bharat-courts 0.2.1

Async Python client for Indian court data — eCourts, HC Services, Supreme Court

bharat-courts

Async Python SDK for Indian court data — search cases, download orders, and access cause lists from eCourts and the Supreme Court.

---

What is this?

India's eCourts platform holds millions of case records across 25+ High Courts, 700+ District Courts, and the Supreme Court — but there's no official API. Checking case status means navigating clunky portals, solving CAPTCHAs by hand, and copy-pasting results one at a time.

bharat-courts fixes that. It gives you — and your AI assistant — direct programmatic access to:

• Track matters — search by case number, party name, or advocate across any High Court or District Court
• Download orders & judgments — get PDFs for all orders in a case with one call
• Monitor cause lists — see which cases are listed before which bench, every day
• Pull recent Supreme Court judgments — scrape the homepage's "Latest Judgements / Orders" feed and download the PDFs
• Access District Courts — dynamically discover courts across 36 states/UTs and search 700+ court complexes
• Bulk download judgments — paginate through results, batch-download PDFs with automatic session management
• Automate CAPTCHA handling — built-in OCR solver, ONNX solver, or plug in your own

Works standalone as a Python library, as a CLI tool, or as an AI agent skill — install it into Claude Code, GitHub Copilot, or any MCP-compatible assistant and ask questions in plain English.

Built for practicing lawyers, litigation teams, legal researchers, legal aid organizations, and legal tech builders.

Installation

pip install bharat-courts

# With automatic CAPTCHA solving (recommended)
pip install bharat-courts[ocr]

# With lightweight ONNX CAPTCHA solver (alternative to ddddocr)
pip install bharat-courts[onnx]

# With CLI
pip install bharat-courts[cli]

# Everything (OCR + ONNX + CLI + dev tools)
pip install bharat-courts[all]

Requires Python 3.11+

Quick Start

Find all pending matters for your client

import asyncio
from bharat_courts import get_court, HCServicesClient
from bharat_courts.captcha.ocr import OCRCaptchaSolver

async def main():
    delhi = get_court("delhi")
    solver = OCRCaptchaSolver()

    async with HCServicesClient(captcha_solver=solver) as client:
        cases = await client.case_status_by_party(
            delhi,
            party_name="Reliance Industries",
            year="2024",
            status_filter="Pending",
        )
        for case in cases:
            print(f"{case.case_number}: {case.petitioner} v {case.respondent}")
            print(f"  CNR: {case.cnr_number}")

asyncio.run(main())

Check case status and download orders

async with HCServicesClient(captcha_solver=solver) as client:
    # Look up a specific writ petition. `case_type` is the numeric code from
    # list_case_types() (e.g. "134" = W.P.(C) on Delhi HC).
    cases = await client.case_status(
        get_court("bombay"),
        case_type="134",
        case_number="4520",
        year="2023",
    )
    # case_type on the result is now a label like "W.P.(C)" (from the
    # portal's type_name field). The showRecords endpoint does not return
    # case status, so case.status is always empty.
    print(f"{cases[0].case_type} {cases[0].case_number} — CNR: {cases[0].cnr_number}")

    # Download all orders for the case
    orders = await client.court_orders(
        get_court("bombay"),
        case_type="134",
        case_number="4520",
        year="2023",
    )
    for order in orders:
        print(f"{order.order_date} — {order.order_type} by {order.judge}")
        # download_order_pdf raises RuntimeError if the portal hands back its
        # 30-byte BOM+error string instead of a real PDF.
        pdf = await client.download_order_pdf(order.pdf_url)
        with open(f"order_{order.order_date}.pdf", "wb") as f:
            f.write(pdf)

Get tomorrow's cause list before court

pdfs = await client.cause_list(
    get_court("delhi"),
    civil=True,
    causelist_date="03-03-2026",   # DD-MM-YYYY
)
for pdf in pdfs:
    print(f"{pdf.bench} — {pdf.cause_list_type}")
    print(f"  Download: {pdf.pdf_url}")

Search District Court cases

from bharat_courts import DistrictCourtClient
from bharat_courts.districtcourts.parser import parse_complex_value

async with DistrictCourtClient(captcha_solver=solver) as client:
    # Discover the court hierarchy
    districts = await client.list_districts("8")        # Bihar
    complexes = await client.list_complexes("8", "1")   # Patna district

    # Parse complex value to get code + establishment info
    complex_val = list(complexes.keys())[-1]            # e.g. "1080010@2,3,4@Y"
    code, ests, needs_est = parse_complex_value(complex_val)
    est = ests[0] if needs_est else ""

    # Look up case types — the portal returns codes as "<case_type>^<est>"
    # compound strings (e.g. "89^2"); pass them back verbatim.
    case_types = await client.list_case_types("8", "1", code, est)
    # {"89^2": "ADMINISTRATIVE SUITE", "152^2": "Anticipatory Bail - ABP", ...}

    cases = await client.case_status(
        state_code="8", dist_code="1",
        court_complex_code=code, est_code=est,
        case_type="89^2",       # full compound code, not just "89"
        case_number="100", year="2024",
    )
    for case in cases:
        print(f"{case.case_number}: {case.petitioner} v {case.respondent}")

List recent Supreme Court judgments

from bharat_courts import SCIClient

# www.sci.gov.in surfaces the 50 most recent items inline on the homepage.
# No CAPTCHA, no search form — just scrape the feed.
async with SCIClient() as client:
    recent = await client.list_recent_judgments(limit=10)
    for j in recent:
        print(f"{j.judgment_date}: {j.title}")
        print(f"  Diary: {j.source_id}  {j.case_number}")
        # Download via /sci-get-pdf/?diary_no=... (portal viewer URL).
        await client.download_pdf(j)
        if j.pdf_bytes:
            with open(f"sci_{j.source_id}.pdf", "wb") as f:
                f.write(j.pdf_bytes)

(Date-range / party-name search against the legacy main.sci.gov.in host is no longer functional — that host is permanently 503 and the live www.sci.gov.in portal gates those flows behind a CAPTCHA-protected case-no/diary-no form that the SDK does not yet wire up. search_by_year and search_by_party raise NotImplementedError.)

Use with AI agents (Claude Code, Copilot, etc.)

Install the bundled skill so your AI assistant can look up court data for you in natural language:

bharat-courts install-skills

Then just ask your AI agent:

"Find all pending writ petitions for Tata Motors in Delhi High Court from 2024"

"Download the latest order in WP(C) 4520/2023 before the Bombay High Court"

"What's on the cause list for Karnataka High Court tomorrow?"

"Search for cases filed by State of Bihar in Patna district court in 2024"

"Show me the most recent Supreme Court judgments from this week"

The agent uses bharat-courts under the hood — handles CAPTCHA, sessions, and parsing automatically.

JSON serialization

All models support to_dict() and to_json() — pipe results into spreadsheets, dashboards, or case management tools:

import json

cases = await client.case_status_by_party(delhi, party_name="HDFC", year="2024")
# Export to JSON for your case tracker
with open("matters.json", "w") as f:
    json.dump([c.to_dict(exclude_none=True) for c in cases], f, indent=2)

[
  {
    "case_number": "3/2024",
    "case_type": "W.P.(C)",
    "cnr_number": "DLHC010582482024",
    "filing_number": "213400000032024",
    "registration_number": "3",
    "petitioner": "HDFC BANK LTD.",
    "respondent": "UNION OF INDIA & ORS.",
    "court_name": "Delhi High Court",
    "judges": []
  }
]

Note: status, registration_date, judges, and next_hearing_date are not returned by the live showRecords endpoint and stay empty/null. They live behind the case-history endpoint which the SDK does not call yet.

Supported Portals

Portal	Client	Status
HC Services	HCServicesClient	Fully working
District Courts	DistrictCourtClient	Case status, orders, cause lists across 700+ courts
Judgment Search	JudgmentSearchClient	Search, pagination, bulk PDF download
Supreme Court	SCIClient	Recent judgments feed + PDF download (case-no search not yet implemented)
Calcutta High Court	CalcuttaHCClient	Order/judgment search + PDF download (direct from HC website)

API Reference

HCServicesClient

Primary client for High Court case data via hcservices.ecourts.gov.in.

from bharat_courts import HCServicesClient

client = HCServicesClient(
    config=None,            # BharatCourtsConfig | None — uses global config singleton if None
    captcha_solver=None,    # CaptchaSolver | None — defaults to OCRCaptchaSolver if ddddocr installed
    http_client=None,       # RateLimitedClient | None — creates one internally if None
)

Use as an async context manager (no solver needed if bharat-courts[ocr] is installed):

async with HCServicesClient() as client:
    ...

---

list_benches(court) -> dict[str, str]

Get available benches for a High Court. No CAPTCHA required.

Parameter	Type	Required	Description
court	Court	Yes	Court object from get_court()

Returns: dict[str, str] — mapping of bench code to bench name.

delhi = get_court("delhi")
benches = await client.list_benches(delhi)
# {'1': 'Principal Bench at Delhi'}

bombay = get_court("bombay")
benches = await client.list_benches(bombay)
# {'1': 'Principal Seat at Bombay', '2': 'Nagpur Bench', '3': 'Aurangabad Bench', '4': 'Goa Bench'}

---

list_case_types(court, *, bench_code="1") -> dict[str, str]

Get available case type codes for a court bench. No CAPTCHA required.

Parameter	Type	Required	Default	Description
court	Court	Yes	—	Court object
bench_code	str	No	"1"	Bench code from list_benches()

Returns: dict[str, str] — mapping of case type code to name.

case_types = await client.list_case_types(delhi)
# {'134': 'W.P.(C)(CIVIL WRITS)-134', '27': 'W.P.(CRL)-27', '3': 'EL.PET.-3', ...}

---

case_status(court, *, case_type, case_number, year, bench_code="1") -> list[CaseInfo]

Look up case status by case number. CAPTCHA required (auto-retried, default 5 attempts).

Parameter	Type	Required	Default	Description
court	Court	Yes	—	Court object
case_type	str	Yes	—	Numeric case type code (use list_case_types() to discover)
case_number	str	Yes	—	Case number without type/year
year	str	Yes	—	Registration year, e.g. "2024"
bench_code	str	No	"1"	Bench code from list_benches()

Returns: list[CaseInfo] — matching cases. Notable field semantics:

• case_type on the result is a label like "W.P.(C)" (sourced from the portal's type_name field), not the numeric code you passed in.
• registration_number is populated from the portal's case_no2 field.
• status is always empty — the live showRecords endpoint doesn't return Pending/Disposed (that data lives behind o_civil_case_history.php, which the SDK doesn't call yet). Same for registration_date, judges, and next_hearing_date.

cases = await client.case_status(
    delhi,
    case_type="134",      # numeric code from list_case_types()
    case_number="1",
    year="2024",
)
for case in cases:
    print(f"{case.case_type} {case.case_number}  CNR: {case.cnr_number}")
    print(f"  {case.petitioner} v {case.respondent}")

---

case_status_by_party(court, *, party_name, year, bench_code="1", status_filter="Both") -> list[CaseInfo]

Search cases by party name. CAPTCHA required (auto-retried, default 5 attempts).

Parameter	Type	Required	Default	Description
court	Court	Yes	—	Court object
party_name	str	Yes	—	Petitioner or respondent name (min 3 characters)
year	str	Yes	—	Registration year — mandatory, server returns error if empty
bench_code	str	No	"1"	Bench code
status_filter	str	No	"Both"	"Pending", "Disposed", or "Both" (forwarded to the portal — but the response carries no status field, so filtering happens server-side and the returned CaseInfo.status is still empty)

Returns: list[CaseInfo] — matching cases. Same field-population caveats as case_status above. Wide queries can return tens of thousands of records in a single response with no pagination — see issue tracker.

cases = await client.case_status_by_party(
    delhi,
    party_name="state",
    year="2024",
    status_filter="Pending",
)
for case in cases:
    print(f"{case.case_number}: {case.petitioner} v {case.respondent}")

---

court_orders(court, *, case_type, case_number, year, bench_code="1") -> list[CaseOrder]

Get court orders for a case. CAPTCHA required (auto-retried).

Parameter	Type	Required	Default	Description
court	Court	Yes	—	Court object
case_type	str	Yes	—	Numeric case type code
case_number	str	Yes	—	Case number
year	str	Yes	—	Registration year
bench_code	str	No	"1"	Bench code

Returns: list[CaseOrder] — orders with dates, types, judges, and PDF URLs.

orders = await client.court_orders(
    delhi,
    case_type="134",
    case_number="1",
    year="2024",
)
for order in orders:
    print(f"{order.order_date}: {order.order_type} by {order.judge}")
    if order.pdf_url:
        pdf_bytes = await client.download_order_pdf(order.pdf_url)
        with open(f"order_{order.order_date}.pdf", "wb") as f:
            f.write(pdf_bytes)

---

cause_list(court, *, civil=True, bench_code="1", causelist_date="") -> list[CauseListPDF]

Get cause list PDFs for a court. CAPTCHA required (auto-retried).

Parameter	Type	Required	Default	Description
court	Court	Yes	—	Court object
civil	bool	No	True	True for civil, False for criminal
bench_code	str	No	"1"	Bench code
causelist_date	str	No	"" (today)	Date in DD-MM-YYYY format

Returns: list[CauseListPDF] — one entry per bench with bench name, list type, and PDF URL.

pdfs = await client.cause_list(delhi, civil=True)
for pdf in pdfs:
    print(f"#{pdf.serial_number} {pdf.bench} — {pdf.cause_list_type}")
    print(f"  PDF: {pdf.pdf_url}")

# Criminal cause list for a specific date
criminal_pdfs = await client.cause_list(
    delhi,
    civil=False,
    causelist_date="15-01-2025",
)

---

download_order_pdf(pdf_url) -> bytes

Download an order or judgment PDF. No CAPTCHA required.

Parameter	Type	Required	Description
pdf_url	str	Yes	URL from CaseOrder.pdf_url or CauseListPDF.pdf_url

Returns: bytes — raw PDF file content.

Raises: RuntimeError if the response doesn't start with the %PDF magic bytes. The HC Services portal sometimes hands back a 30-byte BOM-prefixed "Unable to connect to server" string with HTTP 200; this method now refuses to silently return that as a PDF.

pdf_bytes = await client.download_order_pdf(order.pdf_url)
with open("order.pdf", "wb") as f:
    f.write(pdf_bytes)

---

DistrictCourtClient

Client for District Courts across India via services.ecourts.gov.in. Covers 700+ court complexes across 36 states/UTs.

Unlike High Courts (which use static get_court() codes), district courts require dynamic discovery of the 4-level hierarchy: State → District → Court Complex → Establishment.

from bharat_courts import DistrictCourtClient

client = DistrictCourtClient(
    config=None,            # BharatCourtsConfig | None
    captcha_solver=None,    # CaptchaSolver | None — defaults to OCRCaptchaSolver if ddddocr installed
    http_client=None,       # RateLimitedClient | None
)

Use as an async context manager:

async with DistrictCourtClient() as client:
    ...

---

Court Discovery Methods (No CAPTCHA)

These methods discover the court hierarchy dynamically.

list_states() -> dict[str, str]

Returns all 36 states/UTs with their codes. Static data, no network call.

states = await client.list_states()
# {"8": "Bihar", "7": "Delhi", "27": "Maharashtra", ...}

list_districts(state_code) -> dict[str, str]

Get districts for a state.

districts = await client.list_districts("8")  # Bihar
# {"1": "Patna", "35": "Gaya", "38": "Muzaffarpur", ...}

list_complexes(state_code, dist_code) -> dict[str, str]

Get court complexes for a district. Values are in code@ests@flag format.

complexes = await client.list_complexes("8", "1")  # Bihar, Patna
# {"1080010@2,3,4@Y": "Civil Court, Patna Sadar", ...}

# Parse the value to extract the code and check if establishment selection is needed
from bharat_courts.districtcourts.parser import parse_complex_value
code, est_codes, needs_est = parse_complex_value("1080010@2,3,4@Y")
# code="1080010", est_codes=["2","3","4"], needs_est=True

list_establishments(state_code, dist_code, court_complex_code) -> dict[str, str]

Get establishments for a court complex. Only needed when needs_est is True.

establishments = await client.list_establishments("8", "1", "1080010")
# {"2": "DJ Div. Patna Sadar", "3": "CJM Div. Patna Sadar", ...}

list_case_types(state_code, dist_code, court_complex_code, est_code) -> dict[str, str]

Get available case types for a court. Codes are returned in the portal's compound "<case_type>^<est_code>" format — pass them back verbatim to case_status / court_orders; do not strip the ^N suffix.

case_types = await client.list_case_types("8", "1", "1080010", "2")
# {"89^2": "ADMINISTRATIVE SUITE", "152^2": "Anticipatory Bail - ABP", ...}

list_cause_list_courts(state_code, dist_code, court_complex_code, est_code="") -> dict[str, str]

Get the courts dropdown for cause-list lookup. Returns a mapping of court_no (e.g. "1@2") to court display name (e.g. "District & Sessions Judge - DJ Div. Patna Sadar"). The cause-list form requires both — pass either through directly to cause_list(), which will look up the matching name automatically if you only know the code.

courts = await client.list_cause_list_courts("8", "1", "1080010", "2")
# {"1@2": "District & Sessions Judge - DJ Div. Patna Sadar", ...}

---

Search Methods (CAPTCHA Required)

All search methods take the 4-level court identifiers as keyword arguments.

case_status(*, state_code, dist_code, court_complex_code, est_code, case_type, case_number, year) -> list[CaseInfo]

Search by case number. case_type must be the full compound "<code>^<est>" string from list_case_types().

cases = await client.case_status(
    state_code="8", dist_code="1",
    court_complex_code="1080010", est_code="2",
    case_type="89^2",      # full compound code, not just "89"
    case_number="100", year="2024",
)

case_status_by_party(*, state_code, dist_code, court_complex_code, est_code, party_name, year, status_filter="Both") -> list[CaseInfo]

Search by party name (min 3 characters). year is mandatory.

cases = await client.case_status_by_party(
    state_code="8", dist_code="1",
    court_complex_code="1080010", est_code="2",
    party_name="kumar", year="2024",
    status_filter="Pending",   # "Pending", "Disposed", or "Both"
)

court_orders(*, state_code, dist_code, court_complex_code, est_code, case_type, case_number, year) -> list[CaseOrder]

Get court orders for a case.

orders = await client.court_orders(
    state_code="8", dist_code="1",
    court_complex_code="1080010", est_code="2",
    case_type="1", case_number="100", year="2024",
)

cause_list(*, state_code, dist_code, court_complex_code, est_code, court_no, court_name="", causelist_date="", civil=True) -> list[CauseListEntry]

Get cause list entries. court_no is now required — discover the available codes via list_cause_list_courts(). court_name is the option's display label; the portal validates against it (sending an empty court_name_txt triggers a "Court Name is required" error). If you leave court_name blank, this method calls list_cause_list_courts() once and looks up the matching label for court_no.

entries = await client.cause_list(
    state_code="8", dist_code="1",
    court_complex_code="1080010", est_code="2",
    court_no="1@2",                # required, from list_cause_list_courts()
    civil=True,
    causelist_date="20-03-2026",   # DD-MM-YYYY, defaults to today
)
for e in entries:
    print(f"#{e.serial_number} {e.case_number} — {e.petitioner} v {e.respondent}")

---

JudgmentSearchClient

Client for the eCourts judgment search portal (judgments.ecourts.gov.in).

from bharat_courts import JudgmentSearchClient

async with JudgmentSearchClient(captcha_solver=solver) as client:
    ...

---

search(search_text, *, page=1, page_size=10, search_opt="PHRASE", court_type="2", max_captcha_attempts=5) -> SearchResult

Search for judgments by keyword. CAPTCHA required.

Parameter	Type	Required	Default	Description
search_text	str	Yes	—	Search query text
page	int	No	1	Page number (1-indexed)
page_size	int	No	10	Rows per page (portal supports 10/25/50/100/1000)
search_opt	str	No	"PHRASE"	"PHRASE", "ANY", or "ALL"
court_type	str	No	"2"	"2" for High Courts, "3" for SCR
max_captcha_attempts	int	No	5	Max CAPTCHA retry attempts

Returns: SearchResult — contains items: list[JudgmentResult], total_count, pagination info. Each JudgmentResult includes parsed metadata (CNR number, disposal nature, registration date) and source_id (CNR) when available.

Raises: CaptchaError if the CAPTCHA solver couldn't authenticate within max_captcha_attempts tries. Empty results now mean "the portal returned zero rows" — they no longer mask a silent CAPTCHA failure (older versions returned SearchResult() with no signal).

from bharat_courts import JudgmentSearchClient
from bharat_courts.captcha.ocr import OCRCaptchaSolver

async with JudgmentSearchClient(captcha_solver=OCRCaptchaSolver()) as client:
    results = await client.search("right to privacy")
    print(f"Found {results.total_count} results")
    for judgment in results.items:
        print(f"{judgment.title}")
        print(f"  Court: {judgment.court_name}, Date: {judgment.judgment_date}")
        print(f"  CNR: {judgment.source_id}")
        print(f"  Metadata: {judgment.metadata}")

---

search_all(search_text, *, page_size=25, search_opt="PHRASE", court_type="2", max_captcha_attempts=5) -> AsyncIterator[SearchResult]

Iterate through all pages of search results. Yields one SearchResult per page, automatically handling pagination, token rotation, and session expiry (re-authenticates mid-walk if the portal session lapses).

async with JudgmentSearchClient(captcha_solver=solver) as client:
    async for page in client.search_all("land acquisition"):
        for judgment in page.items:
            print(f"{judgment.title} ({judgment.judgment_date})")

---

download_pdf(judgment, *, court_type="2") -> JudgmentResult

Download the PDF for a judgment result.

Important: judgment.pdf_url is not a directly-fetchable URL — it's the row's relative path from the portal's open_pdf(...) JS handler. This method does the openpdfcaptcha resolution dance to obtain a per-session outputfile URL, then GETs the actual PDF bytes. Each row's pdf_val (also stashed by the parser inside judgment.metadata) is forwarded automatically; without it the portal serves the first row's PDF for every subsequent call within the same session.

Parameter	Type	Required	Default	Description
judgment	JudgmentResult	Yes	—	A result from search()
court_type	str	No	"2"	Same "2" / "3" as on search()

Returns: the same JudgmentResult mutated in place — pdf_bytes is set on success.

Raises: RuntimeError if the response is empty, non-JSON, or doesn't start with %PDF.

judgment = results.items[0]
await client.download_pdf(judgment)
if judgment.pdf_bytes:
    with open("judgment.pdf", "wb") as f:
        f.write(judgment.pdf_bytes)

---

download_pdfs(judgments, *, court_type="2", stop_on_error=False) -> list[JudgmentResult]

Bulk-download PDFs for multiple judgments. Skips entries that already have pdf_bytes set. Failed downloads are logged at WARNING level by default; pass stop_on_error=True to raise on the first failure instead.

Parameter	Type	Required	Default	Description
judgments	list[JudgmentResult]	Yes	—	Judgments to download PDFs for
court_type	str	No	"2"	Forwarded to each download_pdf call
stop_on_error	bool	No	False	Re-raise the first download exception instead of logging it

Returns: the same list, with pdf_bytes populated where successful.

async with JudgmentSearchClient(captcha_solver=solver) as client:
    results = await client.search("constitution")
    await client.download_pdfs(results.items)
    for j in results.items:
        if j.pdf_bytes:
            with open(f"{j.case_number}.pdf", "wb") as f:
                f.write(j.pdf_bytes)

---

SCIClient

Client for the Supreme Court of India (www.sci.gov.in). No CAPTCHA required.

The legacy host (main.sci.gov.in) that older versions of this SDK targeted has been in long-term maintenance for years and now returns HTTP 503 to every path. The live site is www.sci.gov.in (WordPress); SCIClient was rewritten against it.

from bharat_courts import SCIClient

# Note: no captcha_solver parameter — the homepage feed doesn't use CAPTCHAs
async with SCIClient() as client:
    ...

---

list_recent_judgments(*, limit=50) -> list[JudgmentResult]

Scrape the homepage's "Latest Judgements / Orders" feed. Returns the 50 most recent items the portal surfaces inline (the portal caps it at 50 — pass a smaller limit to truncate).

Parameter	Type	Required	Default	Description
limit	int	No	50	Max items to return

Returns: list[JudgmentResult] — each carries:

• title — "PETITIONER VS. RESPONDENT"
• case_number — e.g. "C.A. No. 6677/2026"
• judgment_date — parsed from the row's "DD-MMM-YYYY" tail
• source_id — diary number (the portal's primary key)
• pdf_url — the /sci-get-pdf/?diary_no=... URL the in-page viewer iframe uses
• source_url — the matching /view-pdf/?diary_no=... URL (for opening in a browser)
• metadata["petitioner"], metadata["respondent"], metadata["type"] ("j" = judgment, "o" = order)

async with SCIClient() as client:
    recent = await client.list_recent_judgments(limit=10)
    for j in recent:
        print(f"{j.judgment_date}: {j.title}  [diary {j.source_id}]")

---

download_pdf(judgment) -> JudgmentResult

Download the PDF bytes for a Supreme Court judgment via the /sci-get-pdf/?diary_no=... endpoint.

Parameter	Type	Required	Description
judgment	JudgmentResult	Yes	An item from list_recent_judgments()

Returns: the same JudgmentResult with pdf_bytes populated.

Raises: RuntimeError if the response doesn't start with %PDF.

---

search_by_year(year, month=None) and search_by_party(party_name) — not implemented

Both methods now raise NotImplementedError. The legacy main.sci.gov.in form they hit is permanently 503; the equivalent flow on www.sci.gov.in is gated behind a CAPTCHA-protected case-no/diary-no/party-name form (/judgements-case-no/) that the SDK does not yet wire up. Use list_recent_judgments() for the most recent items.

---

CalcuttaHCClient

Client for Calcutta High Court's own website (calcuttahighcourt.gov.in). Provides order/judgment search with PDF download for cases from September 2020 onwards (CIS system). Has better PDF coverage than the eCourts portal for Calcutta HC cases.

from bharat_courts import CalcuttaHCClient

async with CalcuttaHCClient() as client:
    ...

---

search_orders(*, case_type, case_number, year, establishment="appellate", max_captcha_attempts=5) -> tuple[CaseInfo | None, list[CaseOrder]]

Search for orders/judgments by case number. CAPTCHA required (auto-retried, default 5 attempts).

Parameter	Type	Required	Default	Description
case_type	str	Yes	—	Numeric case type code (e.g. "12" for WPA)
case_number	str	Yes	—	Case registration number
year	str	Yes	—	Case year
establishment	str	No	"appellate"	"appellate", "original", "jalpaiguri", or "portblair"
max_captcha_attempts	int	No	5	Max CAPTCHA retries

Returns: tuple[CaseInfo | None, list[CaseOrder]]. The CaseInfo carries the case-level metadata the portal returns alongside the order rows (parties, CNR, full case number, side); previous versions silently dropped this. Returns (None, []) when nothing matched.

case_info, orders = await client.search_orders(
    case_type="12",        # WPA
    case_number="12886",
    year="2024",
    establishment="appellate",
)
if case_info:
    print(f"{case_info.case_number}  CNR: {case_info.cnr_number}")
    print(f"  {case_info.petitioner} v {case_info.respondent}")
for order in orders:
    print(f"{order.order_date}: {order.order_type} by {order.judge}")
    print(f"  Neutral Citation: {order.neutral_citation}")
    if order.pdf_url:
        pdf = await client.download_order_pdf(order.pdf_url)

---

download_order_pdf(pdf_url) -> bytes

Download an order/judgment PDF. No CAPTCHA required.

Raises: RuntimeError if the response doesn't start with the %PDF magic bytes.

pdf_bytes = await client.download_order_pdf(order.pdf_url)

---

Court Registry Functions

from bharat_courts import get_court, get_court_by_name, list_high_courts, list_all_courts
from bharat_courts.courts import get_court_by_judgment_code

get_court(code) -> Court | None

Look up a court by its code. Case-insensitive.

get_court("delhi")          # Delhi High Court
get_court("bombay-nagpur")  # Bombay HC, Nagpur Bench
get_court("sci")            # Supreme Court of India
get_court("nonexistent")    # None

get_court_by_name(name) -> Court | None

Look up a court by its full name. Case-insensitive exact match.

get_court_by_name("Delhi High Court")  # Court(name="Delhi High Court", ...)

get_court_by_judgment_code(judgment_code) -> Court | None

Look up a court by its judgments.ecourts.gov.in code. Returns the main court (not bench variants).

get_court_by_judgment_code("7")   # Delhi High Court
get_court_by_judgment_code("27")  # Bombay High Court (main, not bench)

list_high_courts() -> list[Court]

Returns all 29 High Court entries (25 HCs + bench-specific entries for Bombay and Allahabad).

list_all_courts() -> list[Court]

Returns all 30 courts (Supreme Court + all High Courts).

Module-level constants

from bharat_courts import ALL_COURTS, SUPREME_COURT

SUPREME_COURT  # Court(name="Supreme Court of India", code="sci", state_code="0")
ALL_COURTS     # list of all 30 Court objects

---

Data Models

All models are Python dataclasses with to_dict() and to_json() serialization methods.

# Available on all models
model.to_dict(exclude_none=False)   # -> dict (dates become ISO strings, enums become values)
model.to_json(indent=None, exclude_none=False)  # -> JSON string

Court

@dataclass(frozen=True)
class Court:
    name: str                   # "Delhi High Court"
    code: str                   # "delhi"
    state_code: str             # "26" (hcservices.ecourts.gov.in)
    court_type: CourtType       # CourtType.HIGH_COURT
    bench: str | None = None    # "Lucknow Bench" (for bench-specific entries)
    judgment_code: str = ""     # "7" (judgments.ecourts.gov.in)

    @property
    def slug(self) -> str               # code lowercased, spaces replaced with hyphens
    @property
    def judgment_compound_code(self) -> str  # "{judgment_code}~{state_code}", e.g. "7~26"

CourtType

class CourtType(str, Enum):
    SUPREME_COURT  = "supreme_court"
    HIGH_COURT     = "high_court"
    DISTRICT_COURT = "district_court"
    TRIBUNAL       = "tribunal"

CaseInfo

Returned by case_status() and case_status_by_party().

@dataclass
class CaseInfo:
    case_number: str                        # "3/2024"
    case_type: str                          # Case type label, e.g. "W.P.(C)"
    cnr_number: str = ""                    # "DLHC010582482024"
    filing_number: str = ""
    registration_number: str = ""
    registration_date: date | None = None
    petitioner: str = ""
    respondent: str = ""
    status: str = ""                        # empty for HC Services (showRecords doesn't return it)
    court_name: str = ""
    judges: list[str] = []
    next_hearing_date: date | None = None

CaseOrder

Returned by court_orders().

@dataclass
class CaseOrder:
    order_date: date
    order_type: str             # "Judgment" | "Order" | "Interim Order"
    judge: str = ""
    pdf_url: str = ""
    pdf_bytes: bytes | None = None   # populated by download_order_pdf(); excluded from serialization
    order_text: str = ""
    neutral_citation: str = ""  # e.g. "2024:CHC-AS:1277" (Calcutta HC)

CauseListPDF

Returned by cause_list().

@dataclass
class CauseListPDF:
    serial_number: int
    bench: str                  # "Division Bench"
    cause_list_type: str = ""   # "COMPLETE CAUSE LIST"
    pdf_url: str = ""
    pdf_bytes: bytes | None = None   # excluded from serialization

JudgmentResult

Returned by JudgmentSearchClient.search() / search_all() and SCIClient.list_recent_judgments().

@dataclass
class JudgmentResult:
    title: str
    court_name: str
    case_number: str = ""
    judgment_date: date | None = None
    judges: list[str] = []
    pdf_url: str = ""
    pdf_bytes: bytes | None = None   # populated by download_pdf(); excluded from serialization
    citation: str = ""
    bench_type: str = ""             # "Division Bench" | "Single Bench" | "Full Bench"
    source_url: str = ""
    source_id: str = ""
    metadata: dict = {}

SearchResult

Returned by JudgmentSearchClient.search().

@dataclass
class SearchResult:
    items: list[CaseInfo | JudgmentResult | CauseListEntry] = []
    total_count: int = 0
    page: int = 1
    page_size: int = 10
    has_next: bool = False

    @property
    def total_pages(self) -> int   # ceil(total_count / page_size)

CauseListEntry

Structured cause list data (for parsed cause list entries).

@dataclass
class CauseListEntry:
    serial_number: int
    case_number: str
    case_type: str = ""
    petitioner: str = ""
    respondent: str = ""
    advocate_petitioner: str = ""
    advocate_respondent: str = ""
    court_number: str = ""
    judge: str = ""
    listing_date: date | None = None
    item_number: str = ""

---

CAPTCHA Solvers

All solvers implement the CaptchaSolver abstract base class:

from bharat_courts.captcha.base import CaptchaSolver

class CaptchaSolver(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    async def solve(self, image_bytes: bytes) -> str:
        """Given raw CAPTCHA image bytes, return the solved text."""

OCRCaptchaSolver

Automatic CAPTCHA solving using ddddocr. Requires pip install bharat-courts[ocr].

from bharat_courts.captcha.ocr import OCRCaptchaSolver

solver = OCRCaptchaSolver(
    preprocess=False,    # Apply image binarization + median filter before OCR
    threshold=128,       # Binarization threshold (0-255), used if preprocess=True
)

~75% accuracy on the judgments portal in our measurements; failed attempts are automatically retried with fresh sessions (default 5 retries — P(all fail) ≈ 0.1%). Outputs that aren't exactly 6 alphanumeric characters are rejected before being submitted, so the portal's "captcha must be 6 chars" envelope no longer burns a retry.

ONNXCaptchaSolver

Lightweight CAPTCHA solver using ONNX Runtime. Requires pip install bharat-courts[onnx]. Uses a pre-trained model from HuggingFace (captchabreaker), downloaded to ~/.cache/bharat-courts/ at init time.

Requires HF_TOKEN: The HuggingFace model repo requires authentication. Set export HF_TOKEN=hf_... (get a token at https://huggingface.co/settings/tokens). If you don't have a token, use OCRCaptchaSolver instead.

from bharat_courts.captcha.onnx import ONNXCaptchaSolver

solver = ONNXCaptchaSolver()

# Or with a custom model file
solver = ONNXCaptchaSolver(model_path="/path/to/custom_model.onnx")

Parameter	Type	Required	Default	Description
model_path	str | Path | None	No	None	Path to a custom ONNX model. If None, downloads the default captchabreaker model.

Validates that decoded text is exactly 6 characters — returns empty string on wrong length to trigger client retry.

ManualCaptchaSolver

Interactive solver that saves the CAPTCHA image and prompts the user.

from bharat_courts.captcha.manual import ManualCaptchaSolver

# Prompt on stdin (saves image to /tmp/*.png for viewing)
solver = ManualCaptchaSolver()

# Or provide a custom callback (sync or async)
solver = ManualCaptchaSolver(callback=my_captcha_handler)

Parameter	Type	Required	Default	Description
callback	Callable[[bytes], str | Awaitable[str]] | None	No	None	Custom handler. Receives image bytes, returns solved text. If None, prompts on stdin.

Custom Solver

Implement CaptchaSolver for your own solving strategy:

from bharat_courts.captcha.base import CaptchaSolver

class MyCaptchaSolver(CaptchaSolver):
    async def solve(self, image_bytes: bytes) -> str:
        # Send to a CAPTCHA solving service, ML model, etc.
        return "solved_text"

async with HCServicesClient(captcha_solver=MyCaptchaSolver()) as client:
    ...

CLI

The CLI is organised into one command group per portal, matching the SDK module layout:

bharat-courts version
bharat-courts courts [--type all|hc|sc]
bharat-courts hcservices       benches | case-types | search | search-by-party | orders | cause-list
bharat-courts districtcourts   states | districts | complexes | establishments | case-types | courts | search | search-by-party | orders | cause-list
bharat-courts calcuttahc       search
bharat-courts judgments        search | search-all
bharat-courts sci              recent
bharat-courts install-skills

Global flags (apply to every subcommand):

Flag	Description
--json	Emit machine-readable JSON instead of formatted text. Lists return arrays; single dataclasses return objects; calcuttahc search returns {"case_info": ..., "orders": [...]}.
--captcha-attempts N	Override the default CAPTCHA retry budget (5). Currently honoured by judgments and calcuttahc; hcservices and districtcourts use a fixed internal budget.
--verbose / -v	Enable INFO-level SDK logging on stderr.

Every PDF-producing command takes --download DIR to save PDFs alongside the printed output. Filenames are <case_or_title>_<date>.pdf, sanitised.

Examples

# Print version, list available courts
bharat-courts version
bharat-courts courts --type hc

# HC Services — discover bench / case-type codes, then search
bharat-courts hcservices benches delhi
bharat-courts hcservices case-types delhi --bench 1
bharat-courts hcservices search delhi --case-type 134 --case-number 1 --year 2024
bharat-courts hcservices orders delhi --case-type 134 --case-number 1 --year 2024 --download ./orders/
bharat-courts hcservices cause-list delhi --date 24-04-2026

# District Courts — drill down state -> district -> complex -> establishment
bharat-courts districtcourts states
bharat-courts districtcourts districts --state 8
bharat-courts districtcourts complexes --state 8 --dist 1
bharat-courts districtcourts case-types --state 8 --dist 1 --complex 1080010 --est 2
bharat-courts districtcourts search \
    --state 8 --dist 1 --complex 1080010 --est 2 \
    --case-type "89^2" --case-number 100 --year 2024
bharat-courts districtcourts cause-list \
    --state 8 --dist 1 --complex 1080010 --est 2 \
    --court-no "1@2"   # --court-name auto-resolves if blank

# Calcutta HC (returns case_info + orders)
bharat-courts calcuttahc search --case-type 12 --case-number 12886 --year 2024

# Judgments portal
bharat-courts judgments search --text "right to privacy" --page-size 25
bharat-courts judgments search-all --text "land acquisition" --max-pages 5 --download ./pdfs/

# Supreme Court — homepage feed
bharat-courts sci recent --limit 10
bharat-courts sci recent --limit 5 --download ./sci-pdfs/

# JSON output for piping to jq / spreadsheets
bharat-courts --json courts --type sc | jq '.[].name'
bharat-courts --json hcservices benches bombay

# Install the AI agent skill bundle (Claude Code, Copilot, etc.)
bharat-courts install-skills

Configuration

Environment variables with BHARAT_COURTS_ prefix:

Variable	Default	Description
BHARAT_COURTS_REQUEST_DELAY	1.0	Seconds between requests
BHARAT_COURTS_TIMEOUT	60	Request timeout (seconds). Wide District Courts party-name searches genuinely take 30-60s on the portal — the previous default of 30 was too tight and triggered timeouts against endpoints that were about to respond.
BHARAT_COURTS_MAX_RETRIES	3	Retry count on failure (only applied to 5xx and connect/read timeouts; 4xx responses propagate immediately).
BHARAT_COURTS_LOG_LEVEL	INFO	Logging level

Or use a .env file. See .env.example.

Supported Courts

All 25 High Courts with verified eCourts state codes and judgment portal codes:

Court	Code	State Code	Judgment Code
Allahabad HC	allahabad	13	9
Andhra Pradesh HC	andhra	2	28
Bombay HC	bombay	1	27
Calcutta HC	calcutta	16	19
Chhattisgarh HC	chhattisgarh	18	22
Delhi HC	delhi	26	7
Gauhati HC	gauhati	6	18
Gujarat HC	gujarat	17	24
Himachal Pradesh HC	himachal	5	2
J&K HC	jammu	12	1
Jharkhand HC	jharkhand	7	20
Karnataka HC	karnataka	3	29
Kerala HC	kerala	4	32
Madhya Pradesh HC	mp	23	23
Madras HC	madras	10	33
Manipur HC	manipur	25	14
Meghalaya HC	meghalaya	21	17
Orissa HC	orissa	11	21
Patna HC	patna	8	10
Punjab & Haryana HC	punjab	22	3
Rajasthan HC	rajasthan	9	8
Sikkim HC	sikkim	24	11
Telangana HC	telangana	29	36
Tripura HC	tripura	20	16
Uttarakhand HC	uttarakhand	15	5
Supreme Court	sci	0	—

Bombay and Allahabad HCs also have bench-specific entries (e.g., bombay-nagpur, allahabad-lucknow).

Contributing

Contributions are welcome! Here's how to get set up.

Prerequisites

• Python 3.11+ — check with python3 --version
• git

Dev environment setup

# 1. Fork and clone
git clone https://github.com/<your-username>/bharat-courts.git
cd bharat-courts

# 2. Create a virtual environment
python3 -m venv .venv
source .venv/bin/activate   # Linux/macOS
# .venv\Scripts\activate    # Windows

# 3. Install with all extras (OCR, CLI, dev tools)
pip install -e ".[all]"

# 4. Verify everything works
pytest                                    # 148 unit tests, no network needed
ruff check . && ruff format --check .     # lint + format check

Running tests

# Unit tests (fast, offline)
pytest

# Single test file
pytest tests/test_hcservices_parser.py

# Single test
pytest tests/test_hcservices_parser.py::test_parse_case_status_json

# With verbose output
pytest -v

# Live integration tests against real eCourts portals (requires ddddocr + network)
python examples/live_test_all.py

Code style

The project uses ruff for linting and formatting:

# Check for issues
ruff check .

# Auto-fix what's possible
ruff check --fix .

# Format code
ruff format .

Config is in pyproject.toml — Python 3.11 target, 100-char line length, rules: E/F/I/N/W.

Project structure

src/bharat_courts/
├── __init__.py          # Public API exports
├── models.py            # Dataclasses: CaseInfo, CaseOrder, CauseListPDF, etc.
├── config.py            # Pydantic Settings (BHARAT_COURTS_ env prefix)
├── http.py              # Rate-limited async HTTP client (httpx)
├── courts.py            # Registry of 25+ HCs with eCourts codes
├── captcha/
│   ├── base.py          # CaptchaSolver ABC
│   ├── manual.py        # Stdin/callback solver
│   ├── ocr.py           # ddddocr-based solver
│   └── onnx.py          # ONNX Runtime solver (captchabreaker)
├── hcservices/          # HC Services portal (primary, fully working)
│   ├── client.py        # HCServicesClient
│   ├── endpoints.py     # URL + form builders
│   └── parser.py        # JSON + HTML response parsers
├── districtcourts/      # District Courts portal (700+ courts)
│   ├── client.py        # DistrictCourtClient
│   ├── endpoints.py     # URL + form builders + state codes
│   └── parser.py        # HTML response parsers
├── calcuttahc/          # Calcutta High Court (direct website)
│   ├── client.py        # CalcuttaHCClient
│   ├── endpoints.py     # URL + form builders
│   └── parser.py        # JSON + HTML response parsers
├── judgments/            # Judgment Search portal (basic)
│   ├── client.py
│   ├── endpoints.py
│   └── parser.py
├── sci/                 # Supreme Court (basic)
│   ├── client.py
│   └── parser.py
└── cli.py               # Click CLI entry point

Areas where help is needed

• Better CAPTCHA solving — ddddocr is ~75% accurate on the judgments portal; the ONNX solver is an alternative, but a fine-tuned model would help further
• District court search reliability — case_status, court_orders, and cause_list were rewired this cycle to send the right portal field names; broader coverage testing would surface remaining edge cases (and case_status_by_party still has no pagination)
• Supreme Court case search — SCIClient.search_by_year / search_by_party are stubbed; the live www.sci.gov.in portal has a CAPTCHA-protected case-no/diary-no/party-name form that needs wiring up
• HC Services case history — case_status doesn't return Pending/Disposed (or registration date / next hearing) because the SDK hits showRecords only; calling o_civil_case_history.php afterwards would fill in the rest
• More High Court coverage — test the client against courts beyond Delhi/Bombay/Allahabad
• Documentation — more examples, tutorials

Submitting changes

1. Fork the repo and create a branch (git checkout -b my-feature)
2. Make your changes
3. Run pytest and ruff check . to ensure tests pass and code is clean
4. Commit with a descriptive message
5. Open a pull request

How it works

HC Services Portal

The eCourts HC Services portal (hcservices.ecourts.gov.in) uses a PHP backend with:

1. Session cookies — GET main.php establishes HCSERVICES_SESSID
2. Securimage CAPTCHAs — pinned to the session (same image within one session)
3. AJAX POST requests — cases_qry/index_qry.php with action_code parameter
4. JSON responses — {"con": ["[{...}]"], "totRecords": N, "Error": ""}

District Courts Portal

The District Courts portal (services.ecourts.gov.in/ecourtindia_v6/) uses a similar PHP backend with key differences:

1. Session cookies — SERVICES_SESSID (established on page load)
2. Rotating app_token — every AJAX response returns a new token that must be sent with the next request
3. MVC-style AJAX — /?p=controller/action URL pattern (e.g., /?p=casestatus/submitCaseNo)
4. HTML responses — search results are pre-rendered HTML tables (not JSON)
5. 4-level court hierarchy — State → District → Court Complex → Establishment (discovered dynamically)

Both portals are handled transparently — session management, token rotation, CAPTCHA solving with retry, request/response parsing, and rate limiting.

License

MIT