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Overview

The solution of arbitrary polynomial systems is an area of active research, and has many applications in math, science and engineering. This software, Bertini 2, is a re-implementation of Bertini 1 from C into C++/Python.

The theoretical basis for the solution of polynomials with Bertini is a theorem which bounds the number of solutions a system may have. It sits together with the numerical computational tool of "homotopy continuation". the act of "continuing" from one system into another through a "homotopy", as depicted in the below diagram:

homotopy continuation

Current capabilites

Bertini 2 has already implemented most of the foundations of Numerical Algebraic Geometry. Development is ongoing, and here's what we have so far:

  • A blackbox that implements tracktype 0 (zerodim solving) for the total degree and mhom start systems. User homotopy not yet exposed
  • Through Python bindings, runtime scriptable construction of systems and interactivity with their zero-dimensional solutions.
  • Python construction of multivariate polynomial and non-polynomial systems, including from linear algebra operations via numpy and Bertini 2's variables and extended numeric types.
  • Evaluation of systems and their Jacobians in double and arbitrary multiple precision.
  • Construction of the Total Degree and Multihomogeneous start systems.
  • Construction of homotopies (they're just systems with path variables defined).
  • Tracking of a start point x_0, corresponding to a particular time $t_0 \in \mathbb{C}^n$ in a homotopy $H$, from $t_0$ to $t_1$.
  • Running of the Power Series and Cauchy endgames, in double, multiple, and adaptive precision.

See the published docs for latest the officially released documentation (which will always lag behind the doc from the dev version).

Missing functionality

✨ In-progress!!!

  • Numerical irreducible decomposition
  • Membership testing
  • and other algorithms

Users wanting a more stable implementation are recommended to use Bertini 1 or homotopycontinuation.jl, or one of the other packages implementing the theory.

Installation

Pre-built wheels -- the way to go!

The Python package bertini2 provides pre-built wheels for Linux, macOS, and Windows.

pip install bertini2

Once it's installed, you import bertini (not import bertini2!)

Installing the wheel also puts the classic blackbox command-line solver on your PATH as bertini2 (threads-only -- run bertini2 --help). For MPI / multi-rank cluster parallelism, build the CLI from source.

  • Linux: Python 3.10-3.14
  • MacOS (Apple Silicon): Python 3.10-3.14
  • MacOS (Intel): not currently supported
  • Windows: Python 3.10-3.14

Building from source

Please see the Wiki compiling section for instructions on compiling Bertini 2.

The bertini2 command-line solver

The classic blackbox CLI (bertini2 input, with a CONFIG/INPUT file) is a pure C++ program -- it does not depend on Python -- and every build path delivers it:

You want... Do this You get
The easy way (threads-only) pip install bertini2 bertini2 on PATH + the bertini Python package
From source, with Python pip install . (in a clone) same as the wheel, built locally
From source, with Python, editable pip install -e . bertini2 resolves to the in-tree build
Just the solver, no Python cmake -B build -S . && cmake --build build --target bertini2_exe && cmake --install build --component cli --prefix <prefix> only <prefix>/bin/bertini2
Full C++ dev install cmake --install build bin/bertini2 + libbertini2 + headers

A plain cmake build skips the Python bindings (BUILD_PYTHON_BINDINGS is off by default), so the CLI-only path never needs a Python interpreter. The binary statically links our code but still needs the usual shared libraries on the system (Boost, GMP, MPFR, MPC, and MPI for multi-rank runs) -- the wheel vendors these; a from-source build expects them present (e.g. via your HPC modules or a conda env). The wheel CLI is threads-only; for MPI / multi-rank cluster parallelism, build from source.

Other information

The official project repository is hosted on GitHub at github.com/bertiniteam/b2.

Please note that this is a long-term project, and is under active development. If you want to help, please see the wiki for contact information. We have opportinuties for all skill levels and interests.

License

Bertini 2 is Free and Open Source Software. Source is available under GPL Version 3, with additional terms as permitted under Section 7.

Thank yous

A huge thank you to:

  • HongKee Moon, for his help in getting this package to be pip-installable with a comprehensive CI build system.
  • Jack Hagen, for helping get away from the autotools and replacing CMake.
  • Mike Mumm, for helping with straight-line-programs
  • Jeb Collins, for writing much of the parser system, implementing the predictors, and so much more
  • Tim Hodges, for contributing to the endgame implementations
  • Alan Liddel, for tons of help with Python parts
  • Dan Bates, Jon Hauenstein, for critical advise support, and guidance
  • Andrew Sommese, Charles Wampler, Dan Bates, Jon Hauenstein, for writing Bertini 1

And to all the other people who have contributed to this package over the years.

Project links

Data verified by PyPI on Jul 10, 2026
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Key dates

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  • Released:
Newer release available (3.4.0)

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Avatar for silviana.amethyst from gravatar.com silviana.amethyst

Credits

Author: Bertini Team

Maintainer: silviana amethyst

GitHub Statistics

Data verified by PyPI on Jul 10, 2026
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