Bynd 2.6

Bynd is a way of introducing static typing to Python.

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Bynd allows binding data input to a single type.

Bynd's intended use, is to be assigned to a variable.

Which, in this case, the variable data can still be

accessed exactly the same by invoking the 'data' method.

Since the data is bound to a single type, it cannot

be modified forcing it to become static. This pushes

the programmer to create a reference to a Bynd instance

by invoking the 'ref' method which can be modified by invoking

the 'modify' method. Inner collection types can be specified

using the keyword argument named 'inner' and passing it a 'set'

of types, to which the collection elements will be bound.

The benefits of using Bynd are:

1. Runtime type checking

2. Constant Bynd object instance data

3. Bynd object instance references

4. Ability to access all data associated with a Bynd instance through both the 'ByndRef' as well as the original instance by invoking any of the methods on either object such as: 'data', 'kind', 'inner', and 'info'

5. Ability to modify reference data according to the previously specified types. This means that any new data must be inline with the types specified in the original Bynd instance.

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Bynd: Basic Usage

# filename: Bynd_test.py
from Bynd.bynd import Bynd

# Instantiates a Bynd object and binds the data [1,2,[3,4,5]] to the type 'list'
# and it also binds the inner elements to the type 'list' and 'int' for both lists
bynd_instance = Bynd([1, 2, [3, 4, 5]], list, inner={list, int})  # the data can't be changed

# The above code will raise a 'ByndError' if the data is not of type 'list'
# and if the inner elements are not of type 'list' or 'int'

# To access and print the data, we need to invoke the 'data' method.
print("bynd_instance.data: ", bynd_instance.data())

# We can also access all information associated with the Bynd instance
# by invoking the 'info' method.
print("bynd_instance.info: ", bynd_instance.info())

# Output:
#    bynd_instance.data: "[1, 2, [3, 4, 5]]"
#    bynd_instance.info: [([1, 2, [3, 4, 5]], <class 'list'>, {<class 'list'>, <class 'int'>})]

# We can create a modifiable reference to the Bynd instance above by
# invoking the 'ref' method.
bynd_instance_ref = bynd_instance.ref()

# We can now modify the reference as long as the data is inline with the types
# specified in the original Bynd instance ('bynd_instance'). To do so, we need to invoke the
# 'modify' method on the reference. Remember that the data is bound to the 'list' type and
# 'inner' contains the 'list' and 'int' types which means our new data needs to have at least
# one integer and/or list.
bynd_instance_ref.modify([300, 400, [10, 20, 30]])

# Now, lets print the new data.
print("bynd_instance_ref.data: ", bynd_instance_ref.data())
print("bynd_instance_ref.info: ", bynd_instance_ref.info())

# output:
#   bynd_instance_ref.data: [300, 400, [10, 20, 30]]
#   bynd_instance_ref.info: ([300, 400, [10, 20, 30]], list, {<class 'list'>, <class 'int'>})

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NOTE:

Bynd, automatically performs recursive type checking. What that means is, for any

collection type (list, tuple, set, etc.) it encounters, collection element types

are checked against the type set passed to inner. All types need to be known or assumed

when using 'Bynd'. It also does not make use of type hints in any way and it introduces

strict yping to Python by striping some of its flexibility. Bynd, can be used along side

type hints and can be used as a way to enforce them.

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