asherah 0.5.46

Asherah application-layer encryption for Python with automatic key rotation, powered by the native Rust implementation.

asherah

Python bindings for the Asherah envelope encryption and key rotation library.

Native Rust implementation via PyO3/maturin. Prebuilt wheels are published to PyPI for Linux (x86_64 and aarch64, both glibc and musl), macOS (x86_64 and arm64), and Windows (x86_64 and arm64).

Installation

pip install asherah

Requires Python ≥ 3.8.

Documentation

Task-oriented walkthroughs under docs/:

Guide	When to read
Getting started	First-time install through round-trip encrypt/decrypt.
Framework integration	FastAPI, Flask, Django, AWS Lambda, Celery.
AWS production setup	KMS keys, DynamoDB, IAM policy, region routing.
Testing	pytest fixtures, Testcontainers, mocking patterns, asyncio test patterns.
Troubleshooting	Common errors with what to check first.

Choosing an API style

Two API styles are exposed; both are fully supported and produce the same wire format. New code should prefer the Factory / Session API.

Style	When to use
Static / module-level (asherah.setup, asherah.encrypt_bytes, …)	Drop-in compatibility with the canonical godaddy/asherah-python package. Simplest call surface. Singleton lifecycle (setup() once, shutdown() once).
Factory / Session (asherah.SessionFactory, factory.get_session(...))	Recommended for new code. Explicit lifecycle, no hidden singleton, multi-tenant isolation is obvious in code. Context-manager friendly.

A complete runnable example exercising both styles plus async, log hook, and metrics hook is in samples/python/sample.py.

Quick start (static API)

import os
import asherah

os.environ["STATIC_MASTER_KEY_HEX"] = "22" * 32  # testing only

asherah.setup({
    "ServiceName": "my-service",
    "ProductID":   "my-product",
    "Metastore":   "memory",   # testing only — use "rdbms" or "dynamodb" in production
    "KMS":         "static",   # testing only — use "aws" in production
})

ct = asherah.encrypt_string("user-42", "secret")
pt = asherah.decrypt_string("user-42", ct)
assert pt == "secret"

asherah.shutdown()

Quick start (factory / session API)

import asherah

with asherah.SessionFactory() as factory:
    with factory.get_session("user-42") as session:
        ct = session.encrypt_text("secret")
        pt = session.decrypt_text(ct)
        assert pt == "secret"

SessionFactory reads its config from environment variables. Set them with asherah.setenv({...}) or via os.environ before constructing the factory.

Async API

There are two flavors of async to choose from depending on your call pattern:

• Module-level async (encrypt_string_async, decrypt_string_async, setup_async, shutdown_async) — wraps the sync calls with loop.run_in_executor. Lowest setup, but the sync work runs on the default thread pool executor.

• Session-level async (session.encrypt_bytes_async, session.decrypt_bytes_async) — true async PyO3 coroutines that run on the Rust tokio runtime. The asyncio event loop is not blocked, and there is no thread pool overhead.

import asyncio
import asherah

async def main():
    # Module-level
    await asherah.setup_async({...})
    ct = await asherah.encrypt_string_async("user-42", "secret")
    pt = await asherah.decrypt_string_async("user-42", ct)
    await asherah.shutdown_async()

    # Session-level (true async)
    with asherah.SessionFactory() as factory:
        session = factory.get_session("user-42")
        ct = await session.encrypt_bytes_async(b"secret")
        pt = await session.decrypt_bytes_async(ct)

asyncio.run(main())

Observability hooks

Log hook

Receive every log event from the Rust core (encrypt/decrypt path, metastore drivers, KMS clients).

def on_log(event):
    # event = {"level": "trace"|"debug"|"info"|"warn"|"error",
    #          "message": str, "target": str}
    if event["level"] in ("warn", "error"):
        print(f"[asherah {event['level']}] {event['message']}")

asherah.set_log_hook(on_log)

# later, to deregister:
asherah.set_log_hook(None)

The callback may fire from any thread (Rust tokio worker threads, DB driver threads). PyO3 acquires the GIL before invoking the callback, so the callback runs single-threaded from Python's perspective.

Metrics hook

Receive timing events for encrypt/decrypt/store/load and counter events for cache hit/miss/stale.

def on_metric(event):
    if event["type"] in ("encrypt", "decrypt", "store", "load"):
        # event = {"type": ..., "duration_ns": int}
        my_histogram.observe(event["type"], event["duration_ns"] / 1e6)
    else:
        # event = {"type": "cache_hit"|"cache_miss"|"cache_stale", "name": str}
        my_counter.inc(result=event["type"], cache=event["name"])

asherah.set_metrics_hook(on_metric)

# later:
asherah.set_metrics_hook(None)

Metrics collection is enabled automatically when a hook is installed and disabled when cleared.

Input contract

Partition ID (None, ""): always rejected as programming errors with TypeError (None) or ValueError/Exception ("partition id cannot be empty"). No row is ever written to the metastore under a degenerate partition ID.

Plaintext to encrypt:

• None → TypeError from PyO3 type conversion before any native call.
• Empty str ("") and empty bytes (b"") are valid plaintexts. encrypt_string / encrypt_bytes produce a real DataRowRecord envelope; decrypt_string / decrypt_bytes return exactly "" or b"".

Ciphertext to decrypt:

• None → TypeError.
• Empty str / bytes → exception from JSON parse (not valid DataRowRecord).

Do not short-circuit empty plaintext encryption in caller code — empty data is real data, encrypting it produces a genuine envelope, and skipping encryption leaks the fact that the value was empty. See docs/input-contract.md for the full rationale.

Configuration

setup() accepts a dict (or any JSON-serializable object) using PascalCase keys to match the canonical Go/Java/.NET API:

Key	Type	Required	Description
ServiceName	str	yes	Service identifier for the key hierarchy.
ProductID	str	yes	Product identifier for the key hierarchy.
Metastore	str	yes	"memory", "rdbms", or "dynamodb". "memory" is testing-only.
KMS	str		"static" (default; testing) or "aws".
ConnectionString	str		SQL connection string for rdbms.
SQLMetastoreDBType	str		"mysql" or "postgres" (paired with Metastore: "rdbms").
EnableSessionCaching	bool		Cache Session objects by partition ID. Default True.
SessionCacheMaxSize	int		Max cached sessions. Default 1000.
SessionCacheDuration	int		Session cache TTL in seconds.
RegionMap	dict[str,str]		AWS KMS multi-region key-ARN map.
PreferredRegion	str		Preferred region from RegionMap.
AwsProfileName	str		AWS shared-credentials profile name for KMS, DynamoDB, and Secrets Manager clients.
EnableRegionSuffix	bool		Append AWS region suffix to key IDs.
ExpireAfter	int		Intermediate-key expiration in seconds. Default 90 days.
CheckInterval	int		Revoke-check interval in seconds. Default 60 minutes.
DynamoDBEndpoint	str		DynamoDB endpoint URL (for local DynamoDB).
DynamoDBRegion	str		AWS region for DynamoDB.
DynamoDBTableName	str		DynamoDB table name. Default EncryptionKey.
ReplicaReadConsistency	str		DynamoDB consistency.
Verbose	bool		Emit verbose log events (use a log hook to consume).
EnableCanaries	bool		Enable in-memory canary buffers around plaintexts.

Both PascalCase and snake_case keys are accepted; PascalCase is canonical.

Environment variables

Variable	Effect
STATIC_MASTER_KEY_HEX	64 hex chars (32 bytes) for static KMS. Testing only.
SERVICE_NAME / PRODUCT_ID / Metastore / KMS	Read by SessionFactory() (no-config constructor).

AWS KMS example

asherah.setup({
    "ServiceName": "payments-api",
    "ProductID": "acme-corp",
    "Metastore": "rdbms",
    "ConnectionString": "mysql://user:pass@host:3306/asherah",
    "SQLMetastoreDBType": "mysql",
    "KMS": "aws",
    "RegionMap": {"us-west-2": "arn:aws:kms:us-west-2:000:key/abc"},
    "PreferredRegion": "us-west-2",
    "EnableSessionCaching": True,
    "SessionCacheMaxSize": 1000,
})

Performance

Native Rust implementation. Typical latencies on Apple M4 Max (in-memory metastore, session caching enabled, 64-byte payload):

Operation	Sync	Async (session-level, true async)
Encrypt	~1 µs	~37 µs
Decrypt	~1.2 µs	~37 µs

Async overhead is from the asyncio event loop dispatch + GIL handoff. Use sync for CPU-bound batches; use async when you need non-blocking behavior in an asyncio application.

API Reference

Full docstrings live in asherah/_asherah.pyi and asherah/__init__.py and surface in your IDE on hover. The tables below summarize each API; the type stubs are the source of truth.

Static / module-level API (legacy compatibility)

Lifecycle

Function	Description
setup(config: dict)	Initialize the global instance. Raises if already configured.
setup_async(config: dict)	Async wrapper. Returns a coroutine.
shutdown()	Tear down the global instance. Idempotent.
shutdown_async()	Async wrapper.
get_setup_status() -> bool	True iff setup() has been called and shutdown() has not.
setenv(env: dict)	Apply env vars before setup(). Values may be None to delete.
version() -> str	Package version string.

Encrypt / decrypt

Function	Param 1	Param 2	Returns
encrypt_bytes(partition_id, data)	str (non-empty)	bytes (empty OK)	str (DRR JSON)
encrypt_string(partition_id, text)	str	str (empty OK)	str (DRR JSON)
decrypt_bytes(partition_id, drr)	str	str	bytes
decrypt_string(partition_id, drr)	str	str	str
encrypt_bytes_async(partition_id, data)	str	bytes	Awaitable[str]
decrypt_bytes_async(partition_id, drr)	str	str or bytes	Awaitable[bytes]
encrypt_string_async(partition_id, text)	str	str	Awaitable[str]
decrypt_string_async(partition_id, drr)	str	str	Awaitable[str]

Hooks

Function	Description
set_log_hook(callback)	Register a (event_dict) -> None log callback. Pass None to deregister.
set_metrics_hook(callback)	Register a (event_dict) -> None metrics callback. Pass None to deregister.

Factory / Session API (recommended)

class SessionFactory

Member	Description
SessionFactory()	Construct from environment variables.
SessionFactory.from_env()	Same as SessionFactory() — provided for SDK parity.
factory.get_session(partition_id)	Get a per-partition Session. Raises on null/empty partition.
factory.close()	Release native resources.
with SessionFactory() as factory:	Context manager — close() runs on exit.

class Session

Member	Description
session.encrypt_bytes(data)	bytes → DRR JSON str. Empty bytes is valid.
session.encrypt_text(text)	str → DRR JSON str. Empty string is valid.
session.decrypt_bytes(drr)	DRR JSON str → bytes.
session.decrypt_text(drr)	DRR JSON str → str.
session.encrypt_bytes_async(data)	Awaitable[str] — true async on tokio.
session.decrypt_bytes_async(drr)	Awaitable[bytes] — true async on tokio.
session.close()	Release native resources.
with session as ...:	Context manager — close() runs on exit.

Event dict shapes

LogEvent = {
    "level": "trace" | "debug" | "info" | "warn" | "error",
    "message": str,
    "target": str,
}

# Metrics event for timing measurements:
TimingEvent = {
    "type": "encrypt" | "decrypt" | "store" | "load",
    "duration_ns": int,
}

# Metrics event for cache lifecycle:
CacheEvent = {
    "type": "cache_hit" | "cache_miss" | "cache_stale",
    "name": str,  # cache name, e.g. "session", "intermediate-key"
}

Cross-language compatibility

Wire-format compatible with all other Asherah implementations:

• canonical godaddy/asherah (Go core via cobhan)
• canonical godaddy/asherah-csharp
• canonical godaddy/asherah-java
• this repo's other bindings: Node, .NET, Java, Ruby, Go

A DataRowRecord written by any of these can be decrypted by any other, provided they share the same metastore and KMS configuration.

License

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0.