	186131.0	3053449.0
4	University of Pennsylvania	PA	4.5	A+	215062.0	562092.0

# How many did not merge?
merged['unitid'].isna().sum()

40

If we merge our Forbes data with this 2018 list of IPEDS institutions, we get a successful merge rate of 95.7% (892 of 932 institutions). However, we still have 40 unitids we need to manually encode, taking up 40 lines of code and tedious trips to the IPEDS Data Center. What if we used the new get_unitids function though?

get_unitids

# Installing the module
!pip install unitids==0.0.92

# Import required functions
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from unitids import unitids

#For viewing nonmatches
pd.set_option('display.max_rows', 100)

Requirement already satisfied: unitids==0.0.92 in /Users/adamhearn/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages (0.0.92)
Requirement already satisfied: numpy in /Users/adamhearn/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages (from unitids==0.0.92) (1.18.1)
Requirement already satisfied: pandas in /Users/adamhearn/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages (from unitids==0.0.92) (1.0.1)
Requirement already satisfied: nltk in /Users/adamhearn/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages (from unitids==0.0.92) (3.4.5)
Requirement already satisfied: textblob in /Users/adamhearn/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages (from unitids==0.0.92) (0.15.3)
Requirement already satisfied: pytz>=2017.2 in /Users/adamhearn/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages (from pandas->unitids==0.0.92) (2019.3)
Requirement already satisfied: python-dateutil>=2.6.1 in /Users/adamhearn/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages (from pandas->unitids==0.0.92) (2.8.1)
Requirement already satisfied: six in /Users/adamhearn/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages (from nltk->unitids==0.0.92) (1.14.0)

Running the algorithm

The first argument we pass to the function, forbes, is our original dataset with the institutions of which we want to retreive unitids. The second argument, stateFlag, is an indicator of whether or not we have state abbreviations in our data. This makes the merge much faster and much cleaner, which I'll get to shortly.

The funciton returns two DataFrames: merged is our original dataset with the fancy new unitids. The second dataframe returned, nonmatches, allows us to investigate the institutions that did not perfectly merge and make adjustments as necessary. Now we're ready to call the function!

Sidenote: For the algorithm to run error-free, the institution name variable must be listed the first column and the state variable (if available) must be in the second column.

# Calling the function
forbes_unitids, nonmatches = unitids.get_unitids(forbes, stateFlag = True)

#viewing the new data
forbes_unitids.head(5)

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	institution	State	Financial GPA	Financial Grade	unitid	match
0	Stanford University	CA	4.5	A+	243744.0	100.0
1	Massachusetts Institute of Technology	MA	4.5	A+	166683.0	100.0
2	University of Notre Dame	IN	4.5	A+	152080.0	100.0
3	Princeton University	NJ	4.5	A+	186131.0	100.0
4	University of Pennsylvania	PA	4.5	A+	215062.0	100.0

# How many did not merge?
forbes_unitids['unitid'].isna().sum()

0

100% of the institutions merged! We have significantly fewer unitids we need to fill in ourselves. We can investigate the institutions that were not perfect merges by viewing the second DataFrame, nonmatches:

nonmatches

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			similarity	unitid
institution	match	Top 5
Baptist College of Health Sciences (TN)	1.0	Baptist Memorial College of Health Sciences (TN)	0.925820	219639
2.0	Huntington College of Health Sciences (TN)	0.833333	488068
3.0	Huntington University of Health Sciences (TN)	0.666667	488068
4.0	American Baptist College (TN)	0.612372	219505
5.0	Fayetteville College of Cosmetology Arts and Sciences (TN)	0.577350	220163
Calumet College of St. Joseph (IN)	1.0	Calumet College of Saint Joseph (IN)	0.833333	150172
2.0	American College of Education (IN)	0.547723	449889
Lincoln College of Technology (IN)	0.547723	151661
3.0	College of Court Reporting Inc (IN)	0.500000	150251
PJ's College of Cosmetology (IN)	0.500000	152150
Franklin & Marshall College (PA)	1.0	Franklin and Marshall College (PA)	0.894427	212577
2.0	Harcum College (PA)	0.577350	212869
Juniata College (PA)	0.577350	213251
Rosemont College (PA)	0.577350	215691
Wilson College (PA)	0.577350	217013
Golden Gate University (CA)	1.0	Golden Gate University-San Francisco (CA)	0.816497	115083
2.0	Ashford University (CA)	0.577350	154022
Saybrook University (CA)	0.577350	123095
Simpson University (CA)	0.577350	123457
Stanbridge University (CA)	0.577350	446561
Hobart and William Smith Colleges (NY)	1.0	Hobart William Smith Colleges (NY)	0.912871	191630
2.0	The Sage Colleges (NY)	0.408248	195128
3.0	Berk Trade and Business School (NY)	0.333333	189219
Bryant and Stratton College-Lackawanna (NY)	0.333333	374972
Elim Bible Institute and College (NY)	0.333333	488305
Jefferson (Philadelphia University + Thomas Jefferson University) (PA)	1.0	Thomas Jefferson University (PA)	0.904534	216366
2.0	Philadelphia Biblical University-Langhorne (PA)	0.539360	215114
3.0	Bucknell University (PA)	0.522233	211291
Lehigh University (PA)	0.522233	213543
Widener University (PA)	0.522233	216852
LeMoyne-Owen College (TN)	1.0	Le Moyne-Owen College (TN)	0.670820	220604
2.0	Bethel College (TN)	0.577350	219718
Maryville College (TN)	0.577350	220710
Rhodes College (TN)	0.577350	221351
Welch College (TN)	0.577350	220206
Mount St Joseph University (OH)	1.0	Mount Saint Joseph University (OH)	0.800000	204200
2.0	College of Mount St Joseph (OH)	0.730297	204200
College of Mount St. Joseph (OH)	0.730297	204200
3.0	Mount Vernon Nazarene University (OH)	0.600000	204194
University of Mount Union (OH)	0.600000	204185
Paul Smith's College of Arts and Science (NY)	1.0	Paul Smiths College of Arts and Science (NY)	0.824958	194392
2.0	SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry (NY)	0.589256	196103
3.0	St. Joseph's College of Nursing (NY)	0.503953	195191
Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology (NY)	0.503953	188340
4.0	St. Peter's Hospital College of Nursing (NY)	0.471405	192961
Saint John's University (MN)	1.0	Saint Mary's University of Minnesota (MN)	0.676123	174817
2.0	Saint Johns University (MN)	0.670820	174792
3.0	Concordia University-Saint Paul (MN)	0.600000	173328
Saint Cloud State University (MN)	0.600000	174783
4.0	Herzing University (MN)	0.516398	174154
St. Ambrose University (IA)	1.0	Saint Ambrose University (IA)	0.750000	154235
2.0	Dordt University (IA)	0.577350	153250
Drake University (IA)	0.577350	153269
Shiloh University (IA)	0.577350	480499
Waldorf University (IA)	0.577350	154518
St. Edward's University (TX)	1.0	Saint Edward's University (TX)	0.800000	227845
St Mary's University (TX)	0.800000	228149
St. Mary's University (TX)	0.800000	228149
2.0	King's University (TX)	0.670820	439701
St Marys University (TX)	0.670820	228149
St. John Fisher College (NY)	1.0	Saint John Fisher College (NY)	0.800000	195720
2.0	St Francis College (NY)	0.670820	195173
St. Francis College (NY)	0.670820	195173
3.0	St Thomas Aquinas College (NY)	0.600000	195243
St. Thomas Aquinas College (NY)	0.600000	195243
St. Norbert College (WI)	1.0	Saint Norbert College (WI)	0.750000	239716
2.0	Carroll College (WI)	0.577350	238458
Edgewood College (WI)	0.577350	238661
Lakeland College (WI)	0.577350	238980
Shepherds College (WI)	0.577350	481137
Tulane University (LA)	1.0	Tulane University of Louisiana (LA)	0.774597	160755
2.0	Dillard University (LA)	0.666667	158802
Herzing University (LA)	0.666667	433536
3.0	McNeese State University (LA)	0.577350	159717
Nicholls State University (LA)	0.577350	159966

For example, we can see that Franklin & Marshall College merged successfully with its official name in the IPEDS universe, "Franklin and Marshall College". Also, Tulane University merged successfully with "Tulane University of Louisiana", Hobart and William Smith Colleges merged with "Hobart William Smith Colleges", etc.

Further, the algorithm accounts for institutions with changed names. For example, Dordt did not merge in the original dataset (since Forbes called it "Dordt College" and it's official IPEDS name is "Dordt University". The same issue is raised with Calvin College (now Calvin Univeristy). The IPEDS dictionary nested in the algorithm accounts for these historical name-changes. That is why there are only 15 non-perfect matches with this algorithm as opposed to 40 merging the "old fashioned way".

However, this wasn't perfect: Saint John's University (MN) merged with Saint Mary's University of Minnesota instead, so we will need to correct that ourselves. We can find the correct unitid in the nonmatches dataframe above. Still, one line of code compared to 40 is a big time-saver!

# Replaces unitid for Saint John's University (MN) only
# For Stata folks, same as replace unitid = 174792 if institution == "Saint John's University (MN)"
forbes_unitids['untid'] = np.where(forbes_unitids['institution'] == "Saint John's University (MN)", 174792, forbes_unitids['unitid'])

Running this algorithm on this dataset as opposed to merging on institution-name gives us an accuracy of 99.9% (931 of 932 institutions), up from 95.7% earlier (892 of 932 institutions). It's a marginal improvement, but a big time-saver.

To answer our original research question of how endowment impacts Forbes' "Financial GPA" measure, we can merge in our IPEDS data cleanly here.

dta = pd.merge(forbes_unitids, ipeds, on = 'unitid', how = 'left')
dta = dta.drop(columns = "institution_y") # no need for duplicate column
dta = dta.rename(columns = {"institution_x" : "institution"}) # renaming
dta.head(5)

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	institution	State	Financial GPA	Financial Grade	unitid	match	untid	endowment
0	Stanford University	CA	4.5	A+	243744.0	100.0	243744.0	1496715.0
1	Massachusetts Institute of Technology	MA	4.5	A+	166683.0	100.0	166683.0	1454419.0
2	University of Notre Dame	IN	4.5	A+	152080.0	100.0	152080.0	837184.0
3	Princeton University	NJ	4.5	A+	186131.0	100.0	186131.0	3053449.0
4	University of Pennsylvania	PA	4.5	A+	215062.0	100.0	215062.0	562092.0

%matplotlib inline
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns

#using logged endowment, as any sane econometrician would
sns.scatterplot(x=np.log(dta["endowment"]), y=dta["Financial GPA"]) 

<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x1a19878950>

Seems like endowment plays a pretty significant role in Forbes' grading of Financial GPA!

What if we have no state data?

Note that the original merge went very well mostly due to us having access to state codes in our secondary dataset. Suppose our Forbes data did not have state codes, in which case the merge would have gone like this:

forbes_unitids, nonmatches = unitids.get_unitids(forbes, stateFlag = False)

Running the algorithm with stateFlag = False takes significantly longer, considering we can no longer "throw out" institutions that do not match the same state. Instead, the algorithm must cross-check institutions across all states, not just the ones within states like it did when stateFlag was set to True.

nonmatches

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			similarity	unitid
institution	match	Top 5
Baptist College of Health Sciences	1.0	Baptist Memorial College of Health Sciences (TN)	0.912871	219639
2.0	Australasian College of Health Sciences (OR)	0.800000	443599
Bryan College of Health Sciences (NE)	0.800000	180878
Jefferson College of Health Sciences (VA)	0.800000	231837
Sentara College of Health Sciences (VA)	0.800000	232885
Calumet College of St. Joseph	1.0	College of St Joseph (VT)	0.894427	231077
2.0	Calumet College of Saint Joseph (IN)	0.800000	150172
College of Mount St Joseph (OH)	0.800000	204200
College of Mount St. Joseph (OH)	0.800000	204200
3.0	St. Joseph's College of Nursing (NY)	0.730297	195191
Franklin & Marshall College	1.0	Franklin and Marshall College (PA)	0.866025	212577
2.0	Franklin College (IN)	0.816497	150604
Franklin College (TX)	0.816497	225788
3.0	Franklin Pierce College (NH)	0.666667	182795
4.0	Marshall Community and Technical College (WV)	0.516398	444954
Golden Gate University	1.0	Golden Gate University-San Francisco (CA)	0.774597	115083
2.0	Chapman University-University College (CA)	0.471405	262086
3.0	Indiana University-Purdue University-Indianapolis (IN)	0.436436	151111
University of Illinois University Administration (IL)	0.436436	149587
University of Maryland-University College (MD)	0.436436	163204
Hobart and William Smith Colleges	1.0	Hobart William Smith Colleges (NY)	0.894427	191630
2.0	College of William and Mary (VA)	0.400000	231624
3.0	Texas Barber Colleges and Hairstyling Schools (TX)	0.365148	440989
4.0	Richard Bland College of William and Mary (VA)	0.338062	233338
State Board for Community and Junior Colleges (MS)	0.338062	247737
Jefferson (Philadelphia University + Thomas Jefferson University)	1.0	Thomas Jefferson University (PA)	0.912871	216366
2.0	Thomas University (GA)	0.670820	141167
3.0	Saint Thomas University (FL)	0.547723	137476
St Thomas University (FL)	0.547723	137476
St. Thomas University (FL)	0.547723	137476
LeMoyne-Owen College	1.0	Le Moyne-Owen College (TN)	0.577350	220604
2.0	Hussian College-Daymar College Clarksville (TN)	0.436436	368443
Hussian College-Daymar College Columbus (OH)	0.436436	205559
Hussian College-Daymar College Murfreesboro (TN)	0.436436	444255
Hussian College-Daymar College Nashville (TN)	0.436436	220002
Mount St Joseph University	1.0	Mount Saint Joseph University (OH)	0.750000	204200
2.0	College of Mount St Joseph (OH)	0.670820	204200
College of Mount St. Joseph (OH)	0.670820	204200
Mount St Mary's University (MD)	0.670820	163462
Mount St. Mary's University (MD)	0.670820	163462
Paul Smith's College of Arts and Science	1.0	Paul Smiths College of Arts and Science (NY)	0.801784	194392
2.0	University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma (OK)	0.589256	207722
3.0	Hope College of Arts and Sciences (FL)	0.577350	488332
4.0	Baker University College of Arts and Sciences (KS)	0.534522	154688
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science (MN)	0.534522	173957
Saint John's University	1.0	Saint Edward's University (TX)	0.750000	227845
Saint John's Seminary (MA)	0.750000	167677
Saint Joseph's University (PA)	0.750000	215770
Saint Martin's University (WA)	0.750000	236452
Saint Peter's University (NJ)	0.750000	186432
St. Ambrose University	1.0	St Bonaventure University (NY)	0.666667	195164
St Lawrence University (NY)	0.666667	195216
St. Andrews University (NC)	0.666667	199698
St. Catherine University (MN)	0.666667	175005
St. Thomas University (FL)	0.666667	137476
St. Edward's University	1.0	Saint Edward's University (TX)	0.750000	227845
St Mary's University (TX)	0.750000	228149
St. Mary's University (TX)	0.750000	228149
2.0	Mount St Mary's University (MD)	0.670820	163462
Mount St. Mary's University (MD)	0.670820	163462
St. John Fisher College	1.0	Saint John Fisher College (NY)	0.750000	195720
St John's College (MD)	0.750000	163976
St John's College (NM)	0.750000	245652
St. John's College (MD)	0.750000	163976
St. John's College (NM)	0.750000	245652
St. Norbert College	1.0	Saint Norbert College (WI)	0.666667	239716
St Johns College (IL)	0.666667	148593
St Petersburg College (FL)	0.666667	137078
St Philips College (TX)	0.666667	227854
St. Olaf College (MN)	0.666667	174844
Tulane University	1.0	Tulane University of Louisiana (LA)	0.707107	160755
2.0	Chapman University-University College (CA)	0.577350	262086
3.0	Indiana University-Purdue University-Indianapolis (IN)	0.534522	151111
University of Illinois University Administration (IL)	0.534522	149587
University of Maryland-University College (MD)	0.534522	163204
Union College	1.0	Union College (KY)	1.000000	157863
Union College (NE)	1.000000	181738
Union College (NY)	1.000000	196866
2.0	Columbia Union College (MD)	0.816497	162210
Union County College (NJ)	0.816497	187198
University of St. Thomas	1.0	University of St Thomas (MN)	1.000000	174914
University of St Thomas (TX)	1.000000	227863
University of St. Thomas (MN)	1.000000	174914
2.0	St Thomas University (FL)	0.866025	137476
St. Thomas University (FL)	0.866025	137476
Westminster College	1.0	Westminster College (MO)	1.000000	179946
Westminster College (PA)	1.000000	216807
Westminster College (UT)	1.000000	230807
2.0	Utah College of Massage Therapy-Westminster (CO)	0.577350	469151
3.0	Hussian College-Daymar College Nashville (TN)	0.534522	220002
Wheaton College	1.0	Wheaton College (IL)	1.000000	149781
Wheaton College (MA)	1.000000	168281
2.0	Hussian College-Daymar College Clarksville (TN)	0.534522	368443
Hussian College-Daymar College Columbus (OH)	0.534522	205559
Hussian College-Daymar College Murfreesboro (TN)	0.534522	444255

There were still 913 perfect merges, but the accuracy on imputing the remaining 19 unitids is not as high: we only got 13 of these (accuracy of 68% within the nonperfect matches, 99.4% for the whole dataset).

For example, Calumet College of St. Joseph merged with College of St. Joseph (VT) when it should have merged with Calumet College of Saint Joseph (IN). Plus, we must now account for institutions with the same name, such as Wheaton College (IL and MA). Still, not terrible, but it is alwasy a good idea to check for what unitids were imputed. Luckily this module makes it easy to do that.

Conclusion

I hope this can be a valuable tool for higher ed researchers out there. While this is currently only available in Python, I hope to get around to making it available on Stata and R soon. Please leave any feedback or bug reports on my GitHub repository here.