artificial-terrains 0.1.2

Modular, extensible terrain generation library

artificial_terrain

A library and script for creating artificial terrains. The library is described in more detail in the following arXiv preprint: arXiv abstract, PDF download. The paper also includes more up-to-date and relevant examples. For now, the README has only been cleaned to remove outdated or incorrect information; further updates are planned.

The script executes an ordered list of specified 'modules', to create and combine terrain buidling blocks to (more or less) realistic terrains.

Use as libary

To use as library (temporary solution until properly published/released on pypi) (only tested in linux)

1. Clone this repo
2. Navigate the the main folder, and run pip install . Example of how to construct a simple terrain:

import artificial_terrains as at


settings = [
    ('Size', 100),
    ('Basic', {}),
    ('WeightedSum', {}),
    ('Print', {}),
    ('Plot', {}),
    ('Save', {}),
]

at.run(settings, verbose=True)
terrain = at.get_terrain()
print(f"terrain:{terrain}")

Getting started

The following command creates a terrain with an overall ground-shape generated from a WeightedSum of different simplex noise Octaves. Holes and Rocks of different scale are generated and combined with a Min and Max operation respectivly. The resultant ground, holes, and rocks are Combined with a default Add operation, and the result is Saved and Plotted in the folder Result.

python generate_terrain.py --modules Holes Combine:Min Octaves WeightedSum Rocks Combine:Max Combine Save:Result Plot:Result --save-dir Terrains/test_001a/

Alternativly, the same command can be run by

python generate_terrain.py --settings-file settings.yml

with settings specified in a yaml file,

save-dir: runs/data_001a
modules:
- Holes
- [Combine, Min]
- Octaves
- WeightedSum
- Rocks
- [Combine, Max]
- Combine
- [Save, Result]
- [Plot, Result]

In all runs, a copy of the used settings is saved in settings.yml, and commands and prints are appended to logger.txt.

Modules

The overall setup for creating a terrain is to create 'terrain elements', and combine them in different ways.

We can split the modules in some main categories. Two fundamental such is 'generating' and 'combining'. The 'generating' generate 'terrain elements', and the 'combining' combine these elements into more complex terrains. Some modules alter the general 'settings' (e.g. extent and resolution), and some do 'input/output' (e.g. save terrains and plot).

Pipes

Modules are called in order, and the output of one module is passed as input to the next, as if connected along a 'pipe'. This makes it possible to generate a multitude of terrain of different types and complexities using basic building blocks.

It is also possible to run multiple pipes to generate a number of terrains.

'Primary' and 'temporary' terrain lists

In order to combine basic building blocks to more complex results, and in turn combine these and so on, we utilize two lists for storing sub-results, 'primary' and 'temporary'. Generated terrain elements are placed in the temporary list. If a 'combining' module is run, it primarily operates on the content of the 'temporary' list, with the result appended to the 'primary' list. If the 'temporary' list is empty, the 'combining' module operates on the 'primary' list instead.

Generating from noise

Technique	Description	Input arguments	Output
Octaves	Generate a list of 'terrain elements' (default=10) from random noise with increasing scale factor. Additionally passes a weights list which can be used by WeightedSum to combine the 'terrain elements' to a more complex terrain.	num_octaves=10 start=128 persistance=0.6 amplitude_start=10 random_amp=0.5	weights=amplitude_list
Basic	Generate a list of 3 'terrain elements' with a large, medium, small scale factor from random noise.
Rocks	Generate a list of 'terrain elements' (default=4) representing rocks from random noise.	rock_size=[0.5,1,2,4] rock_heights=None fraction=0.8
Holes	Generate a list of 'terrain elements' (default=4) representing holes from random noise.	size_list=[0.5,1,2,4] fraction=0.8

Combining

Technique	Description	Input arguments	Example input	Output
Combine	Combines the (entire by default) content of the 'temporary' list (primarily) or the 'primary' list (secondarily) using a mathematical operation e.g. (add, min, max, prod).	operation='add' last=None		Combine:add Combine:max Combine:min Combine:prod
CombineLast	As Combine, but only work on the last 2 terrains in the 'temporary' or primary lists. (note that this is a shortcut, and the option last=X can be passed to Combine for the more general case of combining the last X terrains)	operation='add'
WeightedSum	Add the content of the 'temporary' list as a weighted sum. The input weights must match the length of the 'temporary' list.	weights=[5,8,0.1]

Other?

Technique	Description	Image
Extent	Set the coordinate bounds of the terrain as [x_min, x_max, y_min, y_max]. Determines the physical area covered.
Location	Shifts the terrain’s position in space. Applied as an offset to the Extent.
Size	Set the physical size of the terrain
Resolution	'resolution', in points per meter. Used to infer the grid-size, if that is not explicitly given
GridSize	Set the 'grid_size', the number of values in each dimension. Overrides the resolution if given.
Seed	Set random seed
Folder	Set folder, affects eg. 'Save' and 'Plot' and other modules where a 'folder' is given as input
Set	Set parameter value as Set:parameter=value
SetDistribution	Set distribution as SetDistribution:parameter=distribution[*args]. Both square and rounded parenthesis can be used. In bash, rounded parameter must either be 'escaped' (as SetDistribution:parameter=distribution\(*args\)), or placed within quotation marks (as SetDistribution:'parameter=distribution(*args)'

Obstacles?

Technique	Description	Input	Example 1	Example 2	Example 3	Example 4
LoadObstacles	LoadObstacles
SaveObstacles	SaveObstacles
Random	Random	number_of_values position_distribution height_distribution yaw_deg_distribution width_distribution aspect_distribution pitch_deg_distribution position_distribution_2d	Random:10	Random:position	Random:[position,yaw_deg]	Set:number_of_values=10 Random:[position,yaw_deg]

Generating from functions

Technique	Description	Input	Basic output	Combined output
Gaussian	Gaussian	position height yaw_deg width aspect pitch_deg	Gaussian	Random:10 Gaussian Combine:Max
Step	Step	position height yaw_deg width aspect pitch_deg	Step	Random:10 Step Combine:Max
Donut	Donut	position height yaw_deg width aspect pitch_deg	Donut	Random:10 Donut Combine:Max
Plane	Plane	position height yaw_deg width aspect pitch_deg	Plane	Random:10 Plane Combine:Max
Sphere	Sphere	position height yaw_deg width aspect pitch_deg	Sphere	Random:10 Sphere Combine:Max
Cube	Cube	position height yaw_deg width aspect pitch_deg	Cube	Random:10 Cube Combine:Max
SmoothStep	SmoothStep		SmoothStep	Random:10 SmoothStep Combine:Max
Sine	Sine	position height yaw_deg width aspect pitch_deg	Sine	Random:10 Sine Combine:Max

Modifiers

Technique	Description	Image
Negate	Negate
Scale	Scale
Add	Add
Absolute	Absolute
Clip	Clip
Around	Around
Smooth	Smooth
AsProbability	AsProbability
AsLookupFor	AsLookupFor
AsFactor	AsFactor

Settings

Input/output

Technique	Description	Input
Save	Save terrains	folder='Save' (default) filename='terrain.npz'
Plot	Plot terrains

Other

Technique	Description	Input
Exit	Exit early
Print	Print information of pipe

Examples

Examples of different combinations of modules and the resultant terrains. Only the relevant modules are listed in the table, and not the full command to generate the terrain/rendered images. However, these commands can be found below the table. In some cases, alternative (equivalent or almost equivalent) formatting are shown. Most of the terrains/images are generated by a single command, but some might require two or more.

#	Description	Modules	Output
1	Sloped plane with grooves. Adding an angled plane to a sine plane	Set:width=10 Sine Random:1 Plane Combine or Sine:"dict(width=10)" Plane:"dict(pitch_deg=10)" Combine:Add
2	Walls along the perimiter. Negating a large cube.	Set:width=45 Cube Negate or Cube:"dict(width=45)" Negate
3	Moon landscape. Combine multiple 'donuts' using a pointwise max, and adding to a large sphere	Random:20 Donut Combine:Max Set:width=500 Sphere ToPrimary Combine:Add
4	Stone circle. Interpret a large donut as a positional probability, and setup a constant width-distribution. Draw 30 random samples to generate cube-terrains in the temporary list, and combine using pointwise max.	Donut:"dict(width=35)" AsProbability SetDistribution:width=uniform[2,2] Random:30 Cube Combine:Max
5	Stone circle with obj-file stones. Increase resolution to 10 points-per-meter. Make a flat terrain, and use to make a blender-ground. Sample points along a circle as above, and use to add rocks in blender. Generate Depth image and save.	Resolution:10 Plane Ground Donut:"dict(width=35)" AsProbability SetDistribution:width=uniform[2,2] Random:30 AddRocks Depth Save
6	Terrain from noise, combined with step function	Octaves WeightedSum Random:2 Step Combine:Max Combine:Add
7	Load from saved 'octaves' and combine using random weights	Resolution:10 Octaves Save:Octaves then Load:runs/data_030/Octaves Random:weights WeightedSum
8	Load from saved octaves, and add unevenly spaced rocks. We use the combination of some 'Basic' terrains to get a 2d position probability, and add 10 obj-file rocks in blender.	(Assumes first step from 7) Load:runs/data_030/Octaves Random:weights WeightedSum Ground Basic Combine:Add AsProbability Random:10 AddRocks Depth Save

Full commands to make terrains, plot, and save as numpy npz files

# 1
python generate_terrain.py --save-dir runs/data_030 --settings overwrite:True --modules Sine:"dict(width=10)" Plane:"dict(pitch_deg=10)" Combine:Add Folder:02_angled_sine_plane Plot Save
# 2
python generate_terrain.py --save-dir runs/data_030 --settings overwrite:True --modules Set:width=45 Cube Negate Folder:01_wall Plot Save

# 6
python generate_terrain.py --save-dir runs/data_030 --settings overwrite:True --modules Octaves WeightedSum Random:2 Step Combine:Max Combine:Add Folder:06_terrain_with_step Plot Save
# 7
python generate_terrain.py --save-dir runs/data_030 --settings overwrite:True --modules Resolution:10 Octaves Save:Octaves
python generate_terrain.py --save-dir runs/data_030 --settings overwrite:True --modules Load:runs/data_030/Octaves Random:weights WeightedSum Folder:07_generate_and_load Plot Save
# 8
blender --python generate_terrain.py -- --save-dir runs/data_030 --settings overwrite:True --modules Load:runs/data_030/Octaves Random:weights WeightedSum Ground Basic Combine:Add AsProbability Random:10 AddRocks Folder:08_unevenly_spaced_rocks Resolution:10 Camera:top Depth Save

Full commands to make the above rendered images

# 1
blender --python generate_terrain.py -- --save-dir runs/data_030 --settings overwrite:True --modules Sine:"dict(width=10)" Plane:"dict(pitch_deg=10)" Combine:Add Folder:02_angled_sine_plane Plot Save Ground ColorMap:dimgray Camera:angled Holdout Render Exit
# 2
blender --python generate_terrain.py -- --save-dir runs/data_030 --settings overwrite:True --modules Set:width=45 Cube Negate Folder:01_wall Plot Save Ground ColorMap:dimgray Camera:angled Holdout Render Exit

# 6
blender --python generate_terrain.py -- --save-dir runs/data_030 --settings overwrite:True --modules Octaves WeightedSum Random:2 Step Combine:Max Combine:Add Folder:06_terrain_with_step Plot Save Ground ColorMap:dimgray Camera:angled Holdout Render
# 7
python generate_terrain.py --save-dir runs/data_030 --settings overwrite:True --modules Resolution:10 Octaves Save:Octaves
blender --python generate_terrain.py -- --save-dir runs/data_030 --settings overwrite:True --modules Load:runs/data_030/Octaves Random:weights WeightedSum Folder:07_generate_and_load Plot Save Ground ColorMap:dimgray Camera:angled Holdout Render
# 8
blender --python generate_terrain.py -- --save-dir runs/data_030 --settings overwrite:True --modules Load:runs/data_030/Octaves Random:weights WeightedSum Ground Basic Combine:Add AsProbability Random:10 AddRocks Folder:08_unevenly_spaced_rocks Resolution:10 Camera:top Depth Save
blender --python generate_terrain.py -- --save-dir runs/data_030 --settings overwrite:True --modules Load:runs/data_030/08_unevenly_spaced_rocks/terrain_00000.npz Ground Folder:08_unevenly_spaced_rocksb Plot Save Ground ColorMap:dimgray Camera:angled Holdout Render

Blender

The script generate_terrain.py enables using blender via its python interface. All the above modules work, in additionally a number of specific modules, listed below. To run the blender script, the following command is used in place of python generate_terrain.py: blender --python generate_terrain.py --. Note the final --, which states that any following arguments are passed to the script generate_terrain.py (and not the actual blender software). An example run, producing an angled plane with sine grooves:

blender --python generate_terrain.py -- --save-dir runs/data_001/ --modules Sine Random Plane Combine Ground

Technique	Description	Input	Output
Ground	Create grid, using either a terrain from a specified file, or the latest terrain in the primary or temporary heaps	filename=None	Ground
ColorMap	Color heightfield using colormap	cmap='viridis'	Ground ColorMap
AddRocks	Add rocks to scene.	position height yaw_deg width aspect pitch_deg	Ground Random:10 AddRocks
ImageTexture	Color heightfield using image texture file	filename=None	Ground ImageTexture:image_texture.png
Render			Ground Random:10 AddRocks Render
RenderSegmentation			Ground Random:10 AddRocks RenderSegmentation
Depth	Generate depth image. This also returns a 'terrain', but this will only be resonable together with the Camera:top command, see below.		Ground Random:10 AddRocks Depth
Camera	Setup camera. Takes either 'angled' or 'top' as input		... Depth:top
GenericCamera
Holdout	Add a large 'holdout plane' at height -100 m, which gives a transparent background in generated images.
BasicSetup	Clean and setup basic blender scene. NOTE: Runs by default as the first module.

Dependencies

In order to be able to run, the following python packages should be installed.

python -m pip install numpy
python -m pip install matplotlib
python -m pip install opensimplex
python -m pip install colorcet
python -m pip install PyYaml
python -m pip install scipy

Settings file

The options in the settings can be specified with different formatting. The modules is a list of 2-tuples/lists (module-name, options). The following contains 4 examples of equivalent formatting.

modules
# Version 1, default formatting
- - Donut
  - position:
    - 10
    - 10
    height: 5

# Version 2, position list on one line
- - Donut
  - position: [10, 10]
    height: 5

# Version 3, options as a one line dict
- - Donut
  - {position: [10, 10], height: 5}

# Version 4, [name, options] on one line
- [Donut, {position: [10, 10], height: 5}]

In each run, the used settings are saved to <save_dir>/settings.yml.

Extending

The setup is modular and new 'modules' can easiliy be added, as e.g.

class NewModule(Module):
    ''' A new module '''
    @debug_decorator
    def __call__(self, terrain=None,
                 default=None,
                 overwrite=False,
                 **_):

This inherits from the Module base class, which sets up e.g. logging and self.save_dir. The new module is setup by defining the __call__ method. As a module is run, this method is executed, with the pipe given as keyword arguments. The default argument is special. If a single value/string is passed as options for the module, e.g. Random:10 or Load:folder/terrain.npz, then this is passed as the 'default' value. Otherwise the keyword arguments are given py the pipe, or by specifying a dict input to the module, as e.g. Gaussian:"dict(position=[10,10],height=3,width=10)"

The above example takes a terrain keyword as input, with the idea of this being passed in the 'pipe' from a previous module, e.g. Load or some 'generating' module. Anything can be passed between modules in this way, and the names are arbitrary. Some special are the following, [Note that these are the current names and this might/will change after some clean up]

Name	Description
terrain_prim	The primary list
terrain_temp	The temporary list
position, height, yaw_deg, width, aspect, pitch_deg	Parameterisation of generation functions, obstacles etc. in a common interface
extent, resolution	Parameterisation of the terrain extent and resolution.
weights	A list of weights, which is currently used by WeightedSum to combine different basics to a terrain

The return from a module is collected, in order to allow passing information between modules. The typical return type is a dict. It is used to update the pipe, after which any None type values are removed from the pipe.

Ubuntu

Install blender, and clone the repo. Use a virtual environment for python. If the virtual environment uses the same version of python as blender does, life will be easier. (otherwise the blender script will give some ModuleNotFoundError) Install the following python packages

python -m pip install numpy
python -m pip install matplotlib
python -m pip install opensimplex
python -m pip install colorcet
python -m pip install PyYaml
python -m pip install scipy

Windows

Install git for Windows, install python, and install blender. Clone the repo.

When running blender scripts, this uses a separate python, and the dependencies must be installed there as well. This worked by running the following in git-bash in Windows:

 C:\\Program\ Files\\Blender\ Foundation\\Blender\ 4.1\\4.1\\python\\bin\\python.exe -m pip install matplotlib
 C:\\Program\ Files\\Blender\ Foundation\\Blender\ 4.1\\4.1\\python\\bin\\python.exe -m pip install opensimplex
 C:\\Program\ Files\\Blender\ Foundation\\Blender\ 4.1\\4.1\\python\\bin\\python.exe -m pip install colorcet
 C:\\Program\ Files\\Blender\ Foundation\\Blender\ 4.1\\4.1\\python\\bin\\python.exe -m pip install PyYaml
 C:\\Program\ Files\\Blender\ Foundation\\Blender\ 4.1\\4.1\\python\\bin\\python.exe -m pip install scipy

(There where some problems with scipy though, for unknown reasons)

If things don't work

There is a script, print_installed_packages.py, which can be used to debug the python environment. Running it with blender can show the installed packages, and help to understand which python is run (e.g. blender python, system python, or some python environment?).

blender --python print_installed_packages.py --background

This can be compared to running python

python print_installed_packages.py