backsub 0.5.1

Channel subtraction scaled by exposure times

Backsub - pixel-by-pixel channel subtraction tool for multiplexed immunofluorescence data

Backsub performs pixel-by-pixel background subtraction between marker and background channels scaled by their respective exposure times. The outputs are saved as pyramidal OME-TIFF files. It was originally developed for data produced by the Lunaphore COMET platform and is fully compatible with the MCMICRO pipeline.

Example of pixel-wise autofluorescence subtraction with Backsub:

Introduction

In multiplexed immunofluorescence images, autofluorescence and background signals can cause improper cell segmentation, and can affect downstream intensity quantification which is why, if possible, they should be subtracted from raw channel intensities. The most precise way of subtracting background would be on a pixel-to-pixel basis. An alternative would be to subtract the background measurements from the marker measurements for each cell after quantification, however, for visual inspection of images, segmentation, and data presentation, it is preferred to use the corrected values.

The primary use case is autofluorescence subtraction for multichannel and multicycle microscopy images to improve:

• image visualization of tissues with strong autofluorescence
• segmentation accuracy
• quantification quality (if the previous two usecases are not necessary, downstream subtraction of autofluorescence signal is encouraged instead)

Background subtraction is performed using the following formula:

Marker_corrected = Marker_raw − Background × (Exposure_Marker / Exposure_Background)

Installation

Backsub can be installed directly from PyPI, or run in a preconfigured Docker container. For development or container builds, a fixed-version Conda environment is provided.

Option 1: Install from PyPI

Backsub is available from PyPI

pip install backsub

After installation, you can run the tool directly in the command line

backsub --help

Example:

backsub \
    -r /path/to/input_image.tif \
    -o /path/to/corrected_image.ome.tif \
    -m /path/to/markers.csv \
    -mo /path/to/markers_corrected.csv

Option 2: Docker

Pull the latest container from the GitHub Container Registry:

docker pull ghcr.io/schapirolabor/background_subtraction:latest

You can then run Backsub directly, mounting your input and output directories:

docker run --rm -v $(pwd):/data ghcr.io/schapirolabor/background_subtraction:latest \
    backsub \
    -r /data/input_image.tif \
    -o /data/corrected_image.ome.tif \
    -m /data/markers.csv \
    -mo /data/markers_corrected.csv

If you want to build the container yourself, clone the repository first, then build it from the provided Dockerfile:

git clone https://github.com/SchapiroLabor/Background_subtraction.git
cd Background_subtraction
docker build -t backsub:latest .

Option 3: Development / Conda environment

For development or reproducible research setups:

git clone https://github.com/SchapiroLabor/Background_subtraction.git
cd Background_subtraction
conda env create -f environment.yml
conda activate backsub_env

pip install -e .

Run with

python -m backsub.background_sub --help

Execution and usage

Inputs

A TIFF or OME-TIFF file containing multiplexed immunofluorescence data.

A markers.csv file should be provided to describe the channels of the image. Needs to contain the following columns:

Column	Description	Required
marker_name	Contains the channel names, all values must be unique.	yes
background	Specifies the channel that should be subtracted from the specified channel. The background value, if present, must match the marker_name value of the background channel. If no subtraction is necessary, the field can be left empty.	yes
exposure	Contains the exposure time used for channel acquisition in ms.	yes
remove	Optional column that allows the user to exclude certain channels from the output file by setting that channel's remove value to TRUE.	no

An exemplary markers.csv file is provided.

Command Line Interface

Argument	Long form	Description	Specification	Default	Required
-in	--input	File path to the input image file.	string, ends with .tif, .tiff, .ome.tif or .ome.tiff		yes
-o	--output	File path where the output pyramidal OME-TIFF will be saved.	string, ends with .ome.tif or .ome.tiff		yes
-m	--markers	File path to the markers (CSV) file containing the list of marker names and their respective background channels.	string, ends with .csv		yes
-mo	--marker-output	File path where the output marker (CSV) file matching the output image will be saved.	string, ends with .csv		yes
-mpp	--pixel-size	Pixel size provided in microns (microns per pixel). If not provided, image metadata will be checked. If that is not successful, the value will be set to 1.	float	None	no
-sr	--save-ram	Optional flag to approximately cut RAM usage in half. Note that the dimensions of the reduced resolution levels (sub-levels) of the output pyramidal image will slightly differ whether or not the argument is used.	boolean flag	false	no
-comp	--compression	The output pyramidal OME-TIFF will be compressed using the specified compression. Set to "none" for no compression.	string, either "lzw", "zlib", or "none"	"lzw"	no
-ts	--tile-size	Tile size used for writing pyramidal outputs. Note that the file size is smaller for smaller tile size values.	integer, multiple of 16	256	no
-dsf	--downscale-factor	Downscale factor for pyramid layer creation. This value will only be used if the input image is NOT pyramidal. If the input image is pyramidal, the number of levels in the output image will be the same as in the input so the downscale factor won't be applied.	integer, larger than 1	2	no
-v	--version	Prints Backsub version.

Example of a full command (note to provide full paths where applicable):

python Background_subtraction/backsub/background_sub.py \
    --input /data/input_image.tif \
    --output /data/corrected_image.ome.tif \
    --markers /data/markers.csv \
    --marker-output /data/markers_corrected.csv \
    --pixel-size 0.65 \
    --tile-size 256 \
    --downscale-factor 2 \
    --compression zlib

Outputs

The output image file will be a pyramidal OME-TIFF file containing the processed channels. The channels tagged for removal will be excluded from the final image.

The output markers file will be a CSV file containing the following columns: "marker_name", "background", "exposure". The "marker_name" column will contain the marker names of the processed channels. The "background" column will contain the marker names of the channels used for subtraction. The "exposure" column will contain the exposure times of the processed channels.

Features

• Pixel-wise channel subtraction scaled by exposure time.
• Autofluroescence correction for multiplexed immunofluroescence images.
• Pyramidal OME-TIFF output compatible with the MCMICRO pipeline.
• Optional image compression to not bloat data size of large projects.
• Low-memory mode for local processing of large datasets.
• Automatic metadata extraction for Lunaphore COMET data.

Contributing

Contributions are welcome! If you would like to contribute, please:

1. Fork the repository
2. Create a feature branch:

git checkout -b feature/my-feature

3. Commit your changes and open a pull request

For questions of issues, please open a GitHub issue.

Contributors

Author and maintainer:

• Krešimir Beštak

Contributors:

• Victor Perez
• Florian Wünnemann.

Changelog

See the CHANGELOG file for deatils about new features, bug fixes, and version history.

License

This project is licensed under the terms of the MIT License.

Citation

If you use Backsub in your work, please cite it as:

Bestak, K., Perez, V., & Wuennemann, F. (2025).
Backsub: a pixel-by-pixel channel subtraction tool for multiplexed immunofluorescence data. Available at: https://github.com/SchapiroLabor/Background_subtraction