autowrapt

Bootstrap mechanism for monkey patches.

autowrapt triggers the monkey patching of a Python application at interpreter startup, without the application itself being modified. It is a small companion to wrapt, whose post import hook mechanism does the actual work. You write the patches as post import hooks, expose them as entry points, and name the entry point group in an environment variable when running the application.

Installation

pip install autowrapt

autowrapt must be installed into the same Python installation or virtual environment as the application it is to patch. Installing it puts two startup files, autowrapt-init.start and autowrapt-init.pth, at the top of site-packages, which is what triggers it at interpreter startup. Which of them does the work depends on the Python version, as described below.

Usage

Write a post import hook for each module you want to patch. It is a function which takes the module as its only argument and is called immediately after the module is first imported.

# mycompany/patches.py

import wrapt


def patch_requests(module):
    @wrapt.wrap_function_wrapper(module, "get")
    def wrapper(wrapped, instance, args, kwargs):
        print("GET", args[0] if args else kwargs.get("url"))

        return wrapped(*args, **kwargs)

Register the hooks as entry points in the package which contains them. The entry point group name is yours to choose, and within it each entry point name is the module the hook is for.

# pyproject.toml

[project.entry-points."mycompany.patches"]
requests = "mycompany.patches:patch_requests"

Run the application with the AUTOWRAPT_BOOTSTRAP environment variable set to the name of the entry point group.

AUTOWRAPT_BOOTSTRAP=mycompany.patches python app.py

More than one group can be named, separated by commas. Every entry point in each group is registered as a post import hook, and each hook runs when, and only when, its module is first imported. A module which is never imported costs nothing. When the variable is not set, nothing is loaded beyond the top level autowrapt package, which has no imports of its own.

Example

The package ships one example hook, registered under the autowrapt.examples group against the this module.

AUTOWRAPT_BOOTSTRAP=autowrapt.examples python -c "import this"

This prints the Zen of Python as normal, with one extra line added at the end.

How it works

Two startup files are installed at the top of site-packages, and the site module processes them while the interpreter starts up.

• autowrapt-init.start names the entry point autowrapt:init. This is the package startup configuration file introduced by PEP 829, and it is what Python 3.15 and later use. Its presence tells those versions to ignore the import line in the .pth file of the same name.

• autowrapt-init.pth holds the single line import autowrapt; autowrapt.init(). Running code from a .pth file is deprecated by the same PEP, but it is the only mechanism available on Python 3.14 and earlier, and it is what those versions use.

Both routes import the autowrapt package and call init(). The package module has no imports of its own, so when AUTOWRAPT_BOOTSTRAP is not set the cost of autowrapt being installed is loading that one file. When it is set, init() imports autowrapt.bootstrap and calls bootstrap().

On Python 3.14 and earlier, .pth files are processed part way through site initialisation, before the module search path is complete, so bootstrap() does not register the hooks straight away. It arranges for that to happen as the last step of site initialisation instead, after the sitecustomize module, or the usercustomize module when support for that is enabled, has been loaded. Only then is wrapt imported and asked to discover the entry points in each named group. On Python 3.15 and later the search path is already complete when the entry point runs, but the same deferral is used so that every version behaves the same way.

Limitations

• autowrapt has to be installed in the same environment as the application. A wrapper script run from one environment cannot patch a Python program run from another.

• Nothing happens when Python is run with the -S option, or in an embedded interpreter which does not run the site module, since the startup files are never processed.

• Installers which do not honour files at the root of a wheel, or tools which build environments without processing .pth and .start files, will not trigger autowrapt.

Documentation

autowrapt is documented in the wrapt documentation, since the two are bound up together. The section Applying patches at interpreter startup covers autowrapt itself, and the rest of that monkey patching page describes the post import hook mechanism it builds on.

wrapture, a higher level monkey patching, testing and tracing library built on wrapt, uses autowrapt for zero-code injection of its own patches.

License

BSD 2-Clause. See LICENSE.