atila

Atila Framework

Project description

Atila

Atila is simple and minimal framework integrated with Skitai App Engine. It is the easiest way to make backend API services.

# serve.py

import atila

app = atila.Atila (__name__)

@app.route ("/")
def index (was):
  return "Hello, World"

if __mame__ == "__main__":
  import skitai

  skitai.mount ("/", app)
  skitai.run (port = 5000)

And run,

python3 serve.py

And you can see Hello, World at http://localhost:5000.

Here’s a more practical example:

@app.route ("/<int:uid>/photos", methods = ["GET", "DELETE", "POST", "OPTIONS"])
@app.permission_required ()
def photos (was, uid, **DATA):
  uid = uid == "me" and was.request.JWT ["uid"] or uid

  with was.db ("@mydb") as db:
    if was.request.method == "GET":
      rows = db.select ("photo").filter (uid = uid).execute ().fetch ()
      return was.API (rows = rows) # [ {id: 1, ...}, ... ]

    elif was.request.method == "DELETE":
      db.delete ("photo").filter (uid = uid).execute ().commit ()
      return was.API ("205 No Content")

    elif was.request.method == "POST":
      if not DATA.get ("title"):
        raise was.Error ("400 Bad Request", "title required")
      DATA ["uid"] = uid
      row = db.insert ("photo").data (**DATA).returning ("id").execute ().one ()
      return was.API ("201 Created", id = row.id)

Table of Contents

Atila
Important Notice
Installation
Core App Options
Default App Configuration
App Examples
Atila with Skitai App Engine
- Simple App
- Resource Structure For Larger App
Request Hanlding with Atila
VueJS with Skito-Atila
- Without Module Bundlers
- With Bundlers
Working With Jinja2 Template Engine
Working With Chameleon Template Engine
Working With Django
- Using Django Models
How To
Links
Change Log

Important Notice

CAUTION: Atila is base on WSGI but can be run only with Skitai App Engine.

This means if you make your app with Atila, you have no choice but Skitai as WSGI app server. And Atila’s unique and unconventional style may become very hard work to port to other framework.

I am currently enjoying to develop both Skitai and Atila, but no one can expect future.

So you should think twice before you decide to use this.

Installation

Requirements

Python 3.5+ PyPy3

Installation

Atila and other core base dependent libraries is developing on single milestone, install/upgrade all please. Otherwise it is highly possible to meet some errors.

With pip

pip3 install -U atila

With git

git clone https://gitlab.com/hansroh/atila.git
cd atila
pip3 install -e .

Core App Options

These are for later quick copying.

Debug Options

debug = False
use_reloader = False

CORS Options

access_control_allow_origin = None: list of origin
access_control_max_age = 0

Session/Authenticating Options

authenticate = None: basic | digest | bearer
securekey = None: string for encrypted session cookie
session_timeout = None

Sub Module Mount Options

enable_namespace = True

Default value has been changed in version 0.7: False -> True

If you didn’t use this option with True under version 0.7 you may set False in version 0.7 for for compatiblity.

Also DO NOT use this option with False if not for compatiblity reason.
auto_mount

Deprecated in version 0.7

If you call app.mount () or pref.mount (), this option will be disabled automatically. Otherwise Atila try to mount automatically all sub modules has __mount__ ().

Default App Configuration

Below configs are new in version 0.8.

app.config.STATIC_URL = '/'
app.config.MEDIA_URL = '/media/'
app.config.MINIFY_HTML = None | 'strip' | 'minify'
app.config.JSON_ENCODER = 'utcoffset'
app.config.PRETTY_JSON = False # if True, 2 spaces indent format

Note: below version 0.8, JSON_ENCODER works as app.config.JSON_ENCODER = ‘str’ which is str (datetime) with system time zone. If you migrate to above version 0.8 and you want keep this format, you shoud specify app.config.JSON_ENCODER = ‘str’.

App Examples

You can simply visit Atila app example for sightseeing.

Atila with Skitai App Engine

Simple App

from atila import Atila
app = Atila(__name__)

...

@app.route ("/")
def index (was):
  ...
  return was.response ("200 OK", ...)

if __name__ == "__main__":
  import skitai

  with skitai.preference () as pref:
    pref.use_reloader = True
    skitai.mount ('/', './static')
    skitai.mount ('/', app, 'app', pref)

  skitai.run ()

If atila app exists seprated file:

# serve.py

if __name__ == "__main__":
  import skitai

  with skitai.preference () as pref:
    pref.use_reloader = True
    skitai.mount ('/', './static')
    skitai.mount ('/', 'myapp/atila_app.py', pref = pref)
  skitai.run ()

Resource Structure For Larger App

If your app is simple, it can be made into single app.py and templates and static directory.

from atila import Atila

app = Atila(__name__)

app.use_reloader = True
app.debug = True

@app.route ("/")
def index (was):
  ...
  return was.response ("200 OK", ...)

if __name__ == "__main__":
  import skitai

  with skitai.preference () as pref:
    pref.use_reloader = True
    skitai.mount ('/', './static')
    skitai.mount ('/', app, 'app', pref)
  skitai.run ()

And run,

python3 app.py

But Your app is more bigger, it will be hard to make with single app file. Then, you can make services directory to seperate your app into several categories.

myapp/
  app.py
  services/
  templates/
  resources/
  static/
serve.py

All sub modules app need, can be placed into services/. services/*.py will be watched for reloading if use_reloader = True.

You can structuring any ways you like and I like this style:

services/views.py
services/apis.py
services/helpers.py

All modules to mount to app in services, should have def __mount__ (app).

For example, views.py is like this,

from . import helpers

def __mount__ (app):
  @app.route ("/")
  def index (was):
    ...
    return was.render ("index.html")

Now you just import app decorable moduels at your app.py,

from atila import Atila
from services import views, apis

app = Atila(__name__)

That’s it.

If app scale is more bigger scale, services can be expanded to sub modules.

services/views/index.py, regist.py, search.py, ...
services/apis/codemap.py,
services/helpers/utils.py, ...

And import these from app.py,

from services.views import index, regist, ...
from services.apis import codemap, ...

Some more other informations will be mentioned at Mounting Resources section again.

Finally, your server.py:

import skitai
with skitai.preference () as pref:
  pref.use_reloader = True
  skitai.mount ('/', './static')
  skitai.mount ('/', 'myapp/app.py', 'app', pref)
skitai.run ()

Also you can add myapp2, … and mount them.

Request Hanlding with Atila

Runtime App Preference

New in skitai version 0.26

Usally, your app preference setting is like this:

from atila import Atila

app = Atila(__name__)

app.use_reloader = True
app.debug = True
app.config ["prefA"] = 1
app.config ["prefB"] = 2

Skitai provide runtime preference setting.

import skitai

with skitai.preference () as pref:
  pref.use_reloader = True
  pref.debug = True
  pref.config ["prefA"] = 1
  pref.config.prefB = 2
  skitai.mount ("/v1", "app_v1/app.py", "app", pref)
skitai.run ()

Above pref’s all properties will be overriden on your app.

Runtime preference can be used with skitai initializing or complicated initializing process for your app.

You can create __init__.py at same directory with app.py. And bootstrap () function is needed.

__init__.py

import skitai
import atila

def bootstrap (pref):
  skitai.register_states ('tbl.test')

  with open (pref.config.urlfile, "r") as f:
    pref.config.urllist = []
    while 1:
      line = f.readline ().strip ()
      if not line: break
      pref.config.urllist.append (line.split ("  ", 4))

More About Atila App Initialization

Note: There’are two important things for app.__init__.

add skitai.register_states () if you need state management. Inter process state sharing objects should be defined before running Skitai.

Access Atila App

You can access all Atila object from was.app.

was.app.debug
was.app.use_reloader
was.app.config # use for custom configuration like
was.app.config.my_setting = 1
was.app.securekey
was.app.session_timeout = None
was.app.authorization = “digest”
was.app.authenticate = False
was.app.realm = None
was.app.users = {}
was.app.jinja_env
was.app.build_url () is equal to was.urlfor ()

Currently was.app.config has these properties and you can reconfig by setting new value:

was.app.config.MAX_UPLOAD_SIZE = 256 * 1024 * 1024
was.app.config.MEDIA_URL = ‘/media/’
was.app.config.STATIC_URL = ‘/’
was.app.config.MINIFY_HTML = False
was.app.config.MAX_UPLOAD_SIZE = 256 * 1024 * 1024
was.app.config.JSON_ENCODER = ‘utcoffset’
was.app.config.PRETTY_JSON = False

Debugging and Reloading App

If debug is True, all errors even server errors is shown on both web browser and console window, otherhwise shown only on console.

If use_reloader is True, Atila will detect file changes and reload app automatically, otherwise app will never be reloaded.

from atila import Atila

app = Atila (__name__)
app.debug = True # output exception information
app.use_reloader = True # auto realod on file changed

Hot Reloading

Atila use hot reloading which need not restart worker process. It use importlib.reload if detected file changing.

But it is recommended restart developing server forcely after significant source changes or long-run.

Kill Switch

Please see, –devel and –silent options of Skitai App Engine.

Routing

Basic routing is like this:

@app.route ("/hello")
def hello_world (was):
  return was.render ("hello.htm")

For adding some restrictions:

@app.route ("/hello", methods = ["GET"], content_types = ["text/xml"])
def hello_world (was):
  return was.render ("hello.htm")

And you can specifyt multiple routing,

@app.route ("/hello", mehotd = ["POST"])
@app.route ("/")
def hello_world (was):
  return was.render ("hello.htm")

If method is not GET, Atila will response http error code 405 (Method Not Allowed), and content-type is not text/xml, 415 (Unsupported Content Type).

And here’s a notalble routing rule.

@app.route ("")
def hello_world (was):
  return was.render ("hello.htm")

This app is mounted to “/sub” on skitai, /sub URL is valid but “/sub/” will return 404 code.

On the other hand,

@app.route ("/")
def hello_world (was):
  return was.render ("hello.htm")

“/sub” will return 301 code for “/sub/” and “/sub/” is valid URL.

Request

Reqeust object provides these methods and attributes:

was.request.method # upper case GET, POST, …
was.request.command # lower case get, post, …
was.request.uri
was.request.version # HTTP Version, 1.0, 1.1, 2.0, 3.0
was.request.scheme # http or https
was.request.headers # case insensitive dictioanry
was.request.body # bytes object
was.request.args # dictionary merged with url, query string, form data and JSON
was.request.routed # routed function
was.request.routable # {‘methods’: [“POST”, “OPTIONS”], ‘content_types’: [“text/xml”], ‘options’: {…}, ‘mntopt’: {…}}
was.request.acceptables # {‘text/html’: {‘q’: ‘0.9’}}
was.request.acceptable (media) # check if acceptable media type by given media
was.request.split_uri () # (script, param, querystring, fragment)
was.request.json () # decode request body from JSON
was.request.form () # decode request body to dict if content-type is form data
was.request.dict () # decode request body as dict if content-type is compatible with dict - form data or JSON
was.request.get_header (“content-type”) # case insensitive
was.request.get_headers () # retrun header all list
was.request.get_body ()
was.request.get_scheme () # http or https
was.request.get_remote_addr ()
was.request.get_user_agent ()
was.request.get_content_type ()
was.request.get_main_type ()
was.request.get_sub_type ()

Getting Parameters

Atila parameters are comceptually seperated 3 groups: URL, query string and body.

Below explaination may be a bit complicated but it is enough to remember 3 things:

1. Atila resource parameters can be defined as function arguments and use theses native Python function arguments.

Also you can access parameter groups by origin:

was.request.DEFAULT: default arguments of your resource

was.request.URL: url query string

was.request.FORM

was.request.JSON

was.request.DATA: automatically choosen one of was.request.FORM or was.request.JSON by content-type header of request

was.request.ARGS: eventaully was.request.ARGS contains all parameters of all origins including was.request.DEFAULT

Getting URL Parameters

URL Parameters should be arguments of resource.

@app.route ("/episode/<int:id>")
def episode (was, id):
  return id
# http://127.0.0.1:5000/episode

for fancy url building, available param types are:

int: integers and INCLUDING ‘me’, ‘notme’ and ‘new’
path: /download/<int:major_ver>/<path>, should be positioned at last like /download/1/version/1.1/win32
If not provided, assume as string. and all space will be replaced to “_”

At your template engine, you can access through was.request.PARAMS [“id”].

It is also possible via keywords args,

@app.route ("/episode/<int:id>")
def episode (was, \*\*karg):
  retrun was.request.ARGS.get ("id")
# http://127.0.0.1:5000/episode/100

You can set default value to id,

@app.route ("/episode/<int:id>", methods = ["GET", "POST", "PUT", "DELETE", "OPTIONS"])
def episode (was, id = None):
  if was.request.method == "POST" and id is None:
    ...
    return was.API (id = new_id)
  return ...

It makes this URL working,

http://127.0.0.1:5000/episode

And was.urlfor will behaive like as below,

 was.urlfor ("episode")
 >> /episode

was.urlfor ("episode", 100)
 >> /episode/100

Note that this does not works for root resource,

@app.route ("/<int:id>", methods = ["GET", "POST", "PUT", "DELETE", "OPTIONS"])
def episode (was, id = None):
  if was.request.method == "POST" and id is None:
    ...
    return was.API (id = new_id)
  return ...

By above code, http://127.0.0.1:5000/ will not work. You should define “/” route.

Query String Parameters

qiery string parameter can be both resource arguments but needn’t be.

@app.route ("/hello")
def hello_world (was, num = 8):
  return num
# http://127.0.0.1:5000/hello?num=100

It is same as these,

@app.route ("/hello")
def hello_world (was):
  return was.request.ARGS.get ("num")

@app.route ("/hello")
def hello_world (was, **url):
  return url.get ("num")
  # of
  return was.request.URL.get ("num)

Above 2 code blocks have a significant difference. First one can get only ‘num’ parameter. If URL query string contains other parameters, Skitai will raise 508 Error. But 2nd one can be any parameters.

Getting Form/JSON Parameters

Getting form is not different from the way for url parameters, but generally form parameters is too many to use with each function parameters, can take from single args **form or take mixed with named args and **form both.

if request header has application/json

@app.route ("/hello")
def hello (was, **form):
  return "Post %s %s" % (form.get ("userid", ""), form.get ("comment", ""))

@app.route ("/hello")
def hello_world (was, userid, **form):
  return "Post %s %s" % (userid, form.get ("comment", ""))

Note that for receiving request body via arguments, you specify keywords args like **karg or specify parameter names of body data.

If you want just handle POST body, you can use was.request.json () or was.request.form () that will return dictionary object.

Getting Composed Parameters

You can receive all type of parameters by resource arguments. Let’s assume yotu resource URL is http://127.0.0.1:5000/episode/100?topic=Python.

@app.route ("/episode/<int:id>")
def hello (was, id, topic):
  pass

if URL is http://127.0.0.1:5000/episode/100?topic=Python with Form/JSON data {“comment”: “It is good idea”}

@app.route ("/episode/<int:id>")
def hello (was, id, topic, comment):
  pass

Note that argument should be ordered by:

URL parameters
URL query string
Form/JSON body

And note if your request has both query string and form/JSON body, and want to receive form paramters via arguments, you should receive query string parameters first. It is not allowed to skip query string.

Also you can use keywords argument.

@app.route ("/episode/<int:id>")
def hello (was, id, \*\*karg):
  karg.get ('topic')

Note that **karg is contains both query string and form/JSON data and no retriction for parameter names.

was.requests.args is merged dictionary for all type of parameters. If parameter name is duplicated, its value will be set to form of value list (But If parameters exist both URL and form data, form data always has priority. It means URL parameter will be ignored).

Then simpletst way for getting parameters, use was.request.args.

@app.route ("/episode/<int:id>")
def hello (was, id):
  was.request.args.get ('topic')

Testing Parameters

For parameter checking,

@app.route ("/test")
@app.inspect ("ARGS", ["id"], ints = ["id"])
def test (was, id):
  return was.render ("test.html")

‘id’ is required and sholud be int type.

Spec is,

@app.inspect (
  scope, required = None, ints = None, floats = None,
  emails = None, uuids = None, nones = None, lists = None,
  strings = None, booleans = None, dicts = None,
  oneof = None, manyof = None,
  notags = None, safes = None,
  **kargs
)

notags: replace all < and >
safes: reject if find XSS possible string

scope can be:

URL
FORM
JSON
ARGS: default, all of above
GET
DELETE
PATCH
POST
PUT

@app.route ("/1")
@app.inspect ("GET", ints = ['offset', 'limit'])
@app.inspect ("PUT", ['id'])
def index6 (was, offset = 0, limit = 10, **DATA):
    assert isinstance (limit, int) # limit converted into int type
    if was.request.method == 'PUT':
      current = DATA [id]

Also you can use specify each paramenter types.

@app.route ("/<int:id>")
@app.inspect (offset = int, prodtype = [int, str])
def index6 (was, id, offset, prodtype):
    ...

You can test more detail using kargs.

@app.route ("/1")
@app.inspect ("ARGS", a__gte = 5, b__between = (-4, -1), c__in = (1, 2))
def index6 (was):
    return ""

__neq
__gt, __gte
__lt, __lte
__in, __notin
__between
__startswith
__endswith
__notstartwith
__notendwith
__contains
__notcontain

Checking parameter with regular expression,

@app.route ("/2")
@app.reqinspectuire ("ARGS", a = re.compile ("^hans"))
def index7 (was):
    return ""

Checking parameter length, use __len:

@app.route ("/3")
@app.inspect ("ARGS", a__len__between = (4, 8))
def index7 (was):
    return ""

Pre-Defined Parameter Values

‘me’, ‘notme’ is special prameter value used by authentication.

‘me’ can be resolved into user ID on request handling
‘notme’ can ignore specific user ID for administative search purpose, BUT for your safey, ‘notme’ is allowed only with “GET” request
‘new’ is dummy value especially with “POST” method. But it is not restricted by methods. Maybe you can use ‘new’ with ‘GET’ for getting newlest items.

@app.route ("/episodes/<int:uid>")
@app.permission_required (uid = ["staff"])
def episodes (uid):
  ...

Now paramter ‘uid’ is bound with permission.

Belows are all valid URI.

GET /episodes/me, if request user have any permission
DELETE /episodes/me if request user have any permission
GET /episodes/4, if request user have staff permission, else raise 403 error
PATCH /episodes/4, if request user have staff permission, else raise 403 error
GET /episodes/new, if request user have staff permission, else raise 403 error
POST /episodes/new, if request user have staff permission, else raise 403 error
GET /episodes/notme, if request user have staff permission, else raise 403 error

But belows are all invalid and HTTP 421 error will be raised for your safety reason. If these’re allowed, there is lot of danger delete/update all users (or all rows of database table).

DELETE /episodes/notme
POST /episodes/notme
PATCH /episodes/notme
PUT /episodes/notme

Obviously, I am sure you already know exact resource ID for above tasks.

Make Your Own Rule

The way to get parameters is little messy. But I want to try to make more pythonic style. Even all routed method can be called by another non app functions.

Initially I want to use like this.

@app.route ("/pets/<kind>")
def pets (was, kind, limit, offset = 0, **JSON):
  ...

It can be requested by requests.

requests.post (
  "http://localhost/pets/dog?limit=10",
  json = {"area": "LA"}
)

If you need to check the origin of parameters, require decorator is useful.

@app.route ("/pets/<kind>")
@app.inspect ("JSON", ["area"])
def pets (was, kind, limit, offset = 0, **JSON):
  ...

That’s just my opinion.

Response

Basically, just return contents.

@app.route ("/hello")
def hello_world (was):
  return was.render ("hello.htm")

If you need set additional headers or HTTP status,

@app.route ("/hello")
def hello (was):
  return was.response ("200 OK", was.render ("hello.htm"), [("Cache-Control", "max-age=60")])

def hello (was):
  return was.response (
    body = was.render ("hello.htm"),
    headers = [("Cache-Control", "max-age=60")]
  )

def hello (was):
  was.response.set_header ("Cache-Control", "max-age=60")
  return was.render ("hello.htm")

Above 3 examples will make exacltly same result.

Sending specific HTTP status code,

def hello (was):
  return was.response ("404 Not Found", was.render ("err404.htm"))

def hello (was):
  # if body is not given, automaticcally generated with default error template.
  return was.response ("404 Not Found")

If app raise exception, traceback information will be displayed only app.debug = True. But you intentionally send it inspite of app.debug = False:

# File
@app.route ("/raise_exception")
def raise_exception (was):
  try:
    raise ValueError ("Test Error")
  except:
    return was.response ("500 Internal Server Error", exc_info = sys.exc_info ())

If you use custom error handler, you can set detail explaination to error [“detail”].

@app.default_error_handler
def default_error_handler (was, error):
  return was.render ("errors/default.html", error = error)

def error (was):
  return was.response.with_explain ('503 Serivce Unavaliable', "Please Visit On Thurse Day")

You can return various objects.

# File
@app.route ("/streaming")
def streaming (was):
  return was.response ("200 OK", open ("mypicnic.mp4", "rb"), headers = [("Content-Type", "video/mp4")])

# Generator
def build_csv (was):
  def generate():
    for row in iter_all_rows():
      yield ','.join(row) + '\n'
  return was.response ("200 OK", generate (), headers = [("Content-Type", "text/csv")])

All available return types are:

String, Bytes, Unicode
File-like object has ‘read (buffer_size)’ method, optional ‘close ()’
Iterator/Generator object has ‘next() or _next()’ method, optional ‘close ()’ and shoud raise StopIteration if no more data exists.
Something object has ‘more()’ method, optional ‘close ()’
Classes of skitai.lib.producers
List/Tuple contains above objects
XMLRPC dumpable object for if you want to response to XMLRPC

The object has ‘close ()’ method, will be called when all data consumed, or socket is disconnected with client by any reasons.

was.response (status = “200 OK”, body = None, headers = None, exc_info = None)
was.response.throw (status = “200 OK”): abort handling request, generated contents and return http error immediatly
was.API (__data_dict__ = None, **kargs): return api response container
was.Fault (status = “200 OK”,*args, **kargs): shortcut for was.response (status, was.API (…)) if status code is 2xx and was.response (status, was.Fault (…))
was.response.traceback (msg = “”, code = 10001, debug = ‘see traceback’, more_info = None): return api response container with setting traceback info
was.response.set_status (status) # “200 OK”, “404 Not Found”
was.response.get_status ()
was.response.set_headers (headers) # [(key, value), …]
was.response.get_headers ()
was.response.set_header (k, v)
was.response.get_header (k)
was.response.del_header (k)
was.response.hint_promise (uri) # New in skitai version 0.16.4, only works with HTTP/2.x and will be ignored HTTP/1.x

HTTP Exception

Abort immediatly and send HTTP eroor content.

@app.route ("/<filename>")
def getfile (was, filename):
  if not os.path.isfile (filename):
    raise was.Error ("404 Not Found", "{} not exists".format (filename))
  return was.File (filename)

Using assert, you can quick send 400 Not My Fault

@app.route ("/<filename>")
def getfile (was, filename):
  assert filename.endswith ('.png'), 'filename must be end with png'
  return was.File (filename)

Data Streaming

@app.route ("/stream")
def stream (was):
    def stream ():
        for i in range (100):
            yield '<CHUNK>'
    return was.response ("200 OK", stream (), headers = [('Content-Type', 'text/plain')])

Redirecting To Static File

@app.route ("/robots.txt")
def robots (was):
    if app.debug:
        was.response ['Content-Type'] = 'text/plain'
        return "User-Agent: *\nDisallow: /\n"
    return was.Static ('/robots.real.txt')

It will handle ETag, Last-Modified, Range etc just like common static files.

File Stream On Local File System

@app.route ("/<filename>")
def getfile (was, filename):
  return was.File ('/data/%s' % filename)

API Response

New in skitai version 0.26.15.9

In cases you want to retrun JSON API reponse,

# return JSON {data: [1,2,3]}
return was.Fault ('200 OK', data = [1, 2, 3])
# return empty JSON {}
return was.Fault (201 Accept')

# and shortcut if response HTTP status code is 200 OK,
return was.API (data =  [1, 2, 3])

# return empty JSON {}
return was.API ()

For sending error response with error information,

# client will get, {"message": "parameter q required", "code": 10021}
return was.Fault ('400 Bad Request', 'missing parameter', 10021)

# with additional information,
was.Fault (
  '400 Bad Request',
  'missing parameter', 10021,
  'need parameter offset and limit', # detailed debug information
  'http://127.0.0.1/moreinfo/10021', # more detail URL something
)

You can send traceback information for debug purpose like in case app.debug = False,

try:
  do something
except:
  return was.Fault (
    '500 Internal Server Error',
    'somethig is not valid',
    10022,
    traceback = True
  )

# client see,
{
  "code": 10001,
  "message": "somethig is not valid",
  "debug": "see traceback",
  "traceback": [
    "name 'aa' is not defined",
    "in file app.py at line 276, function search"
  ]
}

Important note that this response will return with HTTP 200 OK status. If you want return 500 code, just let exception go.

But if your client send header with ‘Accept: application/json’ and app.debug is True, Skitai returns traceback information automatically.

Datetime Encoding JSON

app.config.JSON_ENCODER = 'utcoffset'

utcoffset: 2030-12-24 15:09:00+00 (default, utc timezone)
str: 2030-12-24 15:09:00 (with system timezone)
iso: 2030-12-04T15:09:00 (utc timezone)
unixepoch: 1582850951.0 (utc timezone)
digit: 20301224150900 (utc timezone)

Selective Media Response By Accept Header

If client’s Accept header contains ‘text/html’, respond as rendered HTML or as JSON/XML API response.

@app.route ('/')
def index (was, error):
  return was.render_or_API ("index.html", result = result)

Map / Mapped Response

New in version 0.35.1

It is comprehensive and faster API response with key mapping from corequest objects directly.

Starndard version of API response,

task = was.db ("@sqlite3").execute ("select * from test")
return was.API (result = task.fetch ())

# JSON response,
# { result: [...] }

More faster version,

def respond (was, task):
  was.API (result = task.fetch ())

task = was.db ("@sqlite3").execute ("select * from test")
return task.then (respond)

Same but using lambda for simplicity,

task = was.db ("@sqlite3").execute ("select * from test")
return task.then (lambda was, task: was.API (result = task.fetch ()))

Same but using was.Map for more simplicity,

task = was.db ("@sqlite3").execute ("select * from test")
return was.Map (result = task)

Another examples.

@app.route ("/bench/sp", methods = ['GET'])
def bench_sp (was):
  with was.db ('@mydb') as db:
    root = (db.select ("foo")
                .order_by ("-created_at")
                .limit (10)
                .filter (Q (from_wallet_id = 8) | Q (detail = 'ReturnTx')))

    return was.Map (
      was.Thread (time.sleep, args = (0.3,)), # no need map
      files = was.Subprocess ('ls /var/log'),
      result = root.clone ().execute (),
      record_count__one = root.clone ().aggregate ('count (id) as cnt').execute ()
    )

  # JSON response, 1st args had been executed but ignored in results because no map name
  # >> { result: [...],  record_count: {cnt: 123}, ls: 'syslog ...' }

Like was.Tasks, above 4 corequests will be executes concurrently. So it is equivalent below.

tasks = was.Tasks (
  was.Thread (time.sleep, args = (0.3,)), # no need map
  files = was.Subprocess ('ls /var/log'),
  result = was.db ('@mydb', filter = hide_password).execute ('select * from user')
)

_, ls, result, record_count = tasks.fetch ()
return was.API (
  files = ls,
  result = result,
  record_count = record_count [0]
)

Is it more superior choice to use was.Map than was.API?

No, was.Map () is useful only if you need NOT modify them. If you can make good and complex SQL with functions, was.Map () is suprior for the most time.

Also Instead of complex SQL, you can use filter option for modifying results,

def hide_password (rows):
  for row in rows:
    row.password = '****'
  return rows

return was.Map (
  files = was.Subprocess ('ls /var/log', filter = lammda x: x.replace (' ', '_')),
  result = was.db ('@mydb', filter = hide_password).execute ('select * from user')
)

Further more,

# __one__FIELD_NAME
record_count__one__cnt = root.aggregate ('count (id) as cnt').execute ()
# >> { record_count: 123 }

# shortly,
record_count__cnt = root.aggregate ('count (id) as cnt').execute ()

Also for returning custom HTTP status coe,

return was.Map ('210 Something', result = root.execute ())

was.Mapped () is also available.

# models.py
def get_result ():
  return was.Tasks (
    files = was.Subprocess ('ls /var/log', filter = lammda x: x.replace (' ', '_')),
    result = was.db ('@mydb', filter = hide_password).execute ('select * from user')
  )

# apis.py
tasks = models.get_result ()
return was.Mapped (tasks)

Selective Media Response By Accept Header With Map Respinse

If client’s Accept header contains ‘text/html’, respond as rendered HTML or as JSON/XML API response.

@app.route ('/')
def index (was, error):
  return was.render_or_Map ("index.html", result = db.execute ('...'))

@app.route ('/')
def index (was, error):
  tasks = was.Taks (result = db.execute ('...'))
  return was.render_or_Mapped ("index.html", tasks)

Future / Futures Response

New in version 0.2*

With single thread it will be the problem using was’ request services with dispatch (), It is almost works as IO blocking situation.

was.Tasks.then () / corequest.then () returns Futures instance for delaying response until every awaitable tasks are finished and every future tasks will be executed concurrently.

CAUTIONS:

Futures escape ealry from current requet handling thread pool and enter to main event loop. It means they will make connections to targets as possible as they can. If hundreds of clients request resource using database/upstream server, It will make error on target server like “too manty connection error”. If you use Futures response, you SHOULD make sure these factors.
Futures might be the most efficient if it satisfy 2 conditions, a few simultaneously requesting clients, streaming data is relatively small size. Lot of clients will consume connection resources fast and large data stream make blanch coroutine advantages caused of expensive networking cost.
Then you could consider using was.Tasks first because Tasks is within thread pool, it will be limit number of connections by number of thread pool.

def test_futures (app, dbpath):
  @app.route ("/")
  def index (was):
      def response (was, tasks):
          return was.API (status_code = [task.status_code for task in tasks.dispatch ()])

      reqs = [
          was.get ("@pypi/project/skitai/"),
          was.get ("@pypi/project/rs4/"),
          was.db ("@sqlite").execute ('SELECT * FROM stocks WHERE symbol=?', ('RHAT',))
      ]
      return was.Tasks (reqs, timeout = 2).then (response)

  app.alias ("@pypi", skitai.PROTO_HTTPS, "pypi.org")
  app.alias ("@sqlite", skitai.DB_SQLITE3, dbpath)
  with app.test_client ("/", confutil.getroot ()) as cli:
      resp = cli.get ("/")
      assert resp.data ['status_code'] == [200, 200, 200]

Note that at callback, Futures is converted into Tasks. Then you can use dispatch, wait, fetch … things.

Another example,

def test_futures (app, dbpath):
  @app.route ("/")
  def index (was):
      def response (was, tasks):
          tasks.stock.announcements = tasks [0].fetch ()
          return was.API (tasks.stock)

      stock = was.db ("@sqlite").select (stocks").get ("*").filter (symbol='RHAT').execute ().one ()
      reqs = [was.db ("@sqlite").select (announcements").get ("*").filter (id = stock.id).execute ()]
      return was.Tasks (reqs, stock = stock [0]).then (response)

  app.alias ("@pypi", skitai.PROTO_HTTPS, "pypi.org")
  app.alias ("@sqlite", skitai.DB_SQLITE3, dbpath)
  with app.test_client ("/", confutil.getroot ()) as cli:
      resp = cli.get ("/")
      resp.data

Chaining is also possible,

@app.route ("/")
def index (was):
    def repond (was, tasks):
        return was.API (status_code_db = [task.status_code for task in tasks.dispatch ()], b = tasks.b, status_code = tasks.status_code)

    def checkdb (was, tasks):
        reqs = [was.db ("@sqlite").execute ('SELECT * FROM stocks WHERE symbol=?', ('RHAT',))]
        status_code = [rs.status_code for rs in tasks.dispatch ()]
        return was.Tasks (reqs, b = tasks.a + 100, status_code = status_code).then (repond)

    reqs = [
        was.get ("@pypi/project/skitai/"),
        was.get ("@pypi/project/rs4/")
    ]
    return was.Tasks (reqs, a = 100).then (checkdb)

app.alias ("@pypi", skitai.PROTO_HTTPS, "pypi.org")
app.alias ("@sqlite", skitai.DB_SQLITE3, dbpath)
with app.test_client ("/", confutil.getroot ()) as cli:
    resp = cli.get ("/")
    resp.data
    >> {'b': 200, 'status_code': [200, 200], 'status_code_db': [200]}

Process / Thread Response

These are very same with Future response.

If you have CPU bound jobs, use was.Process.

@app.route ('...')
def foo ():
  def repond (was, task):
      return was.API (result = task.fetch (), a = task.meta ['a'])
  return was.Process (math.sqrt, args = (4.0,), meta = {'a': 1}).then (respond)

If you have I/O bound jobs, use was.Thread.

@app.route ('...')
def foo ():
  def repond (was, task):
      return was.API (result = task.fetch ())

  def sqrt (a):
    return math.sqrt (a)

  return was.Thread (sqrt, args = (4.0,)).then (respond)

ThreadPass Response

For returning request handling threads, you can use was.ThreadPass.

In ThreadPass you can also use corequest in that function.

@app.route ("/thread_future", methods = ['GET'])
def thread_future_respond (was):
    def respond (was, a):
        a = some_synchronous_task ()
        # you can make corequest
        was.db ('@mydb').execute (...).commit ()
        return was.API (
          result = a
        )
    return was.ThreadPass (respond, args = (4.0,))

Note: There isn’t was.ProcessPass ().

Proxypass Response

Skitai’s mounted proxypass is higher priority than WSGI app. If you want make this to lower priority, can use was.ProxyPass.

@app.route ("/<path:path>")
def proxy (was, path = None):
  return was.ProxyPass ("@myupstream", path)

But it is valid only if request method is GET, because it is mainly used for building integrated development environment with frontend frameworks linke Node.js.

Mounting Resources: Making Simpler & Modular App

New in skitai version 0.26.17

Implicit Mount Services On Your App

I already mentioned App Structure section, you can split yours views and help utilties into services directory.

Assume your application directory structure is like this,

templates/*.html
services/*.py # app library, all modules in this directory will be watched for reloading
static/images # static files
static/js
static/css

app.py # this is starter script

app.py

from services import auth

app = Atila (__name__)

app.debug = True
app.use_reloader = True

@app.default_error_handler
def default_error_handler (was, e):
  return str (e)

services/auth.py

# shared utility functions used by views

def titlize (s):
  ...
  return s

def __mount__ (app):
  @app.login_handler
  def login_handler (was):
    if was.request.session.get ("username"):
      return
    next_url = not was.request.uri.endswith ("signout") and was.request.uri or ""
    return was.redirect (was.urlfor ("signin", next_url))

  @app.route ("/signout")
  def signout (was):
    was.request.session.remove ("username")
    was.request.mbox.push ("Signed out successfully", "success")
    return was.redirect (was.urlfor ('index'))

  @app.route ("/signin")
  def signin (was, next_url = None, **form):
    if was.request.args.get ("username"):
      user = auth.authenticate (username = was.request.args ["username"], password = was.request.args ["password"])
      if user:
        was.request.session.set ("username", was.request.args ["username"])
        return was.redirect (was.request.args ["next_url"])
      else:
        was.request.mbox.push ("Invalid User Name or Password", "error", icon = "new_releases")
    return was.render ("sign/signin.html", next_url = next_url or was.urlfor ("index"))

You just import module from services. but def __mount__ (app) is core in each module. Every modules can have __mount__ (app) in services, so you can split and modulize views and utility functions. __mount__ (app) will be automatically executed on starting. If you set app.use_reloader, theses services will be automatically reloaded and re-executed on file changing. Also you can make global app sharable functions into seperate module like util.py without views.

Mounting Services With Options

If you need additional options on decorating,

def __mount__ (app):
  @app.route ("/login")
  def login (was):
    ...

# or with mount options
def __mount__ (app, mntopt):
  @app.route ("/login")
  def login (was):
    ...

And on app,

from services import auth

app = Atila (__name__)
app.mount ('/regist', auth)

Finally, route of login is “/regist/login”.

Sometimes function names are duplicated if like you import contributed services.

from services import auth

app = Atila (__name__)
app.mount ( '/regist', auth, ns = "regist")

Now, you can import iport without name collision. But be careful when use was.urlfor () etc.

Note that options should be keyword arguments.

{{ was.urlfor ("regist.login") }}

If you want to mount only debug environment,

app.mount (auth, debug_only = True)

If you want to authentify to all services,

app.mount (auth, authenticate = "bearer")

Currently reserved arguments are:

ns
authenticate
debug_only
point

Your custom options can be accessed by __mntopt__ in your module.

First, mount with redirect option.

app.mount (auth, redirect = "index")
# automatically set to auth.__mntopt__ = {"redirect": "index"}

then you can access in auth.py,

@app.route ("/regist/signout")
def signout (was):
    was.request.mbox.push ("Signed out successfully", "success")
    return was.redirect (was.urlfor (__mntopt__.get ("redirect", 'index')))

Setup Services

all service can also have __setup__ hook.

# foo.py
BASE_PATH = '/var'
def __setup__ (app):
  ...

# or with mount options
def __setup__ (app, mntopt):
  global BASE_PATH
  BASE_PATH = mntopt.get ('base_path', BASE_PATH)

def __mount__ (app):
  ...

# app.py

from services import foo
from atila import Atila

app = Atila (__name__)
app.mount ('/', foo, base_path = '/home/ubuntu')

Mounting Package

Assume you have examples package in your service.

services/examples/__init__.py
services/examples/foo.py
services/examples/bar.py

You can use __setup__ hook for mounting all sub services.

# services/examples/__init__.py
from . import foo, bar

def __setup__ (app, mntopt):
  app.mount ('/foo', foo, threshold = mntopt.get ('threashold', 5))
  app.mount ('/bar', bar)

Then you can mount just top package one.

# app.py
from services import examples

app.mount ('/examples', examples, threshold = 10)

As a result, foo will be mounted on /examples/foo.

Unmounting Resources

New in skitai version 0.27

Also ‘umount’ is avaliable for cleaning up module resource.

resource = ...

def __umount__ (app):
  resource.close ()
  app.someghing = None

This will be automatically called when:

before module itself is reloading
before app is reloading
app unmounted from Skitai

More About Namespace

If you develop reusable task modules, pay attention to namespace and URL building.

For example, below module is mount with app.mount (auth, ns = “regist”).

# auth.py

def __mount__ (app):
  @app.route ("/func1")
  def func1 (was, a):
    ...

  @app.route ("/func2")
  def func2 (was):
    was.urlfor ("func1", "hello")

This was.urlfor (“func1”) in func2 might be dangerous, because this task modules may have namespace. Then you consider ns like this.

was.urlfor ("{}func1".format (__mntopt__.get ("ns") and __mntopt__ ["ns"] + "." or ""), , "hello")

But it is not pretty, so you can pretty style,

@app.route ("/func2")
def func2 (was):
  was.urlfor (func1, "hello")

New in version 0.3.3

If you want to access resources to another sub module, you can use with full module name.

For example,

# services/v1/account.py
def __mount__ (app):
  @app.route ("/register")
  def register (was):
    ...

An you can access like this,

was.urlfor ("v1.account.register")

More About Websocket

websocket design specs can be choosen one of 2.

WS_CHANNEL

Thread pool manages n websocket connection

It’s simple request and response way like AJAX

Low cost on threads resources, but reposne cost is relatvley high than the others

WS_GROUPCHAT (New in version 0.24)

Thread pool manages n websockets connection

Chat room model

websocket message handling options

WS_THREAD

default, function base websocket message handling

it treats every single websocket message as single request to resources like url requests.

on receiving message from client, it will call function for handling with queue and thread pool, it is basically same as request resource

WS_NOTHREAD

non-threaded function call base websocket message handling

it is faster than WS_THREAD

WS_SESSION (New in version 0.30)

non-threaded generator base websocket message handling

cannot use this option with WS_THREADSAFE

WS_THREADSAFE (New in version 0.26)

Mostly same as WS_THREAD

Message sending is thread safe

Most case you needn’t this option, but you create yourself one or more threads using websocket.send () method you need this for your convinience

Note: WS_NOTHREAD and WS_SESSION will block SKitai event loop while you generate message to respond. If sending messasge generation time is reltively long, use WS_THREAD or WS_THREADSAFE.

message_encoding

Websocket messages will be automatically converted to theses objects. Note that option is only available with Atila WSGI container.

WS_MSG_JSON

WS_MSG_XMLRPC

New in skitai version 0.26.18

Websokect usage is already explained, but Atila provide @app.websocket decorator for more elegant way to use it.

def onopen (was):
  print ('websocket opened')

def onclose (was):
  print ('websocket closed')

@app.route ("/websocket")
@app.websocket (skitai.WS_CHANNEL, 1200, onopen, onclose)
def websocket (was, message):
  return 'you said: ' + message

This decorator spec is,

@app.websocket (
  spec, # one of skitai.WS_CHANNEL and skitai.WS_GROUPCHAT
  timeout = 60,
  onopen = None,
  onclose = None
)

In some cases, you need additional parameter for opening/closing websocket.

@app.route ("/websocket")
@app.websocket (skitai.WS_CHANNEL | skitai.WS_THREADSAFE, 1200, onopen)
def websocket (was, message, option):
  return 'you said: ' + message

Then, your onopen function must have additional parameters except message.

def onopen (was):
  print ('websocket opened with', was.request.ARGS ["option"])

Now, your websocket endpoint is “ws://127.0.0.1:5000/websocket?option=value”

WS_NOTHREAD

WS_NOTHREAD does not use queue or thread pool. In this case, response is more faster but if response includes IO blocking operation, entire Skitai event loop will be blocked.

@app.route ("/websocket")
@app.websocket (skitai.WS_CHANNEL | skitai.WS_NOTHREAD, 60, onopen)
def websocket (was, message):
  return 'you said: ' + message

WS_SESSION

With WS_SESSION should return Python generator object,

@app.route ("/websocket")
  @app.websocket (skitai.WS_CHANNEL | skitai.WS_SESSION, 60)
  def websocket (was):
    while 1:
      message = yield
      if not message:
        return #strop iterating
      yield "ECHO:" + message

Note: If you use WS_SESSION option, onopen and onclose should be None, because in session, you can handle open and close within your function.

Pushing Message Through Connected Client

Save websocket client id to session.

def onopen (was):
  was.request.session.set ("WS_ID", was.websocket.client_id)

def onclose (was):
  was.request.session.remove ("WS_ID")

@app.route ("/websocket")
@app.websocket (skitai.WS_CHANNEL | skitai.WS_FAST, 1200, onopen, onclose)
def websocket (was, message):
  return 'you said: ' + message

And push message to client.

@app.route ("/item_in_stock")
def item_in_stock (was):
  app.websocket_send (
    was.request.session.get ("WS_ID"),
    "Item In Stock!"
  )

Note:: I’m not sure it is works in all web browser.

Building Static URL

app.config.STATIC_URL = '/static/'
app.config.MEDIA_URL = '/media/'

Note: Each url must be end with ‘/’.

@app.route ("/")
def add (was):
  was.static ('assets/style.css') # resolve to /static/assets/style.css
  was.media ('movie.mov') # resolve to /media/movie.mov

Note: was.Static is reponsible object,

@app.route ("/")
def add (was):
  return was.Static (was.static ('assets/style.css'))
  # OR shortly,
  return was.Static ('assets/style.css')

Building URL

If your app is mounted at “/math”,

@app.route ("/add")
def add (was, num1, num2):
  return int (num1) + int (num2)

was.app.build_url ("add", 10, 40) # returned '/math/add?num1=10&num2=40'

# BUT it's too long to use practically,
# was.urlfor is acronym for was.app.build_url
was.urlfor ("add", 10, 40) # returned '/math/add?num1=10&num2=40'
was.urlfor ("add", 10, num2=60) # returned '/math/add?num1=10&num2=60'

#You can use function directly as well,
was.urlfor (add, 10, 40) # returned '/math/add?num1=10&num2=40'

@app.route ("/hello/<name>")
def hello (was, name = "Hans Roh"):
  return "Hello, %s" % name

was.urlfor ("hello", "Your Name") # returned '/math/hello/Your_Name'

Basically, was.urlfor is same as Python function call.

Building URL by Updating Parameters Partially

New in skitai version 0.27

@app.route ("/navigate")
def navigate (was, limit = 20, pageno = 1):
  return ...

If this resource was requested by /naviagte?limit=100&pageno=2, and if you want to make new resource url with keep a’s value (=100), you can make URL like this,

was.urlfor ("navigate", was.request.args.limit, 3)

But you can update only changed parameters partially,

was.urlpatch ("add", pageno = 3)

Parameter a’s value will be kept with current requested parameters. Note that was.urlpatch can be recieved keyword arguments only except first resource name.

was.urlpatch is used changing partial parameters (or none) based over current parameters.

Building Base URL without Parameters

New in skitai version 0.27

Sometimes you need to know just resource’s base path info - especially client-side javascript URL building, then use was.basepath.

@app.route ("/navigate")
def navigate (was, limit, pageno = 1):
  return ...

was.basepath ("navigate")
>> return "/navigate"

For example, in your VueJS template,

<a :href="'{{ was.basepath ('navigate') }}?limit=' + limit_option + '&pageno=' + (current_page + 1)">Next Page</a>

Note that base path means for fancy Url,

@app.route ("/user/<id>")
>> base path is "/user/"

@app.route ("/user/<id>/pat")
>> base path is "/user/"

Access Environment Variables

was.request.env (alias: was.env)

was.request.env is just Python dictionary object.

if "HTTP_USER_AGENT" in was.request.env:
  ...
was.request.env.get ("CONTENT_TYPE")

Access Cookie

was.request.cookie (alias: was.cookie)

was.request.cookie has almost dictionary methods.

if "user_id" not in was.request.cookie:
  was.request.cookie.set ("user_id", "hansroh")
  # or
  was.request.cookie ["user_id"] = "hansroh"

Changed in version 0.15.30

‘was.request.cookie.set()’ method prototype has been changed.

was.request.cookie.set (
  key, val,
  expires = None,
  path = None, domain = None,
  secure = False, http_only = False
)

‘expires’ args is seconds to expire.

if None, this cookie valid until browser closed

if 0 or ‘now’, expired immediately

if ‘never’, expire date will be set to a hundred years from now

If ‘secure’ and ‘http_only’ options are set to True, ‘Secure’ and ‘HttpOnly’ parameters will be added to Set-Cookie header.

If ‘path’ is None, every app’s cookie path will be automaticaaly set to their mount point.

For example, your admin app is mounted on “/admin” in configuration file like this:

app = ... ()

if __name__ == "__main__":

  import skitai

  skitai.run (
    address = "127.0.0.1",
    port = 5000,
    mount = {'/admin': app}
  )

If you don’t specify cookie path when set, cookie path will be automatically set to ‘/admin’. So you want to access from another apps, cookie should be set with upper path = ‘/’.

was.request.cookie.set ('private_cookie', val)

was.request.cookie.set ('public_cookie', val, path = '/')

was.request.cookie.set (key, val, expires = None, path = None, domain = None, secure = False, http_only = False)
was.request.cookie.remove (key, path, domain)
was.request.cookie.clear (path, domain)
was.request.cookie.keys ()
was.request.cookie.values ()
was.request.cookie.items ()
was.request.cookie.has_key ()

Access Session

was.request.session (alias: was.session)

Strictly speaking, Atila hasn’t got traditional session which some data is stored on server side. And it doesn’t provide any abstract classes or methods for storing.

Ailta’s session is just one of cookie value which contains signature for checking alternation by any other things except Atila.

was.request.session has almost dictionary methods.

To enable session for app, random string formatted securekey should be set for encrypt/decrypt session values.

WARNING: securekey should be same on all skitai apps at least within a virtual hosing group, Otherwise it will be serious disaster.

app.securekey = "ds8fdsflksdjf9879dsf;?<>Asda"
app.session_timeout = 1200 # sec

@app.route ("/session")
def hello_world (was, **form):
  if "login" not in was.request.session:
    was.request.session.set ("user_id", form.get ("hansroh"))
    # or
    was.request.session ["user_id"] = form.get ("hansroh")

If you set, alter or remove session value, session expiry is automatically extended by app.session_timeout. But just getting value will not be extended. If you extend explicit without altering value, you can use touch() or set_expiry(). session.touch() will extend by app.session_timeout. session.set_expiry (timeout) will extend by timeout value.

Once you set expiry, session auto extenstion will be disabled until expiry time become shoter than new expiry time is calculated by app.session_timeout.

was.request.session.set (key, val)
was.request.session.get (key, default = None)
was.request.session.source_verified (): If current IP address matches with last IP accesss session
was.request.session.getv (key, default = None): If not source_verified (), return default
was.request.session.remove (key)
was.request.session.clear ()
was.request.session.keys ()
was.request.session.values ()
was.request.session.items ()
was.request.session.has_key ()
was.request.session.set_expiry (timeout)
was.request.session.touch ()
was.request.session.expire ()
was.request.session.use_time ()
was.request.session.impending (): if session timeout remains 20%

Messaging Box

was.request.mbox (alias: was.mbox)

Like Flask’s flash feature, Skitai also provide messaging tool.

@app.route ("/msg")
def msg (was):
  was.request.mbox.send ("This is Flash Message", "flash")
  was.request.mbox.send ("This is Alert Message Kept by 60 seconds on every request", "alram", valid = 60)
  return was.redirect (was.urlfor ("showmsg", "Hans Roh"), status = "302 Object Moved")

@app.route ("/showmsg")
def showmsg (was, name):
  return was.render ("msg.htm", name=name)

A part of msg.htm is like this:

Messages To {{ name }},
<ul>
  {% for message_id, category, created, valid, msg, extra in was.request.mbox.get () %}
    <li> {{ mtype }}: {{ msg }}</li>
  {% endfor %}
</ul>

Default value of valid argument is 0, which means if page called was.request.mbox.get() is finished successfully, it is automatically deleted from mbox.

But like flash message, if messages are delayed by next request, these messages are save into secured cookie value, so delayed/long term valid messages size is limited by cookie specificatio. Then shorter and fewer messsages would be better as possible.

‘was.request.mbox’ can be used for general page creation like handling notice, alram or error messages consistently. In this case, these messages (valid=0) is consumed by current request, there’s no particular size limitation.

Also note valid argument is 0, it will be shown at next request just one time, but inspite of next request is after hundred years, it will be shown if browser has cookie values.

@app.before_request
def before_request (was):
  if has_new_item ():
    was.request.mbox.send ("New Item Arrived", "notice")

@app.route ("/main")
def main (was):
  return was.render ("news.htm")

news.htm like this:

News for {{ was.g.username }},
<ul>
  {% for mid, category, created, valid, msg, extra in was.request.mbox.get ("notice", "news") %}
    <li class="{{category}}"> {{ msg }}</li>
  {% endfor %}
</ul>

was.request.mbox.send (msg, category, valid_seconds, key=val, …)
was.request.mbox.get () return [(message_id, category, created_time, valid_seconds, msg, extra_dict)]
was.request.mbox.get (category) filtered by category
was.request.mbox.get (key, val) filtered by extra_dict
was.request.mbox.source_verified (): If current IP address matches with last IP accesss mbox
was.request.mbox.getv (…) return get () if source_verified ()
was.request.mbox.search (key, val): find in extra_dict. if val is not given or given None, compare with category name. return [message_id, …]
was.request.mbox.remove (message_id)

Named Session & Messaging Box

New in skitai version 0.15.30

You can create multiple named session and mbox objects by mount() methods.

was.request.session.mount (
  name = None,
  session_timeout = None,
  securekey = None,
  path = None,
  domain = None,
  secure = False,
  http_only = False,
  extend = True
 )

was.request.mbox.mount (
  name = None,
  securekey = None,
  path = None,
  domain = None,
  secure = False,
  http_only = False
)

For example, your app need isolated session or mbox seperated default session for any reasons, can create session named ‘ADM’ and if this session or mbox is valid at only /admin URL.

@app.route("/")
def index (was):
  was.request.session.mount ("ADM", path = '/admin')
  was.request.session.set ("admin_login", True)

  was.request.mbox.mount ("ADM", path = '/admin')
  was.request.mbox.send ("10 data has been deleted", 'warning')

SECUREKEY_STRING needn’t same with app.securekey. And path, domain, secure, http_only args is for session cookie, you can mount any named sessions or mboxes with upper cookie path and upper cookie domain. In other words, to share session or mbox with another apps, path should be closer to root (/).

@app.route("/")
def index (was):
  was.request.session.mount ("ADM", path = '/')
  was.request.session.set ("admin_login", True)

Above ‘ADM’ sesion can be accessed by all mounted apps because path is ‘/’.

Also note was.request.session.mount () is exactly same as mounting default session.

mount() is create named session or mbox if not exists, exists() is just check wheather exists named session already.

if not was.request.session.exists (None):
  return "Your session maybe expired or signed out, please sign in again"

if not was.request.session.exists ("ADM"):
  return "Your admin session maybe expired or signed out, please sign in again"

File Upload

FORM = """
  <form enctype="multipart/form-data" method="post">
  <input type="hidden" name="submit-hidden" value="Genious">
  <p></p>What is your name? <input type="text" name="submit-name" value="Hans Roh"></p>
  <p></p>What files are you sending? <br />
  <input type="file" name="file">
  </p>
  <input type="submit" value="Send">
  <input type="reset">
</form>
"""

@app.route ("/upload")
def upload (was, *form):
  if was.request.command == "get":
    return FORM
  else:
    file = form.get ("file")
    if file:
      file.save ("d:\\var\\upload", dup = "o") # overwrite

‘file’ object’s attributes are:

file.path: temporary saved file full path
file.name: original file name posted
file.size
file.mimetype
file.save (into, name = None, mkdir = False, dup = “u”)
file.remove ()
file.read ()
- if name is None, used file.name
- dup:
  - u - make unique (default)
  - o - overwrite

Using SQL Map with SQLPhile

New in Version 0.26.13

SQLPhile is SQL generator and can be accessed from was.sql.

was.sql is a instance of sqlphile.SQLPhile.

If you want to use SQL templates, create sub directory ‘sqlmaps’ and place sqlmap files.

# default engine is skitai.DB_PGSQL and also available skitai.DB_SQLITE3
# no need call for skitai.DB_PGSQL
app.setup_sqlphile (skitai.DB_SQLITE3)

@app.route ("/")
def index (was):
  q = was.sql.select (tbl_'user').get ('id, name').filter (id = 4)
  req = was.db ("@db").execute (q)
  result = req.dispatch ()

New in skitai version 0.27

>From version 0.27 SQLPhile is integrated with PostgreSQL and SQLite3.

app = Atila (__name__)
app.setup_sqlphile (skitai.DB_PGSQL)

@app.route ("/")
def query (was):
  dbo = was.db ("@mypostgres")
  req = dbo.select ("cities").get ("id, name").filter (name__like = "virginia").execute ()
  result = req.dispatch ()
  response = req.dispatch (timeout = 2)
  dbo.insert ("cities").data (name = "New York").execute ().wait_or_throw ("500 Server Error")

Please, visit SQLPhile for more detail.

Registering Per Request Calling Functions

Method decorators called automatically when each method is requested in a app.

@app.before_request
def before_request (was):
  if not login ():
    return "Not Authorized"

@app.finish_request
def finish_request (was):
  was.g.user_id
  was.g.user_status
  ...

@app.failed_request
def failed_request (was, exc_info):
  was.g.user_id
  was.g.user_status
  ...

@app.teardown_request
def teardown_request (was):
  was.g.resouce.close ()
  ...

@app.route ("/view-account")
def view_account (was, userid):
  was.g.user_id = "jerry"
  was.g.user_status = "active"
  was.g.resouce = open ()
  return ...

For this situation, ‘was’ provide was.g that is empty class instance. was.g is valid only in current request. After end of current request.

If view_account is called, Atila execute these sequence:

try:
  try:
    content = before_request (was)
    if content:
      return content
    content = view_account (was, *args, **karg)

  except:
    content = failed_request (was, sys.exc_info ())
    if content is None:
      raise

  else:
    finish_request (was)

finally:
  teardown_request (was)

return content

Be attention, failed_request’s 2nd arguments is sys.exc_info (). Also finish_request and teardown_request (NOT failed_request) should return None (or return nothing).

If you handle exception with failed_request (), return custom error content, or exception will be reraised and Atila will handle exception.

New in skitai version 0.14.13

@app.failed_request
def failed_request (was, exc_info):
  # releasing resources
  return was.response (
    "501 Server Error",
    was.render ("err501.htm", msg = "We're sorry but something's going wrong")
  )

Define Autoruns

New in skitai version 0.26.18

You can make automation for preworks and postworks.

def pre1 (was):
  ...

def pre2 (was):
  ...

def post1 (was):
  ...

@app.run_before (pre1, pre2)
@app.run_after (post1)
def index (was):
  return was.render ('index.html')

@app.run_before can return None or responsable contents for aborting all next run_before and main request.

@app.run_after return will be ignored

Define Conditional Prework

New in skitai version 0.26.18

@app.if~s are conditional executing decorators.

def reload_config (was, path):
  ...

@app.if_file_modified ('/opt/myapp/config', reload_config, interval = 1)
def index (was):
  return was.render ('index.html')

@app.if_updated need more explaination.

Inter Process Update Notification and Consequences Automation

New in skitai version 0.26.18

@app.if_updated is related with skitai.register_states (), was.setlu() and was.getlu() and these are already explained was cache contorl part. And Atila app can use more conviniently.

These’re used for mostly inter-process notification protocol.

Before skitai.run (), you should define updatable objects as string keys:

skitai.register_states ("weather-news", ...)

Then one process update object and update time by setlu ().

@app.route ("/")
def add_weather (was):
  was.db.execute ("insert into weathers ...")
  was.setlu ("weather-news")
  return ...

This update time stamp will be recorded in shared memory, then all skitai worker processes can catch this update by comparing previous last update time and automate consequences like refreshing cache.

def reload_cache (was, key):
  ...

@app.if_updated ('weather-news', reload_cache)
def index (was):
  return was.render ('index.html')

App Lifecycle Hook

These app life cycle methods will be called by this order,

before_mount (wac): when app imported on skitai server started
mounted (was): called first with was (instance of wac)
mounted_or_reloaded (was): called with was (instance of wac)
loop whenever app is reloaded,
- oldapp.before_reload (was)
- newapp.reloaded (was)
- mounted_or_reloaded (was): called with was (instance of wac)
before_umount (was): called last with was (instance of wac), add shutting down process
umounted (wac): when skitai server enter shutdown process

Please note that first arg of startup, reload and shutdown is wac not was. wac is Python Class object of ‘was’, so mainly used for sharing Skitai server-wide object via was.object before instancelizing to was.

@app.before_mount
def before_mount (wac):
  logger = wac.logger.get ("app")
  # OR
  logger = wac.logger.make_logger ("login", "daily")
  config = wac.config
  wac.register ("loginengine", SNSLoginEngine (logger))
  wac.register ("searcher", FulltextSearcher (wac.numthreads))

@app.before_reload
def before_remount (wac):
  wac.loginengine.reset ()

@app.umounted
def before_umount (wac):
  wac.umounted.close ()

  wac.unregister ("loginengine")
  wac.unregister ("searcher")

You can access numthreads, logger, config from wac.

As a result, myobject can be accessed by all your current app functions even all other apps mounted on Skitai.

# app mounted to 'abc.com/register'
@app.route ("/")
def index (was):
  was.loginengine.check_user_to ("facebook")
  was.searcher.query ("ipad")

# app mounted to 'def.com/'
@app.route ("/")
def index (was):
  was.searcher.query ("news")

Note: The way to mount with host, see ‘Mounting With Virtual Host’ chapter below.

It maybe used like plugin system. If a app which should be mounted loads pulgin-like objects, theses can be used by Skitai server wide apps via was.object1, was.object2,…

New in skitai version 0.26

If you have databases or API servers, and want to create cache object on app starting, you can use @app.mounted decorator.

def create_cache (res):
  d = {}
  for row in res.data:
    d [row.code] = row.name
  app.store.set ('STATENAMES', d)

@app.mounted
def mounted (was):
  was.db ('@mydb', callback = create_cache).execute ("select code, name from states;")
  # or use REST API
  was.get ('@myapi/v1/states', callback = create_cache)
  # or use RPC
  was.rpc ('@myrpc/rpc2', callback = create_cache).get_states ()

@app.reloaded
def reloaded (was):
  mounted (was) # same as mounted

@app.before_umount
def before_umount (was):
  was.delete ('@session/v1/sessions', callback = lambda x: None)

But both are not called by request, you CAN’T use request related objects like was.request, was.request.cookie etc. And SHOULD use callback because these are executed within Main thread.

Login and Permission Helper

New in skitai version 0.26.16

You can define login & permissoin check handler,

@app.login_handler
def login_handler (was):
  if was.request.session.get ("demo_username"):
    return

  if was.request.args.get ("username"):
    if not was.verify_csrf ():
      raise was.Error ("400 Bad Request")

    if was.request.args.get ("signin"):
      user, level = authenticate (username = was.request.args ["username"], password = was.request.args ["password"])
      if user:
        was.request.session.set ("demo_username", user)
        was.request.session.set ("demo_permission", level)
        return

      else:
        was.request.mbox.send ("Invalid User Name or Password", "error")
  return was.render ("login.html", user_form = forms.DemoUserForm ())

@app.permission_check_handler
def permission_check_handler (was, perms):
  if was.request.session.get ("demo_permission") in perms:
    raise was.Error ("403 Permission Denied")

@app.staff_member_check_handler
def staff_check_handler (was):
  if was.request.session.get ("demo_permission") not in ('staff'):
    raise was.Error ("403 Staff Permission Required")

If you are using JWT you can integrate with this, And it is replacable instead of app.authorization_required.

@app.permission_check_handler
def permission_check_handler (was, perms):
    claims = was.request.JWT
    if "err" in claims: return claims ["err"]
    if not perms:
      return # permit
    for p in claims ["levels"]:
        if p in perms:
            return # permit
    raise was.Error ("403 Permission Denied")

And use it for your resources if you need,

@app.route ("/")
@app.permission_required (["admin"])
@app.login_required
def index (was):
  return "Hello"

@app.staff_member_required
def index2 (was):
  return "Hello"

If every thing is OK, it SHOULD return None, not True.

‘clarify_permission’ and ‘clarify_login’ will ignore any raise HTTP error but just try run ‘permission_check_handler’. You can set request.user object if user has permission.

@app.permission_check_handler
def permission_check_handler (was, perms):
    claims = was.request.JWT
    if "err" in claims:
      return claims ["err"]
    was.request.user = claims ['uid']
    if not perms:
      return # permit
    raise was.Error ("403 Permission Denied")

@app.clarify_permission # ignore http error on handler
def index (was):
  if not was.request.user:
    return 'permission denied'
  return 'permission granted'

Conditional Permission Control

New in version 0.3

Let’s assume you manage permission by user levels: admin, staff and user.

@app.permission_check_handler
def permission_check_handler (was, perms):
  claims = was.request.JWT
  if "err" in claims:
    return claims ["err"]

  if not perms:
    return # permit for anyone who is authorized
  if claims ["level"] == "admin":
    return # premit always
  if "admin" in perms:
    raise was.Error ("403 Permission Denied")
  if "staff" in prems and claims ["level"] != "staff":
      raise was.Error ("403 Permission Denied")

@app.route ("/animals/<id>")
@app.permission_required ([], id = ["staff"])
def animals (was, id = None):
    id = id or was.request.JWT ["userid"]

This resources required any permission for “/animals/” or “/animals/me”. But ‘/animals/100’ is required ‘staff’ permission. It may make permission control more simpler.

Also you can specify premissions per request methods.

@app.route ("/animals/<id>", methods = ["POST", "DELETE"])
@app.permission_required (['user'], id = ["staff"], DELETE = ["admin"])
def animals (was, id = None):
    id = id or was.request.JWT ["userid"]

This resources required ‘user’ permission for “/animals/” or “/animals/me”. ‘/animals/100’ is required ‘staff’ permission. It may make permission control more simpler.

Testpassing

Also you can test if user is valid,

def is_superuser (was):
  if was.user.username not in ('admin', 'root'):
    reutrn was.response ("403 Permission Denied")

@app.testpass_required (is_superuser)
def modify_profile (was):
  ...

The binded testpass_required function can return,

True or None: continue request
False: response 403 Permission Denied immediately
Responsable object: response object immediately

Cross Site Request Forgery Token (CSRF Token)

New in skitai version 0.26.16

At template, insert CSRF Token,

<form>
{{ was.csrf_token_input }}
...
</form>

then verify token like this,

@app.before_request
def before_request (was):
  if was.request.args.get ("username"):
    if not was.verify_csrf ():
      return was.response ("400 Bad Request")

Or use decorator,

@app.csrf_verification_required
def before_request (was):
  ...

Making JWT Token

@app.route ('/make_token')
def make_token (was)
    t = was.encode_jwt ({'iss': 'example.com', 'exp': time.time () + 3600})

@app.route ('/verify_token')
def make_token (was, token)
    payload = was.decode_jwt (token)

At your client,

from atila.was import generate_otp

generate_otp (secret_key)

Making One-Time Password

New in skitai version 0.35.0

def check_otp (was):
   if not was.verify_otp (was.request.get_header ('x-otp')):
      raise was.Error ('403 Unauthorized')

@app.route ('/admin-task')
@app.testpass_required (check_otp)
def task (was)
    ...

At your client,

from atila.was import generate_otp

generate_otp (secret_key)

Making One-Time Token

New in skitai version 0.26.17

For creatiing onetime link url, you can convert your data to signatured token string.

Note: Like JWT token, this token contains data and decode easily, then you should not contain important information like password or PIN. This token just make sure contained data is not altered by comparing signature which is generated with your app scret key.

@app.route ('/password-reset')
def password_reset (was)
  if was.request.args ('username'):
    username = "hans"
    token = was.encode_ott (username, 3600, "pwrset") # valid within 1 hour
    pw_reset_url = was.urlfor ('reset_password', token)
    # send email
    return was.render ('done.html')

  if was.request.args ('token'):
    username = was.decode_ott (was.request.args ['token'])
    if not username:
      return was.response ('400 Bad Request')
    # processing password reset
    ...

If you want to expire token explicit, add session token key

# valid within 1 hour and create session token named '_reset_token'
token = was.encode_ott ("hans", 3600, 'rset')
>> kO6EYlNE2QLNnospJ+jjOMJjzbw?fXEAKFgGAAAAb2JqZWN0...

username = was.decode_ott (token)
>> "hans"

# if processing is done and for revoke token,
was.revoke_ott (token)

App Event Handling

Most of Atila’s event handlings are implemented with excellent event-bus library.

New in skitai version 0.26.16, Availabe only on Python 3.5+

import atila

@app.on ("request:failed")
def request_failed_handler (was, exc_info):
  print ("I got it!")

There’re some app events.

before_mount
mounted
before_reload
reloaded
before_umount
umounted
mounted_or_reloaded
request:before_start
request:failed
request:success
request:teardown
request:finished

App Storage

app.store object is ditionary like object and provide thread-safe accessing.

It SHOULD be simple primitive value like string, int, float. About dictionary or class instances, It can’t give no guarantee for thread-safe.

def  (was, current_users):
  total = app.store.get ("total-user")
  app.store.set ("total-user", total + 1)
  ...

Inverval Base App Maintenancing

If you need interval base maintaining jobs,

app.config.MAINTAIN_INTERVAL = 60  # seconds, default is 60
app.store.set ("num-nodes", 0) # thread safe store

@app.maintain (10) # execute every 10 maintaining (500 sec.)
def maintain_num_nodes (was, now, count):
  ...
  num_nodes = was.getlu ("cluster.num-nodes")
  if app.store ["num-nodes"] != num_nodes:
    app.store ["num-nodes"] = num_nodes
    app.broadcast ("cluster:num_nodes")

You can add multiple maintain jobs but maintain function names is SHOULD be unique.

Creating and Handling Custom Event

Availabe only on Python 3.5+

For creating custom event and event handler,

@app.on ("user-updated")
def user_updated (was, user):
  ...

For emitting,

@app.route ('/users', methods = ["POST"])
def users (was):
  args = was.request.json ()
  ...

  app.emit ("user-updated", args ['userid'])

  return ''

If event hasn’t args, you can use emit_after decorator,

@app.route ('/users', methods = ["POST"])
@app.emit_after ("user-updated")
def users (was):
  args = was.request.json ()
  ...
  return ''

Using this, you can build automatic excution chain,

@app.on ("photo-updated")
def photo_updated (was):
  ...

@app.on ("user-updated")
@app.emit_after ("photo-updated")
def user_updated (was):
  ...

@app.route ('/users', methods = ["POST"])
@app.emit_after ("user-updated")
def users (was):
  args = was.request.json ()
  ...
  return ''

Cross App Communication & Accessing Resources

Skitai prefer spliting apps to small microservices and mount them each. This feature make easy to move some of your mounted apps move to another machine. But this make difficult to communicate between apps.

Here’s some helpful solutions.

Accessing App Object Properties

New in skitai version 0.26.7.2

You can mount multiple app on Skitai, and maybe need to another app is mounted seperatly.

skitai.mount ("/", "main.py")
skitai.mount ("/query", "search.py")

And you can access from filename of app from each apps,

search_app = was.apps ["search"]
save_path = search_app.config.save_path

URL Building for Resource Accessing

New in skitai version 0.26.7.2

If you mount multiple apps like this,

skitai.mount ("/", "main.py")
skitai.mount ("/search", "search.py")

For building url in main.py app from a query function of search.py app, you should specify app file name with colon.

was.urlfor ('search:query', "Your Name") # returned '/search/query?q=Your%20Name'

And this is exactly same as,

was.apps [“search”].build_url (“query”, “Your Name”)

But this is only functioning between apps are mounted within same host.

Custom Error Handling

New in skitai version 0.26.7

@app.default_error_handler
def default_error_handler (was, error):
  return "<h1>{code} {message}</h1>".format (**error)

Or you can respond with JSON only.

@app.error_handler (404)
def not_found (was, error):
  return "<h1>{code} {message}</h1>".format (**error)

code: error code
message: error message
detail: error detail
mode: debug or normal
debug: debug info
time: time when error occured
url: request url
software: server name and version
traceback: available only if app.debug = True or None

Note that custom error templates can not be used before routing to the app.

Communication with Event

New in skitai version 0.26.10 Availabe only on Python 3.5+

‘was’ can work as an event bus using app.on_broadcast () - was.broadcast () pair. Let’s assume that an users.py app handle only user data, and another photo.py app handle only photos of users.

skitai.mount ('/users', 'users.py')
skitai.mount ('/photos', 'photos.py')

If a user update own profile, sometimes photo information should be updated.

At photos.py, you can prepare for listening to ‘user:data-added’ event and this event will be emited from ‘was’.

@app.on_broadcast ('user:data-added')
def refresh_user_cache (was, userid):
  was.sqlite3 ('@photodb').execute ('update ...').wait ()

and uses.py, you just emit ‘user:data-added’ event to ‘was’.

@app.route ('/users', methods = ["PATCH"])
def users (was):
  args = was.request.json ()
  was.sqlite3 ('@userdb').execute ('update ...').wait ()

  # broadcasting event to all mounted apps
  was.broadcast ('user:data-added', args ['userid'])

  return was.response (
    "200 OK",
    json.dumps ({}),
    [("Content-Type", "application/json")]
  )

If resource always broadcasts event without args, use broadcast_after decorator.

@app.broadcast_after ('some-event')
def users (was):
  args = was.request.json ()
  was.sqlite3 ('@userdb').execute ('update ...').wait ()

Note that this decorator cannot be routed by app.route ().

CAUTION: Do not use request specific variables - like request, cookie, session and etc in event handler.

CORS (Cross Origin Resource Sharing) and Preflight

For allowing CORS, you should do 2 things:

set app.access_control_allow_origin
allow OPTIONS methods for routing

app = Atila (__name__)
app.access_control_allow_origin = ["*"]
# OR specific origins
app.access_control_allow_origin = ["http://www.skitai.com:5001"]
app.access_control_max_age = 3600

@app.route ("/post", methods = ["POST", "OPTIONS"])
def post (was):
  args = was.request.json ()
  return was.jstream ({...})

If you want function specific CORS,

app = Atila (__name__)

@app.route (
 "/post", methods = ["POST", "OPTIONS"],
 access_control_allow_origin = ["http://www.skitai.com:5001"],
 access_control_max_age = 3600
)
def post (was):
  args = was.request.json ()
  return was.jstream ({...})

WWW-Authenticate

Changed in version 0.15.21

removed app.user and app.password

add app.users object has get(username) methods like dictionary

Atila provide simple authenticate for administration or perform access control from other system’s call.

Authentication On Specific Methods

Otherwise you can make some routes requirigng authorization like this:

@app.route ("/hello/<name>", authenticate = "digest")
def hello (was, name = "Hans Roh"):
  return "Hello, %s" % name

Or you can use @app.authorization_required decorator.

@app.route ("/hello/<name>")
@app.authorization_required ("digest")
def hello (was, name = "Hans Roh"):
  return "Hello, %s" % name

Available authorization methods are basic, digest and bearer.

Password Provider

You can provide password and user information getter by 2 ways.

First, users object

# users object shoukd have get(username) method
app.users = {"hansroh": ("1234", False)}

Second, use decorator

@app.authorization_handler
def auth_handler (was, username):
  ...
  return ("1234", False)

The return object can be:

(str password, boolean encrypted, obj userinfo)

(str password, boolean encrypted)

str password

None if authorization failed

If you use encrypted password, you should use digest authorization and password should encrypt by this way:

from hashlib import md5

encrypted_password = md5 (
  ("%s:%s:%s" % (username, realm, password)).encode ("utf8")
).hexdigest ()

If authorization is successful, app can access username and userinfo vi was.request.user.

was.request.user.name

was.request.user.realm

was.request.user.info

If your server run with SSL, you can use app.authorization = “basic”, otherwise recommend using “digest” for your password safety.

Authentication On Entire App

For your convinient, you can set authorization requirements to app level.

app = Atila (__name__)

app.authenticate = "digest"
app.realm = "Partner App Area of mysite.com"
app.users = {"app": ("iamyourpartnerapp", 0, {'role': 'root'})}

@app.route ("/hello/<name>")
def hello (was, name = "Hans Roh"):
  return "Hello, %s" % name

If app.authenticate is set, all routes of app require authorization (default is False).

(JWT) Bearer Authorization

To making JWT token, your app need securekey.

app.securekey = '5b2c4f18-01fd-4b85-8cfa-01827878562f'

was.encode_jwt ({"username": "hansroh", "exp": time.time () + 3600, ...})
>> eyJhbGciOiAiSFMyNTYiLCAidHlwIjogIkpXV...

Note: was.decode_jwt (token) is also available.

Then client should add ‘Authorization’ to API request like,

Authorization: Bearer eyJhbGciOiAiSFMyNTYiLCAidHlwIjogIkpXV...

And use bearer_handler decorators.

@app.bearer_handler
def bearer_handler (was, token):
  # if not JWT token,
  claims = parse_your_token_yourself (token)
  # if JWT, just use was.request.JWT
  claims = was.request.JWT
  if "err" in claims:
    return claims ["err"]

@app.route ("/api/v1/predict")
@app.authorization_required ("bearer")
def predict (was):
  # now you can use these
  was.request.user # hansroh
  was.request.JWT # dict {"username": "hansroh", "exp": 2900...}

For your convinient, above bearer_handler is registered as default handler, but you can still override it.

Implementing XMLRPC Service

Client Side:

import aquests

stub = aquests.rpc ("http://127.0.0.1:5000/rpc")
stub.add (10000, 5000)
fetchall ()

Server Side:

@app.route ("/add")
def index (was, num1, num2):
  return num1 + num2

Is there nothing to diffrence? Yes. Atila app methods are also used for XMLRPC service if return values are XMLRPC dumpable.

Implementing gRPC Service

Client Side:

import aquests
import route_guide_pb2

stub = aquests.grpc ("http://127.0.0.1:5000/routeguide.RouteGuide")
point = route_guide_pb2.Point (latitude=409146138, longitude=-746188906)
stub.GetFeature (point)
aquests.fetchall ()

Server Side:

import route_guide_pb2

def get_feature (feature_db, point):
  for feature in feature_db:
    if feature.location == point:
      return feature
  return None

@app.route ("/GetFeature")
def GetFeature (was, point):
  feature = get_feature(db, point)
  if feature is None:
    return route_guide_pb2.Feature(name="", location=point)
  else:
    return feature

if __name__ == "__main__":

skitai.mount = ('/routeguide.RouteGuide', app)
skitai.urn ()

For an example, here’s my tfserver for Tensor Flow Model Server.

For more about gRPC and route_guide_pb2, go to gRPC Basics - Python.

Note: I think I don’t understand about gRPC’s stream request and response. Does it means chatting style? Why does data stream has interval like GPS data be handled as stream type? If it is chat style stream, is it more efficient that use proto buffer on Websocket protocol? In this case, it is even possible collaborating between multiple gRPC clients.

Logging and Traceback

@app.route ("/")
def sum ():
  was.log ("called index", "info")
  try:
    ...
  except:
    was.log ("exception occured", "error")
    was.traceback ()
  was.log ("done index", "info")

Note inspite of you do not handle exception, all app exceptions will be logged automatically by Atila. And it includes app importing and reloading exceptions.

was.log (msg, category = “info”)
was.traceback (id = “”) # id is used as fast searching log line for debug, if not given, id will be Global transaction ID/Local transaction ID

Exposing API Specification

For debugging and helping to write API specification, Atila expose all specification of each resources.

@app.route ("/isitok/<code>/<type>", methods = ["GET", "POST", "PATCH", "OPTIONS"])
def isitok (was, code, type):
  return was.API (result = "ok")

That will return,

{"result": "ok"}

If you set like this,

app.expose_spec = True

Then will be returned with spec,

{
  "result": "ok",
  "__spec__": {
      'id': 'isitok',
      'routeopt': {
          'methods': ["GET", "POST", "PATCH", "OPTIONS"],
          'route': '/isitok/<code>/<type>',
          'args': ['code', 'type'],
          'keywords': None,
          'urlargs': 2,
          'mntopt': {
              'module_name': 'services.v1.apis',
              'point': '/v1/apis'
          }
      },
      'auth_requirements': [],
      'parameter_requirements': {},
      'doc': None,
      'current_request': {
          'http_method': 'GET',
          'http_version': '1.1',
          'uri': '/v1/apis/isitok'
      }
   }
}

Note: This will only work at your local machine (IP address starts with 127.0.0.).

App Testing

For automated test, Atila provide test_client (). Test client will just emulate client-server communication.

myapp.py is:

app = Atila (__name__)

@app.route ("/")
def index (was):
  return "<h1>something</h1>"

@app.route ("/apis/pets/<int:id>")
def pets (was, id):
  return was.API ({"id": id, "kind": "dog", "name": "Monk"})

if __name__ == "__main__":
  skitai.mount ("/", app)
  skitai.run (port = 5000)

If you run unittest with pytest, your test script is like this.

def test_myapp ():
  from myapp import app

  with app.test_client ("/", approot = ".") as cli:
    # html request
    resp = cli.get ("/")
    assert "something" in resp.text

    # api call
    stub = cli.api ()
    resp = stub.apis.pets (45).get ()
    assert resp.data ["id"] == 45

    resp = stub.apis.pets (100).get ()
    assert resp.data ["id"] == 100

Now run pytest.

Above code works fine if your app is composed with single file. If your app has sub modules, app will raise relative import related error.

..code:: python

import skitai import atila

def test_myapp ():

with skitai.preference () as pref:

app = atila.load (“./mayapp/app.py”, pref)

If your app is located as your module’s export/skitai/__export__.py,

..code:: python

import your_module app = atila.load (your_module, pref)

Now, you are ready to test.

Note: Internal requests like was.get, was.post, was.jsonrpc and database engine operations will work with synchronous mode and may will be slow.

VueJS with Skito-Atila

Without Module Bundlers

I recently wrote about Single File Component Based Website.

It is based on FranckFreiburger/http-vue-loader and I made some examplary templates.

With Bundlers

I prefer to build VueJS as frontend app and Atila as backend.

Basic project directory stucture is,

project root

frontend (vue project)
- <dist>
- <node_modules>
- <src>
- <public>
- package.json
- vue.config.js
- …
backend
- <services>
- serve.py

The core line sof serve.py,

from atila import Atila
import skitai
import os
import sys
from services import api

app = Atila (__name__)
app.mount ("/api/v1", api) # for backend API service

@app.route ("/<path:path>")
def vapp (was, path = None):
    return was.File (skitai.joinpath ("../frontend", "dist", "index.html"), "text/html")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    with skitai.preference () as pref:
      pref.securekey = None
      pref.max_client_body_size = 2 << 32
      pref.access_control_allow_origin = ["127.0.0.1:5000"]

      if "---production" not in sys.argv:
          pref.debug = True
          pref.use_reloader = True
          pref.access_control_allow_origin.append ("127.0.0.1:8080")

      skitai.mount ("/", app)
      skitai.mount ("/", "../frontend/dist", pref = pref)
    skitai.run (name = "myapp", port = 5000)

This skitai starting script do these things,

If requested URL is one of atila routes, then routed to it
Otherwise all URL is routed to vue SPA (dist/index.html)
All static root mounted to frontend/dist directory for service compiled js and css by webpack

You can develop vue app by,

npm run serve
# generally use port 8080

And Atila app developing by,

python3 ../backend/serve.py
# use port 5000

Finally,

npm run build
python3 ../backend/serve.py

If you interest about thi stuff, you can have reference which I personally build as bolier-plate. But it is just planning stage.

Working With Jinja2 Template Engine

If you want to use Jinja2 template engine, install first.

pip3 install -U jinja2

Although You can use any template engine, Skitai provides was.render() which uses Jinja2 template engine. For providing arguments to Jinja2, use dictionary or keyword arguments.

return was.render ("index.html", choice = 2, product = "Apples")

#is same with:

return was.render ("index.html", {"choice": 2, "product": "Apples"})

#BUT CAN'T:

return was.render ("index.html", {"choice": 2}, product = "Apples")

Directory structure sould be:

/project_home/app.py
/project_home/templates/index.html

Within template, you can access was and aliases for your convinient.

was
app: alias for was.app which handling request
request: alias for was.request
response: alias for was.response
context: namespace for given keyword arguments (or dictionary keys)

Note that these names cannot ne used as context variable name.

Also available registered with @app.template_global decorator and given keyword arguments (or dictionary keys).

{{ request.cookie.username }} choices item {{ request.ARGS.get ("choice", "N/A") }}.

<a href="{{ was.urlfor ('checkout', context.choice) }}">Proceed</a>

Also ‘was.g’ is can be useful in case threr’re lots of render parameters.

was.g.product = "Apple"
was.g.howmany = 10

return was.render ("index.html")

And at jinja2 template,

Checkout for {{ was.g.howmany }} {{ was.g.product }}{{ was.g.howmany > 1 and "s" or ""}}

If you want modify Jinja2 envrionment, can through was.app.jinja_env object.

def generate_form_token ():
  ...

was.app.jinja_env.globals['form_token'] = generate_form_token

And this is same as,

@app.template_global ('form_token')
def generate_form_token ():
  ...

New in skitai version 0.15.16

Added new app.jinja_overlay () for easy calling app.jinja_env.overlay ().

Recently JS HTML renderers like Vue.js, React.js have confilicts with default jinja mustache variable. In this case you mightbe need change it.

app = Atila (__name__)
app.debug = True
app.use_reloader = True
app.jinja_overlay (
  variable_start_string = "{{",
  variable_end_string = "}}",
  block_start_string = "{%",
  block_end_string = "%}",
  comment_start_string = "{#",
  comment_end_string = "#}",
  line_statement_prefix = "%",
  line_comment_prefix = "%%",
  **kargs # Jinja2 Environment arguments
)

To add Jinja2 extensions,

app.add_jinja_ext ('jinja2.ext.i18n')

Currently, Atila use “jinja2.ext.do”, “jinja2.ext.loopcontrols” defaultly.

If you want remove extensions,

app.jinja_overlay (extensions = [])

Using Skitai Async Requests Services Working With Jinja2 Template

If you want to use Jinja2 template engine, install first.

pip3 install -U jinja2

Basic usage is here.

Async request’s benefit will be maximied at your view template rather than your controller. At controller, you just fire your requests and get responses at your template.

@app.route ("/")
@app.login_required
def intro (was):
  was.g.aa = was.get ("https://example.com/blur/blur")
  was.g.bb = was.get ("https://example.com/blur/blur/more-blur")
  return was.render ('template.html')

Your template,

{% set response = was.g.aa.dispatch () %}
{% if response.status == 3 %}
  {{ was.response.throw ("500 Internal Server Error") }}
{% endif %}

{% if response.status_code == 200 %}
  {% for each in response.data %}
    ...
  {% endfor %}
{% endif %}

Available only with Atila

Shorter version is for dispatch and throw HTTP error,

{% set response = was.g.aa.dispatch_or_throw ("500 Internal Server Error") %}

Registering Global Template Function

New in skitai version 0.26.16

template_global decorator makes a function possible to use in your template,

@app.template_global ("test_global")
def test (was):
  return ", ".join.(was.request.args.keys ())

At template,

{{ test_global () }}

Note that all template global function’s first parameter should be was. But when calling, you SHOULDN’t give was.

Registering Jinja2 Filter

New in skitai version 0.26.16

template_filter decorator makes a function possible to use in your template,

@app.template_filter ("reverse")
def reverse_filter (s):
  return s [::-1]

At template,

{{ "Hello" | reverse }}

Custom Error Template

New in skitai version 0.26.7

@app.default_error_handler
def default_error_handler (was, error):
  return was.render ('default.htm', error = error)

@app.error_handler (404)
def not_found (was, error):
  return was.render ('404.htm', error = error)

Template file 404.html is like this:

<h1>{{ error.code }} {{ error.message }}</h1>
<p>{{ error.detail }}</p>
<hr>
<div>URL: {{ error.url }}</div>
<div>Time: {{ error.time }}</div>

Note that custom error templates can not be used before routing to the app.

Working With Chameleon Template Engine

Chameleon is an beautiful HTML/XML template engine.

For using this engine you install first.

pip3 install -U chameleon

If you save Chameleon template with ‘.pt’ or ‘.ptal’ extensions at templates directory, Atila will render this template with Chameleon.

Working With Django

New in skitai version 0.26.15

I barely use Django, but recently I have opportunity using Django and it is very fantastic and especially impressive to Django Admin System.

Here are some examples collaborating with Djnago and Atila.

Before it begin, you should mount Django app,

# mount django admin
with skitai.preference () as pref:
  pref.use_reloader = True
  pref.use_debug = True
  # '/' mapped with django.admin in urls.py
  skitai.mount ("/admin", 'django/wsgi.py', 'application', pref)

# mount main app
with skitai.preference () as pref:
  pref.use_reloader = True
  pref.use_debug = True
  skitai.mount ('/', 'app.py', pref = pref)

skitai.run ()

When Django app is mounted, these will be processed.

add django project root path will be added to sys.path
app is mounted
database alias (@mydjangoapp) will be created as base name of django project root

Using Django Models

You can use also Django models without mount app.

First of all, you should specify django setting with alias for django database engine.

skitai.alias ("@django", skitai.DJANGO, "myapp/settings.py")

Then call django.setup () and you can use your models,

import django
django.setup () # should call
from mydjangoapp.photos import models

@app,route ('/django/hello')
def django_hello (was):
  models.Photo.objects.create (user='Hans Roh', title = 'My Photo')
  result = models.Photo.filter (user='hansroh').order_by ('-create_at')

You can use Django Query Set as SQL generator for Skitai’s asynchronous query execution. But it has some limitations.

just vaild only select query and prefetch_related ()
effetive only to PostgreSQL and SQLite3 (but SQLite3 dose not support asynchronous execution, so it is practically meaningless)

from mydjangoapp.photos import models

@app,route ('/hello')
def django_hello (was):
  query = models.Photo.objects.filter (topic=1).order_by ('title')
  return was.jstream (was.sqlite3 ("@entity").execute (query).dispatch ().data, 'data')

How To

Response All Errors As JSON

@app.default_error_handler
def default_error_handler (was, error):
  code = error ["errno"] or str (error ["code"]) + '00'
  return was.Fault (
    error ["message"].lower (), code, None,
    error ["detail"], exc_info = error ["traceback"]
  )

Change Log

0.8 (Feb, 2020)
- rename from @app.require to @app.inspect but still valid
- @app.maintain can have interval parameter
- add was.Media () and was.Mounted ()
- add was.render_or_Map ()
- add was.Map () and was.ThreadPass ()
- add was.static and was.media
- both __setup__ and __mount__ can have mntopt argument optionally
- add was.Static ()
- add 400 Not My Fault with assert
- add notags and safes arguments to @app.require
- now, csrf token uses cookie not session and kept with browser
- add remove_csrf ()
- fix corequest cache sync
- update, config.MINIFY_HTML = None (default) | ‘strip’ | ‘minify’
- add @app.csrf_verification_required
- add ‘@app.clarify_permission’ and ‘@app.clarify_login’ decorators
- add __setup__ hook for service packages.__init__.py
0.7 (Dec, 2019)
- fix <path> type routing
- change URL build alias from was.urlspec ()
- change URL build alias from was.ab () to was.urlfor ()
- add alias was.urlpatch () for was.partial () for clarity
- add session.impending () and session.use_time ()
- change default options for Jinja2
- change session key name
- fix session expireation
- add extend param to session.mount ()
- add was.render_or_API ()
- add was.request.acceptables and was.request.acceptable (media)
- fix @app.fix testpass_required when reloading
- change session.mount spec
- fix multiple mount bug related enable_namespace
- fix websocket bug related enable_namespace
- app.auto_mount was deprecated
- default value of app.enable_namespace has been from False to True. ACTION REQUIRED, lower version incompatible
0.6 (Oct, 2019)
- fix query string exception handling
- readd Chameleon template engine chapter to README
- test on PyPy
0.5 (Sep, 2019)
- add app example
- update requirements
0.4 (Aug, 2019)
- now, modules within __mount__ are reloadable
- deprecated @app.test_params, use @app.require
- deprecated was.Future and was.Futures, it doesn’t need.
0.3 (Mar 13, 2019)
- remove proxing django route
- remove login service with django
- remove django model signal redirecting
- add @app.require
- change mount handler: def mount (app) => def __mount__ (app) but lower version compatible
- make available @app.route (“”)
- add was.ProxyPass (alias, path, timeout = 3)
- add special pre-defined URL parameter value: me, notme, new
- add parameter validation, now response code 400, if validatiion if failed
- fix implicit routing
- add conditional permission control
0.2 (Feb 18, 2019)
- fix implicit routing for root
- remove jinja2 from requirements
- add app.websocket_send ()
- fix Futures respinse bugs
- add was.API (), was.Fault (), was.File and was.Futures ()
0.1 (Jan 17, 2019)
- was.promise () has been deprecated, use was.Futures ()
- add interval based maintain jobs executor
- change name from app.storage to app.store
- add default_bearer_handler
- fix routing bugs related fancy URL
- add was.request.URL, DEFAULT, FORM (former was.request.form ()), JSON (former was.request.json ()), DATA (former was.request.data), ARGS (former was.request.args)
- add @app.test_param (required = None, ints = None, floats = None)
- project has been seperated from skitai and rename from saddle to atila, because saddle project is already exist on PYPI

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Apr 11, 2020

0.8.3.9

Apr 6, 2020

0.8.3.8

Mar 27, 2020

0.8.3.7

Mar 26, 2020

0.8.3.6

Mar 26, 2020

0.8.3.5

Mar 26, 2020

0.8.3.3

Mar 25, 2020

0.8.3.2

Mar 25, 2020

0.8.3.1

Mar 24, 2020

0.8.3

Mar 24, 2020

0.8.2.6

Mar 19, 2020

0.8.2.5

Mar 18, 2020

0.8.2.4

Mar 10, 2020

0.8.2.3

Mar 9, 2020

0.8.2.2

Mar 9, 2020

0.8.2.1

Mar 6, 2020

0.8.2.0

Mar 3, 2020

0.8.1.6

Mar 2, 2020

0.8.1.5

Mar 2, 2020

0.8.1.4

Mar 2, 2020

0.8.1.3

Mar 2, 2020

0.8.1.2

Mar 1, 2020

0.8.1.1

Mar 1, 2020

0.8.1

Feb 29, 2020

0.8.0.2

Feb 29, 2020

0.8.0.1

Feb 29, 2020

0.8b0 pre-release

Feb 14, 2020

0.7.8

Feb 16, 2020

0.7.7.1

Jan 13, 2020

0.7.7

Jan 3, 2020

0.7.6.5

Dec 27, 2019

0.7.6.3

Dec 26, 2019

0.7.6.2

Dec 25, 2019

0.7.6

Dec 24, 2019

0.7.5

Dec 22, 2019

0.7.4

Dec 21, 2019

0.7.4b1 pre-release

Dec 21, 2019

0.7.3

Dec 19, 2019

0.7.2.1

Dec 18, 2019

0.7.2

Dec 18, 2019

0.7.1.1

Dec 11, 2019

0.7.1

Dec 11, 2019

0.7.0.2

Dec 11, 2019

0.7.0.1

Dec 11, 2019

0.7.0

Dec 10, 2019

0.6.0.3

Nov 8, 2019

0.6.0.1

Nov 7, 2019

0.6.0

Oct 29, 2019

0.5.1.6

Oct 25, 2019

0.5.1.5

Oct 25, 2019

0.5.1.4

Oct 25, 2019

0.5.1.3

Oct 25, 2019

0.5.1.2

Oct 25, 2019

0.5.1.1

Oct 24, 2019

0.5.1.0

Sep 27, 2019

0.5.0.6

Sep 27, 2019

0.5.0.5

Sep 27, 2019

0.5.0.4

Sep 26, 2019

0.5.0.3

Sep 26, 2019

0.5.0.2

Sep 25, 2019

0.5.0.1

Sep 23, 2019

0.5.0

Sep 23, 2019

0.5.0b1 pre-release

Sep 23, 2019

0.4.2.5

Sep 22, 2019

0.4.2.4

Sep 11, 2019

0.4.2.3

Sep 10, 2019

0.4.2.2

Sep 7, 2019

0.4.2.1

Aug 28, 2019

0.4.2.0

Aug 27, 2019

0.4.1.1

Aug 20, 2019

0.4.1.0

Aug 20, 2019

0.4.0.1

Aug 14, 2019

0.4.0.0

Aug 13, 2019

0.3.3.1

Jul 27, 2019

0.3.3.0

Jul 27, 2019

0.3.2.20

Jul 26, 2019

0.3.2.19

Jul 26, 2019

0.3.2.18

Jul 26, 2019

0.3.2.17

Jul 24, 2019

0.3.2.16

Jul 24, 2019

0.3.2.15

Jun 5, 2019

0.3.2.14

Jun 5, 2019

0.3.2.13

Jun 5, 2019

0.3.2.12

May 25, 2019

0.3.2.11

May 25, 2019

0.3.2.10

May 24, 2019

0.3.2.8

May 24, 2019

0.3.2.7

May 17, 2019

0.3.2.6

May 15, 2019

0.3.2.5

May 10, 2019

0.3.2.4

May 10, 2019

0.3.2.3

May 3, 2019

0.3.2.2

May 1, 2019

0.3.2.1

Apr 26, 2019

0.3.2

Apr 25, 2019

0.3.1

Apr 23, 2019

0.3.0.1

Apr 22, 2019

0.3

Apr 19, 2019

0.2.6.7

Apr 12, 2019

0.2.6.5

Apr 11, 2019

0.2.6.4

Apr 11, 2019

0.2.6.3

Apr 9, 2019

0.2.6.2

Apr 9, 2019

0.2.6.1

Apr 6, 2019

0.2.6

Apr 6, 2019

0.2.5.3

Apr 6, 2019

0.2.5.2

Apr 5, 2019

0.2.5.1

Apr 4, 2019

0.2.5

Apr 4, 2019

0.2.4

Apr 3, 2019

0.2.3.9

Apr 2, 2019

0.2.3.8

Apr 1, 2019

0.2.3.7

Mar 30, 2019

0.2.3.6

Mar 30, 2019

0.2.3.5

Mar 30, 2019

0.2.3.4

Mar 30, 2019

0.2.3.3

Mar 28, 2019

0.2.3.2

Mar 24, 2019

0.2.3.1

Mar 23, 2019

0.2.3

Mar 22, 2019

0.2.2.32

Mar 4, 2019

0.2.2.31

Mar 3, 2019

0.2.2.30

Mar 2, 2019

0.2.2.29

Mar 2, 2019

0.2.2.28

Mar 2, 2019

0.2.2.27

Mar 2, 2019

0.2.2.26

Mar 2, 2019

0.2.2.25

Mar 2, 2019

0.2.2.24

Mar 2, 2019

0.2.2.23

Mar 2, 2019

0.2.2.22

Mar 1, 2019

0.2.2.21

Mar 1, 2019

0.2.2.20

Feb 28, 2019

0.2.2.19

Feb 27, 2019

0.2.2.18

Feb 27, 2019

0.2.2.17

Feb 27, 2019

0.2.2.16

Feb 27, 2019

0.2.2.15

Feb 26, 2019

0.2.2.14

Feb 25, 2019

0.2.2.13

Feb 25, 2019

0.2.2.12

Feb 24, 2019

0.2.2.11

Feb 24, 2019

0.2.2.10

Feb 24, 2019

0.2.2.9

Feb 24, 2019

0.2.2.8

Feb 23, 2019

0.2.2.7

Feb 22, 2019

0.2.2.6

Feb 21, 2019

0.2.2.5

Feb 21, 2019

0.2.2.4

Feb 21, 2019

0.2.2.3

Feb 20, 2019

0.2.2.2

Feb 19, 2019

0.2.2.1

Feb 19, 2019

0.2.2

Feb 19, 2019

0.2

Feb 18, 2019

0.1.2.7

Feb 17, 2019

0.1.2.6

Feb 17, 2019

0.1.2.5

Feb 15, 2019

0.1.2.4

Feb 13, 2019

0.1.2.3

Feb 11, 2019

0.1.2.2

Feb 11, 2019

0.1.2.1

Feb 6, 2019

0.1.2

Feb 6, 2019

0.1.1

Feb 4, 2019

0.1.0.1

Feb 1, 2019

0.1

Jan 26, 2019

0.1a7 pre-release

Jan 24, 2019

0.1a6 pre-release

Jan 23, 2019

0.1a5 pre-release

Jan 22, 2019

0.1a4 pre-release

Jan 20, 2019

0.1a3 pre-release

Jan 17, 2019

0.1a2 pre-release

Jan 17, 2019

0.1a1 pre-release

Jan 17, 2019

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