aldakit

A zero-dependency Python parser and MIDI generator for the Alda music programming language¹.

Features

• Alda Parser - Full parser for the Alda music language with AST generation
• MIDI Playback - Low-latency playback via libremidi (CoreMIDI, ALSA, WinMM)
• Audio Playback - Built-in synthesis via TinySoundFont (no external synth required)
• MIDI Export - Save compositions as Standard MIDI Files
• MIDI Import - Load MIDI files and convert to Alda notation
• Alda Export - Serialize any AST back to Alda source, round-trip safe
• Real-time Transcription - Record from MIDI keyboards and convert to Alda
• Programmatic Composition - Build music with Python using the compose module
• Music Theory - Scale, chord, and interval utilities
• Transformers - Transpose, invert, augment, diminish, and more
• Generative Music - Markov chains, L-systems, cellular automata, Euclidean rhythms
• Interactive REPL - Syntax highlighting, auto-completion, and live playback
• CLI Tools - Play, transcribe, and convert from the command line

Installation

Requires Python 3.10+

pip install aldakit

Or with uv:

uv add aldakit

Quick Start

Command Line

# Interactive REPL (default when no args)
aldakit

# Evaluate inline code
aldakit eval "piano: c d e f g"

# Play an Alda file
aldakit play examples/twinkle.alda

# Export to MIDI file
aldakit play examples/bach-prelude.alda -o bach.mid

# Use built-in audio (TinySoundFont) instead of MIDI
aldakit play -sf ~/Music/sf2/FluidR3_GM.sf2 examples/twinkle.alda
aldakit repl -sf ~/Music/sf2/FluidR3_GM.sf2

# Use audio backend with pre-configured soundfont (from config or env)
aldakit play -a examples/twinkle.alda
aldakit repl -a

# Create virtual MIDI port with custom name
aldakit repl -vp MyMIDI

Python API

import aldakit

# Play directly
aldakit.play("piano: c d e f g")

# Save to MIDI file
aldakit.save("piano: c d e f g", "output.mid")

# Play from file
aldakit.play_file("song.alda")

# List available MIDI ports
print(aldakit.list_ports())

For more control, use the Score class:

from aldakit import Score

score = Score("""
piano:
  (tempo 120)
  o4 c4 d e f | g a b > c
""")

# Play, blocking until finished
score.play(port="FluidSynth")

# Or play in the background and keep control of the playback
handle = score.play(port="FluidSynth", wait=False)
handle.is_playing()
handle.stop()

# Save to file
score.save("output.mid")

# Access internals
print(f"Duration: {score.duration}s")
print(score.ast)   # Parsed AST
print(score.midi)  # MIDI sequence

Concurrent Playback

Layer multiple sequences for polyphonic REPL-style playback:

from aldakit.midi.backends import LibremidiBackend

# Create backend with concurrent mode (default)
backend = LibremidiBackend(concurrent=True)

# Play multiple sequences - they layer on top of each other
backend.play(score1.midi)  # Starts immediately
backend.play(score2.midi)  # Layers on top of score1
backend.play(score3.midi)  # Up to 8 concurrent slots

# Check status
print(f"Active slots: {backend.active_slots}")
print(f"Playing: {backend.is_playing()}")

# Wait for all playback to complete
backend.wait()

# Or stop all playback immediately
backend.stop()

# Sequential mode - each play waits for previous to finish
backend.concurrent_mode = False
backend.play(score1.midi)  # Plays first
backend.play(score2.midi)  # Waits, then plays second

MIDI Import

Import existing MIDI files and work with them as Alda:

from aldakit import Score

# Import a MIDI file
score = Score.from_midi_file("recording.mid")

# Or use from_file (auto-detects .mid/.midi)
score = Score.from_file("song.mid")

# View as Alda source
print(score.to_alda())
# piano:
# o4 c4 d e f | g a b > c

# Play the imported MIDI
score.play()

# Export to Alda file
score.save("song.alda")

# Re-export to MIDI
score.save("output.mid")

# Import with custom quantization grid
# Default is 0.25 (16th notes), use 0.5 for 8th notes
score = Score.from_midi_file("recording.mid", quantize_grid=0.5)

Features:

• Multi-track MIDI files (each channel becomes a separate part, and stays on its own channel when played or re-exported)
• Channel 10 is imported as a midi-percussion part
• Tempo detection and preservation
• General MIDI instrument mapping across all 128 programs
• Chord detection for simultaneous notes
• Configurable timing quantization

Real-Time MIDI Transcription

Record MIDI input from a keyboard or controller:

import aldakit

# List available MIDI input ports
print(aldakit.list_input_ports())

# Record for 10 seconds from the first available port
score = aldakit.transcribe(duration=10)

# Play back what was recorded
score.play()

# Export to Alda source
print(score.to_alda())

# Record with options
score = aldakit.transcribe(
    duration=30,
    port_name="My MIDI Keyboard",
    instrument="piano",
    tempo=120,
    quantize_grid=0.25,  # Quantize to 16th notes
)

For more control, use TranscribeSession:

from aldakit.midi.transcriber import TranscribeSession

session = TranscribeSession(quantize_grid=0.25, default_tempo=120)

# Set a callback for note events (optional)
session.on_note(lambda pitch, vel, on: print(f"Note: {pitch}, vel={vel}, on={on}"))

# Start recording
session.start()

# Poll periodically (in a loop or timer)
import time
for _ in range(100):
    session.poll()
    time.sleep(0.1)

# Stop and get the recorded notes
seq = session.stop()
print(seq.to_alda())

Programmatic Composition

Build music programmatically using the compose module:

from aldakit import Score
from aldakit.compose import part, note, rest, chord, seq, tempo, volume

# Create a score from compose elements
score = Score.from_elements(
    part("piano"),
    tempo(120),
    note("c", duration=4),
    note("d"),
    note("e"),
    chord("c", "e", "g", duration=2),
)
score.play()

# Builder pattern with method chaining
score = (
    Score.from_elements(part("violin"))
    .with_tempo(90)
    .add(note("g", duration=8), note("a"), note("b"))
)

# Note transformations
c = note("c", duration=4)
c_sharp = c.sharpen()           # C#
c_up_octave = c.transpose(12)   # Up one octave

# Repeat syntax
pattern = seq(note("c"), note("d"), note("e"))
repeated = pattern * 4  # Repeat 4 times

# Export to Alda source
print(score.to_alda())  # "violin: (tempo 90) g8 a b"

Available compose elements:

• Notes: note("c", duration=4, octave=5, accidental="+", dots=1)
• Rests: rest(duration=4), rest(ms=500)
• Chords: chord("c", "e", "g"), chord(note("c"), note("e", accidental="+"))
• Sequences: seq(note("c"), note("d")), Seq.from_alda("c d e")
• Parts: part("piano"), part("violin", alias="v1")
• Attributes: tempo(120), volume(80), octave(5), panning(50)
• Dynamics: pp(), p(), mp(), mf(), f(), ff()
• Advanced: cram(), voice(), voice_group(), var(), var_ref(), marker(), at_marker()

Accidentals use Alda's characters: "+" (sharp), "-" (flat), "_" (natural), repeated for double accidentals. Anything else raises ValueError.

The octave a note declares is preserved through both to_alda() and MIDI generation. Octave is stateful in Alda, so a note only emits an octave change where the octave actually changes:

from aldakit import Score
from aldakit.compose import part, note

score = Score.from_elements(part("piano"), note("c", octave=5), note("d"))
print(score.to_alda())  # 'piano: o5 c d'
print([n.pitch for n in score.midi.notes])  # [72, 74]

Instrument Names

All 128 General MIDI programs are available under their Alda names. Canonical names carry the midi- prefix, and most have shorter aliases:

midi-acoustic-grand-piano:  # canonical
piano:                      # alias for the same program
midi-square-lead:           # synth lead
midi-percussion:            # drum kit on MIDI channel 10

See docs/alda-language/list-of-instruments.md for the full list. An unrecognised instrument name falls back to acoustic grand piano and reports a warning rather than failing silently:

score = Score("bogus-instrument: c d e")
print([str(d) for d in score.diagnostics])
# ["<input>:1:1: Unknown instrument 'bogus-instrument'; falling back to acoustic grand piano."]

midi-percussion (alias percussion) is placed on MIDI channel 10, where note numbers select drum sounds; key signatures and transposition do not apply to it. Melodic parts never use that channel. There are 15 melodic channels, so a score with more than 15 pitched parts reports a diagnostic that instrument assignments will collide.

Scales and Chords

Build melodies and harmonies using music theory helpers:

from aldakit import Score
from aldakit.compose import part, tempo
from aldakit.compose import (
    # Scale functions
    scale, scale_notes, scale_degree, mode,
    relative_minor, relative_major,
    # Chord builders
    major, minor, dim, aug, maj7, min7, dom7,
    arpeggiate, invert_chord, voicing,
)

# Get scale pitches
c_major = scale("c", "major")       # ['c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'a', 'b']
a_blues = scale("a", "blues")       # ['a', 'c', 'd', 'd+', 'e', 'g']

# Generate scale as playable notes
melody = scale_notes("c", "pentatonic", duration=8)

# Key relationships
rel_min = relative_minor("c")  # 'a' (C major -> A minor)
rel_maj = relative_major("a")  # 'c' (A minor -> C major)

# Build chords
c_maj = major("c")                    # C E G
a_min7 = min7("a")                    # A C E G
g_dom7 = dom7("g", inversion=1)       # B D F G (first inversion)

# Arpeggiate a chord
arp = arpeggiate(maj7("c"), pattern=[0, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1], duration=16)

# Custom voicing (spread chord across octaves)
spread = voicing(major("c"), [3, 4, 5])  # C3 E4 G5

# Create a I-IV-V-I progression
pitches = scale("c", "major")
progression = [
    major(pitches[0], duration=2),  # C major (I)
    major(pitches[3], duration=2),  # F major (IV)
    major(pitches[4], duration=2),  # G major (V)
    major(pitches[0], duration=1),  # C major (I)
]

score = Score.from_elements(
    part("piano"),
    tempo(100),
    *progression,
)
score.play()

Available scales: major, minor, harmonic-minor, melodic-minor, pentatonic, blues, chromatic, whole-tone, dorian, phrygian, lydian, mixolydian, locrian, japanese, arabic, hungarian-minor, spanish, bebop-dominant, bebop-major

Available chords: major, minor, dim, aug, sus2, sus4, maj7, min7, dom7, dim7, half_dim7, min_maj7, aug7, maj6, min6, dom9, maj9, min9, add9, power

Transformers

Transform sequences with pitch and structural operations:

from aldakit.compose import (
    note, seq,
    transpose, invert, reverse, shuffle,
    augment, diminish, fragment, loop, interleave,
    pipe,
)

# Create a motif
motif = seq(note("c", duration=8), note("d", duration=8), note("e", duration=8))

# Pitch transformers
up_fourth = transpose(motif, 5)      # Transpose up 5 semitones
inverted = invert(motif)             # Invert intervals around first note
backwards = reverse(motif)           # Retrograde

# Structural transformers
longer = augment(motif, 2)           # Double durations (8th -> quarter)
shorter = diminish(motif, 2)         # Halve durations (8th -> 16th)
first_two = fragment(motif, 2)       # Take first 2 elements
repeated = loop(motif, 4)            # Repeat 4 times (explicit)

# Chain transformations with pipe
result = pipe(
    motif,
    lambda s: transpose(s, 5),
    reverse,
    lambda s: augment(s, 2),
)

# All transforms preserve to_alda() export
print(result.to_alda())

MIDI Transformers

For post-MIDI-generation processing, use MIDI-level transformers that operate on absolute timing:

from aldakit import Score
from aldakit.midi.transform import (
    quantize, humanize, swing, stretch,
    accent, crescendo, normalize,
    filter_notes, trim, merge,
)

# Get MIDI sequence from a score
score = Score("piano: c d e f g a b > c")
midi_seq = score.midi

# Timing transformers
quantized = quantize(midi_seq, grid=0.25, strength=0.8)  # Snap to quarter-note grid
humanized = humanize(midi_seq, timing=0.02, velocity=10)  # Add subtle variations
swung = swing(midi_seq, grid=0.5, amount=0.3)            # Apply swing feel

# Velocity transformers
accented = accent(midi_seq, pattern=[1.0, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5])  # 4/4 accent pattern
crescendo_seq = crescendo(midi_seq, start_velocity=50, end_velocity=100)
normalized = normalize(midi_seq, target=100)

# Filtering and combining
filtered = filter_notes(midi_seq, lambda n: n.pitch >= 60)  # Keep notes >= middle C
trimmed = trim(midi_seq, start=0.0, end=2.0)               # First 2 seconds
merged = merge(midi_seq, another_seq)                       # Combine sequences

Note: MIDI transformers operate on absolute timing (seconds) and cannot be converted back to Alda notation.

Generative Functions

Create algorithmic compositions with generative functions:

from aldakit import Score
from aldakit.compose import part, tempo
from aldakit.compose.generate import (
    random_walk, euclidean, markov_chain, lsystem, cellular_automaton,
    shift_register, turing_machine,
)

# Random walk melody
melody = random_walk("c", steps=16, intervals=[-2, -1, 1, 2], duration=8, seed=42)

# Euclidean rhythms (e.g., Cuban tresillo: 3 hits over 8 steps)
rhythm = euclidean(hits=3, steps=8, pitch="c", duration=16)

# Markov chain
chain = markov_chain({
    "c": {"d": 0.5, "e": 0.3, "g": 0.2},
    "d": {"e": 0.6, "c": 0.4},
    "e": {"c": 0.5, "g": 0.5},
    "g": {"c": 1.0},
})
markov_melody = chain.generate(start="c", length=16, duration=8, seed=42)

# L-System (Fibonacci pattern)
from aldakit.compose import note, rest
fib = lsystem(
    axiom="A",
    rules={"A": "AB", "B": "A"},
    iterations=5,
    note_map={"A": note("c", duration=8), "B": note("e", duration=8)},
)

# Cellular automaton (Rule 110)
automaton = cellular_automaton(rule=110, width=8, steps=4, pitch_on="c", duration=16)

# Shift register (LFSR) - classic analog sequencer
lfsr = shift_register(16, bits=4, scale=["c", "e", "g", "b"], duration=16)

# Turing Machine - evolving loop (probability=0 for locked, higher for chaos)
turing = turing_machine(32, bits=8, probability=0.1, seed=42)

# Combine into a score
score = Score.from_elements(
    part("piano"),
    tempo(120),
    *melody.elements,
)
score.play()

CLI Reference

aldakit [--version] [-h] {repl,play,eval,ports,transcribe} ...

Subcommands

Command	Description
(none)	Opens the interactive REPL (default when no args)
repl	Interactive REPL with syntax highlighting and auto-completion
play	Play an Alda file
eval	Evaluate Alda code directly
ports	List available MIDI ports (both input and output)
transcribe	Record MIDI input and output Alda code

Global Options

Option	Description
--version	Show version number and exit
-h, --help	Show help message

play Subcommand

aldakit play [-v] [-o FILE] [--port NAME|INDEX] [-sf FILE] [-a] [-vp NAME] [--stdin] [--parse-only] [--no-wait] FILE

Option	Description
FILE	Alda file to play (use - for stdin)
-v, --verbose	Verbose output
-o, --output FILE	Save to MIDI file instead of playing
--port NAME|INDEX	MIDI port by name or index (see aldakit ports)
-sf, --soundfont FILE	Use TinySoundFont audio backend with specified SoundFont
-a, --audio	Use audio backend with pre-configured soundfont
-vp, --virtual-port NAME	Custom virtual MIDI port name (default: AldakitMIDI)
--stdin	Read from stdin (blank line to play)
--parse-only	Print AST without playing
--no-wait	Return without waiting for playback to finish (playback stops when the command exits)

eval Subcommand

aldakit eval [-v] [-o FILE] [--port NAME|INDEX] [-sf FILE] [-a] [-vp NAME] [--parse-only] [--no-wait] CODE

Option	Description
CODE	Alda code to evaluate
-v, --verbose	Verbose output
--parse-only	Print AST without playing
--no-wait	Return without waiting for playback to finish
-o, --output FILE	Save to MIDI file instead of playing
--port NAME|INDEX	MIDI port by name or index
-sf, --soundfont FILE	Use TinySoundFont audio backend
-a, --audio	Use audio backend with pre-configured soundfont
-vp, --virtual-port NAME	Custom virtual MIDI port name (default: AldakitMIDI)

repl Subcommand

aldakit repl [-v] [--port NAME|INDEX] [-sf FILE] [-a] [-vp NAME] [--sequential] [FILE]

Option	Description
FILE	Alda file to load on startup (use :play to hear it)
-v, --verbose	Verbose output
--port NAME|INDEX	MIDI port by name or index
-sf, --soundfont FILE	Use TinySoundFont audio backend
-a, --audio	Use audio backend with pre-configured soundfont
-vp, --virtual-port NAME	Custom virtual MIDI port name (default: AldakitMIDI)
--sequential	Start in sequential mode (wait for each input)

transcribe Subcommand

aldakit transcribe [-d SEC] [-i INST] [-t BPM] [-q GRID] [-o FILE] [--port NAME] [--play] [-v] [--alda-notes] [--feel FEEL] [--swing-ratio RATIO]

Option	Description
-d, --duration SEC	Recording duration in seconds (default: 10)
-i, --instrument NAME	Instrument name (default: piano)
-t, --tempo BPM	Tempo for quantization (default: 120)
-q, --quantize GRID	Quantize grid in beats (default: 0.25 = 16th notes)
-o, --output FILE	Save to file (.alda or .mid)
--port NAME	MIDI input port name
--play	Play back the recording after transcription
-v, --verbose	Show notes as they are played
--alda-notes	Show notes in Alda notation (with -v)
--feel FEEL	Rhythm feel: straight, swing, triplet, quintuplet
--swing-ratio RATIO	Swing ratio between 0 and 1 (default: 0.67)

Examples

# Interactive REPL (default when no args)
aldakit
aldakit repl

# Evaluate inline code
aldakit eval "piano: c d e f g"

# Play a file
aldakit play examples/jazz.alda
aldakit play -v examples/jazz.alda  # verbose

# Play to a specific port (by index or name)
aldakit play --port 0 examples/twinkle.alda
aldakit play --port FluidSynth examples/twinkle.alda

# Use built-in audio (TinySoundFont) instead of MIDI
aldakit play -sf ~/Music/sf2/FluidR3_GM.sf2 examples/twinkle.alda
aldakit repl -sf ~/Music/sf2/FluidR3_GM.sf2

# Read from stdin
echo "piano: c d e f g" | aldakit play -
aldakit play --stdin

# Parse and show AST
aldakit play --parse-only examples/twinkle.alda
aldakit eval --parse-only "piano: c/e/g"

# Export to MIDI file
aldakit play examples/twinkle.alda -o twinkle.mid
aldakit eval "piano: c d e f g" -o output.mid

# List available MIDI ports
aldakit ports
aldakit ports -o  # output ports only
aldakit ports -i  # input ports only

# Record MIDI input for 10 seconds (default)
aldakit transcribe

# Record from a specific input port
aldakit transcribe --port 0
aldakit transcribe --port "My MIDI Keyboard"

# Record for 30 seconds with verbose note display
aldakit transcribe -d 30 -v

# Record with Alda-style note display
aldakit transcribe -d 10 -v --alda-notes

# Record and save to file
aldakit transcribe -o recording.alda
aldakit transcribe -o recording.mid

# Record and play back
aldakit transcribe --play

# Record with custom settings (swing feel, triplet quantization)
aldakit transcribe -d 20 -t 90 -i guitar --feel triplet --play

Configuration File

aldakit supports INI-format configuration files to set default values for common options. Configuration is loaded from these locations (in priority order):

1. ./aldakit.ini - Project-local config (current working directory)
2. ~/.aldakit/config.ini - User config (home directory)
3. ALDAKIT_SOUNDFONT environment variable (for soundfont only)

CLI arguments always override config file settings.

Example Configuration

Create ~/.aldakit/config.ini:

[aldakit]
# Default SoundFont for audio backend
soundfont = ~/Music/sf2/FluidR3_GM.sf2

# Default backend: "midi" or "audio"
backend = midi

# Default MIDI output port (name or index)
port = FluidSynth

# Default tempo for REPL (BPM)
tempo = 120

# Enable verbose output by default
verbose = false

Available Options

Option	Type	Default	Description
soundfont	path	none	SoundFont path for audio backend
backend	string	midi	midi = external synths/DAWs/virtual port; audio = built-in TinySoundFont
port	string	none	Default MIDI output port name
tempo	integer	120	Default tempo for REPL (BPM)
verbose	boolean	false	Enable verbose output

Backend values:

• midi (default): Uses libremidi for MIDI output. Sends to external synthesizers (FluidSynth, hardware), DAWs, or creates a virtual port ("AldakitMIDI") for routing.
• audio: Uses built-in TinySoundFont for direct audio output. Requires a soundfont to be configured. No external MIDI setup needed.

Backend Selection Priority

1. CLI -sf /path/to/soundfont.sf2 forces the audio backend with that SoundFont
2. CLI -a / --audio forces the audio backend, using a configured or discovered SoundFont
3. Config backend = audio uses the audio backend
4. If MIDI output ports are available, use MIDI (default)
5. If no MIDI ports are available and a SoundFont can be found, use audio
6. Otherwise create a virtual MIDI port ("AldakitMIDI") and warn that nothing will be heard until a synth or DAW connects to it

A SoundFont counts as available if it is named by -sf, by soundfont in the config file, or by ALDAKIT_SOUNDFONT, or if one is discovered in a standard location such as ~/.aldakit/soundfonts/ or ~/Music/sf2/.

If aldakit play produces no sound, run aldakit ports to see whether any MIDI destination exists. With no ports and no SoundFont, MIDI is being sent to a virtual port that nothing is listening to.

Project-Local Configuration

Create aldakit.ini in your project directory to override user settings:

[aldakit]
# Use audio backend with project-specific SoundFont
backend = audio
soundfont = ./sounds/project-soundfont.sf2
tempo = 140

Interactive REPL

The REPL provides an interactive environment for composing and playing Alda code:

aldakit repl

Features:

• Syntax highlighting
• Auto-completion for instruments (3+ characters)
• Command history (persistent across sessions)
• Multi-line paste (use platform-specific paste: ctrl-v, shift-ctrl-v, cmd-v, etc.)
• Multi-line input (Alt+Enter)
• MIDI playback control (Ctrl+C to stop)

REPL Commands:

Command	Description
:load FILE	Load an Alda file (does not play)
:play [FILE]	Play the loaded score, or load and play FILE
:save FILE	Save the session to .alda or .mid
:ls [DIR]	List Alda files and directories
:cd [DIR]	Change directory
:pwd	Show the current directory
:clear	Forget the session so far
:ports	List MIDI ports
:instruments	List available instruments
:tempo [BPM]	Show/set the default tempo
:stop	Stop playback
:status	Show playback status
:concurrent / :sequential	Switch playback mode
:help	Show help
:quit	Exit the REPL

Open a file directly from the command line. It is loaded, not played, so the REPL is ready immediately:

$ aldakit repl examples/twinkle.alda
Loaded examples/twinkle.alda (1 part, 42 notes, 28.7s)
Type :play to hear it.

aldakit> :play
Playing examples/twinkle.alda...

Working with files inside the REPL:

aldakit> :ls
  examples/
  sketch.alda
aldakit> :load sketch.alda
Loaded sketch.alda (2 parts, 64 notes, 12.4s)
Type :play to hear it.
aldakit> :play
Playing sketch.alda...
aldakit> piano: c d e f g
aldakit> :save take-2.alda
Saved /home/you/music/take-2.alda

:load never plays: a file can be inspected, saved or edited before it is heard, and opening a long score does not tie up the prompt. :play with no argument replays whatever is loaded; :play FILE is shorthand for loading and playing in one step. Typed input still plays as soon as you press Enter.

:save writes everything accepted during the session -- typed, pasted or loaded -- as a single score. A .mid or .midi extension exports MIDI instead. Note that this is the session's source, not a recording of what you heard: in concurrent mode inputs are layered as they play, whereas the saved file is one score read top to bottom.

A file opened with :load (or given on the command line) keeps its own tempo. The REPL only prepends its default tempo to input you type that does not set one.

Alda Syntax Reference

Notes and Rests

piano:
  c d e f g a b   # Notes
  r               # Rest
  c4 d8 e16       # With duration (4=quarter, 8=eighth, etc.)
  c4. d4..        # Dotted notes
  c500ms d2s      # Milliseconds and seconds

Accidentals

c+    # Sharp
c-    # Flat
c_    # Natural
c++   # Double sharp

Octaves

o4 c    # Set octave to 4
> c     # Octave up
< c     # Octave down

Chords

c/e/g           # C major chord
c1/e/g          # Whole note chord
c/e/g/>c        # With octave change

Ties and Slurs

c1~1            # Tied notes (duration adds)
c4~d~e~f        # Slurred notes (legato)

Parts

piano: c d e

violin "v1": c d e    # With alias

violin/viola/cello "strings":   # Multi-instrument
  c d e

Attributes

(tempo 120)     # Set tempo (BPM)
(tempo! 120)    # Global tempo

(vol 80)        # Volume (0-100)
(volume 80)

(quant 90)      # Quantization/legato (0-100)

(panning 50)    # Pan (0=left, 100=right)

# Dynamic markings
(pp) (p) (mp) (mf) (f) (ff)

# Key signatures
(key-sig '(g major))     # G major (F#)
(key-sig '(d minor))     # D minor (Bb)
(key-sig "f+ c+")        # Explicit accidentals

# Transposition
(transpose 5)   # Up 5 semitones
(transpose -2)  # Down 2 semitones (Bb instrument)

Variables

riff = c8 d e f g4

piano:
  riff riff > riff

Repeats

c*4             # Repeat note 4 times
[c d e]*4       # Repeat sequence
[c d e f]*8     # 8 times

Cram (Tuplets)

{c d e}4        # Triplet in quarter note
{c d e f g}2    # Quintuplet in half note
{c {d e} f}4    # Nested cram

Voices

piano:
  V1: c4 d e f
  V2: e4 f g a
  V0:           # End voices

Markers

piano:
  c d e f
  %chorus
  g a b > c

violin:
  @chorus       # Jump to chorus marker
  e f g a

Supported Instruments

All 128 General MIDI instruments are supported. Common examples:

• piano, acoustic-grand-piano
• violin, viola, cello, contrabass
• flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon
• trumpet, trombone, french-horn, tuba
• acoustic-guitar, electric-guitar-clean, electric-bass
• choir, strings, brass-section

See midi/types.py for the complete mapping.

MIDI Backend

aldakit uses libremidi via nanobind for cross-platform MIDI I/O:

• Low-latency realtime playback
• Virtual MIDI port support (AldakitMIDI), makes it easy to just send to your DAW.
• Pure Python MIDI file writing (no external dependencies)
• Cross-platform: macOS (CoreMIDI), Linux (ALSA), Windows (WinMM)
• Supports hardware and software/virtual MIDI ports (FluidSynth, IAC Driver, etc.)

import aldakit

# List available ports
print(aldakit.list_ports())

# Play to virtual port (visible in DAWs like Ableton Live)
aldakit.play("piano: c d e f g")

# Play to a specific port
aldakit.play("piano: c d e f g", port="FluidSynth")

# Save to MIDI file
aldakit.save("piano: c d e f g", "output.mid")

Audio Backend (Built-in)

For self-contained audio playback without external synthesizers, aldakit includes a built-in audio backend powered by TinySoundFont and miniaudio:

• Direct audio output (no FluidSynth or DAW required)
• Cross-platform: macOS (CoreAudio), Linux (ALSA/PulseAudio), Windows (WASAPI)
• Requires a SoundFont file (.sf2) for instrument sounds
• Header-only libraries for minimal binary size

Basic Usage

from aldakit import Score

# Play with built-in audio (requires SoundFont)
score = Score("piano: c d e f g")
score.play(backend="audio")

# Specify SoundFont explicitly
score.play(backend="audio", soundfont="/path/to/FluidR3_GM.sf2")

SoundFont Setup

The audio backend requires a General MIDI SoundFont file. aldakit searches these locations automatically:

• $ALDAKIT_SOUNDFONT environment variable
• ~/Music/sf2/
• ~/.aldakit/soundfonts/
• /usr/share/soundfonts/ (Linux)

Option 1: Download manually

Download a SoundFont and place it in a folder such as ~/Music/sf2/:

• FluidR3_GM.sf2 (142 MB, high quality)
• GeneralUser-GS.sf2 (31 MB, balanced)
• TimGM6mb.sf2 (5.8 MB, compact)

Suggest using a sha256sum (macOs or Linux) or similar to verify file integrity after download:

% sha256sum FluidR3_GM.sf2
74594e8f4250680adf590507a306655a299935343583256f3b722c48a1bc1cb0  FluidR3_GM.sf2

% sha256sum GeneralUser-GS.sf2
c278464b823daf9c52106c0957f752817da0e52964817ff682fe3a8d2f8446ce  GeneralUser-GS.sf2

% sha256sum TimGM6mb.sf2
82475b91a76de15cb28a104707d3247ba932e228bada3f47bba63c6b31aaf7a1  TimGM6mb.sf2

On Windows (PowerShell): Get-FileHash -Algorithm SHA256

Option 2: Auto-download

from aldakit.midi.soundfont import setup_soundfont, setup_all_soundfonts

# Downloads TimGM6mb.sf2 (~6 MB) to ~/.aldakit/soundfonts/
setup_soundfont()

# Or download all available SoundFonts from the catalog
setup_all_soundfonts()

Option 3: Using SoundFontManager

For more control, use the SoundFontManager class:

from aldakit.midi.soundfont import SoundFontManager

manager = SoundFontManager()

# Find existing SoundFont
sf = manager.find()

# List all found SoundFonts
for path in manager.list():
    print(path)

# Download a specific SoundFont (with SHA256 verification)
path = manager.download("FluidR3_GM")

# Download all SoundFonts from catalog
paths = manager.setup_all()

# Verify checksums of downloaded files
results = manager.verify_checksums()
for name, valid in results.items():
    print(f"{name}: {'OK' if valid else 'FAILED'}")

# List available downloads
for name, info in manager.list_available_downloads().items():
    print(f"{name}: {info['size_mb']} MB - {info['description']}")

Option 4: Environment variable

export ALDAKIT_SOUNDFONT=/path/to/your/soundfont.sf2

Using TsfBackend Directly

from aldakit import Score
from aldakit.midi.backends import TsfBackend

# Create backend with specific SoundFont
with TsfBackend(soundfont="~/Music/sf2/FluidR3_GM.sf2") as backend:
    score = Score("piano: c/e/g")
    backend.play(score.midi)
    backend.wait()  # Block until playback completes

# Inspect SoundFont presets
backend = TsfBackend()
print(f"Presets: {backend.preset_count}")
for i in range(min(10, backend.preset_count)):
    print(f"  {i}: {backend.preset_name(i)}")

Audio vs MIDI Backend

Feature	Audio (backend="audio")	MIDI (backend="midi")
External synth required	No	Yes (FluidSynth, DAW, hardware)
Setup complexity	Just needs SoundFont	Requires MIDI routing
Sound quality	Depends on SoundFont	Depends on synth
DAW integration	No	Yes (virtual port)
Latency	Very low	Very low
Effects (reverb, etc.)	No	Depends on synth

Recommendation: Use backend="audio" for quick playback and standalone use. Use backend="midi" (default) for DAW integration, hardware synths, or when you need effects.

MIDI Playback Setup

Virtual Port (Recommended)

When no hardware MIDI ports are available, aldakit creates a virtual port named "AldakitMIDI". This port is visible to DAWs and other MIDI software:

1. Start the REPL: aldakit repl
2. In your DAW (Ableton Live, Logic Pro, etc.), look for "AldakitMIDI" in MIDI input settings
3. Play code in the REPL - notes will be sent to your DAW

Software Synthesizer (FluidSynth)

For high-quality General MIDI playback without hardware, use FluidSynth:

# Install FluidSynth (macOS)
brew install fluidsynth

# Install FluidSynth (Debian/Ubuntu)
sudo apt install fluidsynth 

# Download a SoundFont (e.g., FluidR3_GM.sf2)
# eg. sudo apt install fluid-soundfont-gm
# Place in ~/Music/sf2/

# Start FluidSynth with CoreMIDI (macOS)
fluidsynth -a coreaudio -m coremidi ~/Music/sf2/FluidR3_GM.sf2

# In another terminal, start aldakit
aldakit repl
# aldakit> piano: c d e f g

A helper script is available in the repository:

# Set the SoundFont directory (add to your shell profile)
export ALDAPY_SF2_DIR=~/Music/sf2

# Run with default SoundFont (FluidR3_GM.sf2)
python scripts/fluidsynth-gm.py

# Or specify a SoundFont directly
python scripts/fluidsynth-gm.py /path/to/soundfont.sf2

# List available SoundFonts
python scripts/fluidsynth-gm.py --list

Hardware MIDI

Connect a USB MIDI interface or synthesizer, then:

# List available ports
aldakit ports

# Play to a specific port
aldakit play --port "My MIDI Device" examples/twinkle.alda

MIDI File Export

If you don't have MIDI playback set up, export to a file:

# Save to MIDI file
aldakit play examples/twinkle.alda -o twinkle.mid

# Open with default app
open twinkle.mid

Development

Setup

git clone https://github.com/shakfu/aldakit.git
cd aldakit
make  # Build the libremidi extension

Run Tests

make test
# or
uv run pytest tests/ -v

Architecture

License

MIT

See Also

• Alda - The original Alda language and reference implementation
• Alda Cheat Sheet - Syntax reference
• Extending aldakit - Design document for programmatic API
• libremidi - A modern C++ MIDI 1 / MIDI 2 real-time & file I/O library. Supports Windows, macOS, Linux and WebMIDI.
• TinySoundFont - SoundFont2 synthesizer library in a single C/C++ header
• miniaudio - Single-header audio playback and capture library
• nanobind - a tiny and efficient C++/Python bindings

1. Includes a rich REPL, native MIDI, and built-in audio via bundled prompt-toolkit, libremidi, and TinySoundFont respectively. ↩