Bagz

Overview

Bagz is a format for storing a sequence of byte-array records, typically serialised protocol buffers. It supports per-record compression and fast index-based lookup. All indexing is zero based.

Installation

To install Bagz from source we recommend using uv. The install will download required dependencies apart from curl (libcurl-devel) and OpenSSL (openssl-devel). These need to be installed in a location that cmake's find_package searches.

uv pip install .

To support reading from GCS:

uv pip install '.[GCS]'

On Linux and macOS you can install the latest version from PyPI.

uv pip install bagz

If you want GCS support install bagz-gcs:

uv pip install bagz-gcs

To build wheels locally it is recommended to use cibuildwheel.

On Linux (using podman):

sudo apt install podman

rm -rf dist/
python3 -m build --sdist --outdir dist .
python3 -m build --sdist --outdir dist plugins/gcs

CIBW_CONTAINER_ENGINE="podman" cibuildwheel --platform linux dist/bagz-*.tar.gz
CIBW_CONTAINER_ENGINE="podman" cibuildwheel --platform linux dist/bagz_gcs-*.tar.gz

On macOS:

rm -rf dist/
python3 -m build --sdist --outdir dist .
python3 -m build --sdist --outdir dist plugins/gcs

cibuildwheel --platform macos dist/bagz-*.tar.gz
cibuildwheel --platform macos dist/bagz_gcs-*.tar.gz

Python API

Python Reader

Reader for reading a single or sharded Bagz file-set.

from collections.abc import Sequence, Iterable

import bagz
import numpy as np

# Bagz Readers support random access. The order of elements within a Bagz
# file is the order in which they are written. Records are returned as `bytes`
# objects.
data = bagz.Reader('/path/to/data.bagz')

# Bagz Readers can be configured like this - here we require that the file was
# written with separate limits.
data_separate_limits = bagz.Reader('/path/to/data.bagz', bagz.Reader.Options(
    limits_placement=bagz.LimitsPlacement.SEPARATE,
))

# Bagz Readers are Sequences and support slicing, iterating, etc.
assert isinstance(data, Sequence)

# Bagz Readers have a length.
assert len(data) > 10

# Can access record by row-index.
fifth_value: bytes = data[5]

# Can slice.
data_from_5: bagz.Reader = data[5:]

# Slices are still Readers.
assert isinstance(data_from_5, bagz.Reader)

assert data_from_5[0] == fifth_value

# Can access records by multiple row-indices.
fourth, second, tenth = data.read_indices([4, 2, 10])
assert fourth == data[4]
assert second == data[2]
assert tenth == data[10]

# Can iterate records.
for record in data:
  do_something_else(record)

# Can read all records. This eager version can be faster than iteration.
all_records = data.read()

# Can iterate sub-range of records.
for record in data[4:9]:
  do_something_else(record)

# Can read a sub-range of records. This eager form can be faster than
# iteration.
sub_range = data[4:9].read()

# Can use an infinite iterator as source of indices. (Reads ahead in parallel.)
def my_generator(size: int) -> Iterable[int]:
  rng = np.random.default_rng(42)
  while True:
    yield rng.integers(size).item()

data_iter: Iterable[bytes] = data.read_indices_iter(my_generator(len(data)))
for i in range(10):
  random_item: bytes = next(data_iter)

Python Reader - Index and MultiIndex

You can use Index to find the first index of a record and MultiIndex to find all instances of an item.

keys = bagz.Reader('/path/to/keys.bag')
# Get the index of the first occurrence of key.
index = bagz.Index(keys)
key_index: int = index[b'example_key']

# Get all occurrences of key.
multi_index = bagz.MultiIndex(keys)
all_indices: list[int] = multi_index[b'example_key']

Python Writer

For writing a single Bagz file.

Example:

import bagz

# Compression is selected based on the file extension:
# `.bagz` will use Zstandard compression with default settings.
# `.bag` will use no compression.
with bagz.Writer('/path/to/data.bagz') as writer:
  for d in generate_records():
    writer.write(d)

# Adjust compression level explicitly.
# Note this will no longer use the extension to detemine whether to compress.
with bagz.Writer(
    '/path/to/data.bagz',
    bagz.Writer.Options(
        compression=bagz.CompressionZstd(level=3)
    ),
) as writer:
  for d in generate_records():
    writer.write(d)

Options

Reader Options

bagz.Reader.Options has these optional arguments.

• compression: Can be one of:
  • bagz.CompressionAutoDetect(): Default - Uses extension whether to compress. (.bagz - Compressed (ZStandard), .bag - Uncompressed)
  • bagz.CompressionNone(): Records are not decompressed.
  • bagz.CompressionZstd(): Records are decompressed using Zstandard.
• limits_placement: Can be one of:
  • bagz.LimitsPlacement.TAIL: Default- Reads limits from a tail of file.
  • bagz.LimitsPlacement.SEPARATE: Reads limits from a separate file.
• limits_storage: Can be one of:
  • bagz.LimitsStorage.ON_DISK: Default - Reads limits from disk for each read.
  • bagz.LimitsStorage.IN_MEMORY: Reads all limits from disk in one go.
• max_parallelism: Default number of threads when reading many records.
• sharding_layout: Can be one of:
  • bagz.ShardingLayout.CONCATENATED: Default - See Sharding
  • bagz.ShardingLayout.INTERLEAVED: See Sharding

Writer Options

bagz.Writer.Options has these optional arguments.

• compression: Can be one of:
  • bagz.CompressionAutoDetect(): Default - Uses extension whether to compress. (.bagz - Compressed (Zstandard), .bag - Uncompressed)
  • bagz.CompressionNone(): Records are not compressed.
  • bagz.CompressionZstd(level = 3): Records are compressed using Zstandard the level of the compression can be specified.
• limits_placement: Can be one of:
  • bagz.LimitsPlacement.TAIL: Default - Writes limits to a tail of file.
  • bagz.LimitsPlacement.SEPARATE: Writes limits to a separate file.

Apache Beam Support

Bagz also provides Apache Beam connectors for reading and writing Bagz files in Beam pipelines.

Ensure you have Apache Beam installed.

uv pip install apache_beam

Bagz Source

import apache_beam as beam
from bagz.beam import bagzio
import tensorflow as tf

with beam.Pipeline() as pipeline:
  examples = (
      pipeline
      | 'ReadData' >> bagzio.ReadFromBagz('/path/to/your/data@*.bagz')
      | 'Decode' >> beam.Map(tf.train.Example.FromString)
  )
  # Continue your pipeline.

Bagz Sink

from bagz.beam import bagzio
import tensorflow as tf

def create_tf_example(data):
  # Replace with your actual feature creation logic.
  feature = {
      'data': tf.train.Feature(bytes_list=tf.train.BytesList(value=[data])),
  }
  return tf.train.Example(features=tf.train.Features(feature=feature))

with beam.Pipeline() as pipeline:
  data = [b'record1', b'record2', b'record3']

  examples = (
      pipeline
      | 'CreateData' >> beam.Create(data)
      | 'Encode' >> beam.Map(lambda x: create_tf_example(x).SerializeToString())
      | 'WriteData' >> bagzio.WriteToBagz('/path/to/output/data@*.bagz')
  )

GCS Support

Bagz supports Posix file-systems and Google Cloud Storage (GCS). If you have files on GCS you can access them with using the prefix /gs: to the path. These examples assume you have gcloud CLI installed.

From the shell:

gcloud config set project your-project-name
gcloud auth application-default login

Then use the 'gs:' file-system prefix.

import pathlib
import bagz

# (This may freeze if you have not configured the project.)
reader = bagz.Reader('gs://your-bucket-name/your-file.bagz')

# Path supports a leading slash to work well with pathlib.
bucket = pathlib.Path('/gs://your-bucket-name')
reader = bagz.Reader(bucket / 'your-file.bagz')

Sharding

An ordered collection of Bagz-formatted files ("shards") may be opened together and indexed via a single global-index. The global-index is mapped to a shard and an index within that shard (shard-index) in one of two ways:

1. Concatenated (default). Indexing is equivalent to the records in each Bagz-formatted shard being concatenated into a single sequence of records.

   Example:

   When opening four Bagz-formatted files with sizes [8, 4, 0, 5], the global-index with range [0, 17) (shown as the table entries) maps to shard and shard-index like this:

                  | shard-index
   shard          |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7
   -------------- | -----------------------
   00000-of-00004 |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7
   00001-of-00004 |  8  9 10 11
   00002-of-00004 |
   00003-of-00004 | 12 13 14 15 16
   

   Mappings

   global-index	shard	shard-index
   0	00000-of-00004	0
   1	00000-of-00004	1
   2	00000-of-00004	2
   ...	...	...
   8	00001-of-00004	0
   9	00001-of-00004	1
   ...	...	...
   15	00003-of-00004	3
   16	00003-of-00004	4

2. Interleaved where the global-index is interleaved in a round-robin manner across all the shards.

   Example:

   When opening three Bagz-formatted files with sizes [6, 6, 5], the global-index with range [0, 17) (shown as the table entries) maps to shard and shard-index like this:

                  |  shard-index
   shard          |  0  1  2  3  4  5
   -------------- | -----------------
   00000-of-00003 |  0  3  6  9 12 15
   00001-of-00003 |  1  4  7 10 13 16
   00002-of-00003 |  2  5  8 11 14
   

   Mappings

   global-index	shard	shard-index
   0	00000-of-00003	0
   1	00001-of-00003	0
   2	00002-of-00003	0
   ...	...	...
   6	00000-of-00003	2
   7	00001-of-00003	2
   8	00002-of-00003	2
   ...	...	...
   15	00000-of-00003	5
   16	00001-of-00003	5

Bagz file format

The Bagz file format has two parts: the records section and the limits section.

• The records section consists of the concatenation of all (possibly compressed) records. (There are no additional bytes inside or between records, and records are not aligned in any way.)
• The limits section is a dense array of the end-offsets of each record in order, encoded in little-endian 64-bit unsigned integers.

These can be stored with tail-limits in one file, where the limits sections is appended to the record section or separate-limits where they are stored in separate files.

Tail-limits example

Given Bagz file formatted file with the following 3 uncompressed records:

The raw bytes of the Bagz file formated file corresponding to the records above:

0x61 a 0x62 b 0x63 c 0x64 d 0x65 e 0x66 f
0x31 1 0x32 2 0x33 3
0x63 c 0x61 a 0x74 t 0x63 c 0x61 a 0x74 t
0x06   0x00   0x00   0x00   0x00   0x00   0x00   0x00  # 6 byte offset
0x09   0x00   0x00   0x00   0x00   0x00   0x00   0x00  # 9 byte offset
0x0f   0x00   0x00   0x00   0x00   0x00   0x00   0x00  # 15 byte offset

The last 8 bytes represent the end-offset of the last record. This is also the start of the limits section. Therefore reading the last 8 bytes will directly tell you the offset of the records/limits boundary.

Disclaimer

This is not an official Google product.