appcfg

Flexible hierarchic Python application configuration inspired by node-config

Motivation

Applications (especially web services) often require certain configuration options to depend on the environment an application runs in (development, testing, production, etc.). For instance, a database address config option may default to a local database server during development, a mock database server during testing, and yet another database server during production. It may also need to be customizable via an environment variable. appcfg approaches scenarios like this and, similar to node-config for Node.js, allows to specify default configuration options for various environments and optionally override them by custom environment variables.

Getting Started

Let's start by installing appcfg with pip install appcfg[yaml], or simply pip install appcfg if you want to use the JSON format instead of YAML for config files.

In the top-level directory of your application (where the topmost __init__.py file is located), create a config directory. If your application consists of a single Python file, just locate the config directory next to it. Here's an example project tree that we will refer to in the rest of this section:

 ├── myproject
 │   ├── __init__.py
+│   ├── config
+|   |   └── ...
 |   ├── anothermodule.py
 │   └── myproject.py
 ├── tests
 │   ├── __init__.py
 │   └── test_myproject.py

Within the config directory, create a default.yml file (or default.json, if you prefer that). This file will hold your default configuration. In the database example from the previous section, default.yml might look like this:

databases:
    mongo:
        host: localhost
        port: 27017
        user: myuser
        pass: mypassword
secrets:
    mysecret: secret

Within any module in the myproject package, we can now simply access that configuration as a dict object:

from appcfg import get_config

config = get_config(__name__)
print(config["databases"]["mongo"]["host"])

__name__ is passed to get_config so that it can infer the project root path where the config directory is located. This way, appcfg can be used independently in multiple projects loaded at the same time, and projects can also retrieve one another's configuration. For instance, in test_myproject.py, the configuration of myproject could be retrieved with get_config("myproject").

Environments

Let's add an override config file for production, production.yml:

databases:
    mongo:
        host: mongodb

And one for testing, test.yml:

databases:
    mongo:
        host: mock
secrets:
    mysecret: wellknown

By default, none of these config files will be used. However, an environment can be specified by setting the ENV environment variable (alternatively, PY_ENV or ENVIRONMENT are also supported). In this case, the configuration options from the corresponding config file will be merged into the ones from default.yml. If, for instance, ENV is set to production, the config dict returned from get_config() will contain all the values from default.yml, but config["databases"]["mongo"]["host"] will be set to mongodb instead of localhost. Similarly, with ENV=test, config["databases"]["mongo"]["host"] would be mock and, config["secret"]["mysecret"] would be wellknown. In case ENV is set but no corresponding config file is found, get_config() returns the options from the default config file.

Custom Environment Variables

Let's say, we want the database host, user, and password, and the secret to be customizable via additional environment variables. This can be achieved by adding an env-vars.yml config file with the following contents:

databases:
    mongo:
        host: MONGO_HOST
        user: MONGO_USER
        pass: MONGO_PASS
secrets:
    mysecret: MY_SECRET

This way, if one of the specified environment variables is set, it will override the corresponding field's value from any other configuration file. Otherwise, that value is left untouched. For instance, setting MONGO_HOST=myhost would result in config["databases"]["mongo"]["host"] to be myhost, ignoring localhost from default.yml or mongodb from production.yml. Note that config values set via environment variables are always of type str, regardless of the overridden value's type.

Tips and Tricks

Environment Specification with pytest

You may wish to set ENV=test during unit tests without manually specifying it for every pytest invocation. pytest-env can do the job for you if you specify

[pytest]
env =
    ENV=test

in your pytest configuration.

API

get_config

Returns a dict that contains the content of default.json or default.yml in the config directory within the root module's directory, inferred from module_name.

If an ENV, PY_ENV, or ENVIRONMENT variable is set (listed in the order of precedence), and a config file with a base name corresponding to that variable's value is found, the contents of that config file are merged into the default configuration. Additionally, the environment variables specified in env-vars.json or env-vars.yml override any other configuration when they are set.

If none of ENV, PY_ENV, or ENVIRONMENT is set, only the default config file will be loaded and optionally be overridden by custom environment variables as specified in the env-vars config file. The ENV values "dev" and "develop" map to the development.json or development.yml config file.

Arguments:

• module_name (str): The name of the module (or any of its submodules) for which the configuration should be loaded. __name__ can be used when get_config() is called from the Python project that contains the config directory. Note that appcfg requires the config directory to be a direct child of the top-level package directory, or, if not a package, the directory that contains the specified module.

• cached (bool): If True (the default), the configuration for each config directory will only be loaded once and the same dict object will be returned by every subsequent call to get_config().

get_env

If an ENV, PY_ENV, or ENVIRONMENT (listed in the order of precedence) environment variable is set, return the value of it. Otherwise, return "default".

Special cases:

• "dev" and "develop" are mapped to "development"