chuk-mcp-client-oauth 0.2.0

A reusable OAuth 2.0 client library for MCP (Model Context Protocol) servers

chuk-mcp-client-oauth

A simple, secure OAuth 2.0 client library for connecting to MCP (Model Context Protocol) servers.

Perfect for developers who want to add OAuth authentication to their MCP applications without wrestling with OAuth complexity.

---

🎯 What is This?

This library makes it dead simple to authenticate with OAuth-enabled MCP servers. Whether you're building a CLI tool, web app, or service that needs to connect to MCP servers, this library handles all the OAuth complexity for you.

What's MCP OAuth?

MCP (Model Context Protocol) servers can use OAuth 2.0 to control who can access them. Think of it like logging into GitHub or Google - but for AI/LLM services.

As a client developer, you need:

1. 🔐 Authenticate - Get permission from the server
2. 💾 Store tokens - Keep credentials secure
3. 🔄 Refresh tokens - Keep sessions alive
4. 🔧 Use tokens - Include them in API requests

This library does all of that for you.

---

🚀 Quick Start (5 minutes)

Installation

Using uv (recommended):

uv add chuk-mcp-client-oauth

Or using pip:

pip install chuk-mcp-client-oauth

Your First OAuth Flow (Complete Example)

import asyncio
from chuk_mcp_client_oauth import OAuthHandler

async def main():
    # Create handler - it auto-configures secure storage
    handler = OAuthHandler()

    # Authenticate with a server (opens browser once)
    tokens = await handler.ensure_authenticated_mcp(
        server_name="notion-mcp",
        server_url="https://mcp.notion.com/mcp",
        scopes=["read", "write"]
    )

    print(f"✅ Authenticated! Token: {tokens.access_token[:20]}...")

    # Next time you run this, it uses cached tokens (no browser)
    # Headers are ready to use in your HTTP requests
    headers = await handler.prepare_headers_for_mcp_server(
        server_name="notion-mcp",
        server_url="https://mcp.notion.com/mcp"
    )

    print(f"🔑 Authorization header: {headers['Authorization'][:30]}...")

asyncio.run(main())

Using macOS Keychain (Explicit):

import asyncio
from chuk_mcp_client_oauth import OAuthHandler, TokenManager, TokenStoreBackend

async def main():
    # Explicitly use macOS Keychain for token storage
    # NOTE: 'keyring' library is automatically installed on macOS/Windows
    # No password needed - uses macOS Keychain Access
    token_manager = TokenManager(backend=TokenStoreBackend.KEYCHAIN)
    handler = OAuthHandler(token_manager=token_manager)

    # Authenticate with a server (tokens stored in macOS Keychain)
    tokens = await handler.ensure_authenticated_mcp(
        server_name="notion-mcp",
        server_url="https://mcp.notion.com/mcp",
        scopes=["read", "write"]
    )

    print(f"✅ Authenticated! Token stored in macOS Keychain")
    print(f"🔑 Access Token: {tokens.access_token[:20]}...")

    # You can verify this in Keychain Access app:
    # 1. Open Keychain Access
    # 2. Search for "chuk-oauth"
    # 3. You'll see "notion-mcp" entry under the "chuk-oauth" service

asyncio.run(main())

Using the Tokens - Complete MCP Example:

Now let's use those tokens to actually interact with Notion MCP - listing available tools:

import asyncio
import uuid
import json
from chuk_mcp_client_oauth import OAuthHandler

def parse_sse_response(response_text: str) -> dict:
    """Parse Server-Sent Events (SSE) response format."""
    lines = response_text.strip().split('\n')
    data_lines = []

    for line in lines:
        if line.startswith('data: '):
            data_lines.append(line[6:])  # Remove 'data: ' prefix

    if data_lines:
        json_str = ''.join(data_lines)
        return json.loads(json_str)

    raise ValueError("No data found in SSE response")

async def list_notion_tools():
    """Complete example: Authenticate and list Notion MCP tools."""
    handler = OAuthHandler()
    server_name = "notion-mcp"
    server_url = "https://mcp.notion.com/mcp"

    # Authenticate (uses cached tokens if available)
    print("🔐 Authenticating with Notion MCP...")
    tokens = await handler.ensure_authenticated_mcp(
        server_name=server_name,
        server_url=server_url,
        scopes=["read", "write"]
    )
    print(f"✅ Authenticated! Token: {tokens.access_token[:20]}...")

    # Now use the tokens to make authenticated requests
    session_id = str(uuid.uuid4())

    # Step 1: Initialize MCP session
    print("\n📋 Initializing MCP session...")
    init_response = await handler.authenticated_request(
        server_name=server_name,
        server_url=server_url,
        url=server_url,
        method="POST",
        json={
            "jsonrpc": "2.0",
            "id": 1,
            "method": "initialize",
            "params": {
                "protocolVersion": "2024-11-05",
                "capabilities": {"roots": {"listChanged": True}},
                "clientInfo": {"name": "quickstart-example", "version": "1.0.0"}
            }
        },
        headers={
            "Accept": "application/json, text/event-stream",
            "Content-Type": "application/json"
        },
        timeout=60.0  # MCP initialization can be slow
    )

    # Extract session ID from response header
    session_id = init_response.headers.get('mcp-session-id', session_id)
    print(f"   ✅ Session initialized: {session_id[:16]}...")

    # Step 2: Send initialized notification
    await handler.authenticated_request(
        server_name=server_name,
        server_url=server_url,
        url=server_url,
        method="POST",
        json={"jsonrpc": "2.0", "method": "notifications/initialized"},
        headers={
            "Accept": "application/json, text/event-stream",
            "Content-Type": "application/json",
            "Mcp-Session-Id": session_id
        },
        timeout=30.0
    )

    # Step 3: List tools (this is where we use the Bearer token!)
    print("\n🔧 Listing available tools...")
    tools_response = await handler.authenticated_request(
        server_name=server_name,
        server_url=server_url,
        url=server_url,
        method="POST",
        json={"jsonrpc": "2.0", "id": 2, "method": "tools/list", "params": {}},
        headers={
            "Accept": "application/json, text/event-stream",
            "Content-Type": "application/json",
            "Mcp-Session-Id": session_id
            # Note: Authorization: Bearer <token> is automatically added!
        },
        timeout=30.0
    )

    # Parse SSE response
    content_type = tools_response.headers.get('content-type', '')
    if 'text/event-stream' in content_type:
        data = parse_sse_response(tools_response.text)
    else:
        data = tools_response.json()

    # Display the tools
    if "result" in data and "tools" in data["result"]:
        tools = data["result"]["tools"]
        print(f"\n📦 Found {len(tools)} Notion tools:")
        for tool in tools[:5]:  # Show first 5
            print(f"   • {tool.get('name', 'Unknown')}")
            if 'description' in tool:
                desc = tool['description']
                print(f"     {desc[:80]}{'...' if len(desc) > 80 else ''}")
        if len(tools) > 5:
            print(f"   ... and {len(tools) - 5} more")

    print("\n✅ Complete! Your Bearer token was automatically used in all requests.")
    print(f"   The library added: Authorization: Bearer {tokens.access_token[:20]}...")
    print("   to every HTTP request above.")

asyncio.run(list_notion_tools())

Output:

🔐 Authenticating with Notion MCP...
✅ Authenticated! Token: 282c6a79-d66f-402e-a...

📋 Initializing MCP session...
   ✅ Session initialized: d6b130b8684f5ee9...

🔧 Listing available tools...

📦 Found 15 Notion tools:
   • notion-search
     Perform a search over: - "internal": Semantic search over Notion workspace and c...
   • notion-fetch
     Retrieves details about a Notion entity (page or database) by URL or ID.
Provide...
   • notion-create-pages
     ## Overview
Creates one or more Notion pages, with the specified properties and ...
   • notion-update-page
     ## Overview
Update a Notion page's properties or content.
## Properties
Notion p...
   • notion-move-pages
     Move one or more Notion pages or databases to a new parent.
   ... and 10 more

✅ Complete! Your Bearer token was automatically used in all requests.
   The library added: Authorization: Bearer 282c6a79-d66f-402e-a...
   to every HTTP request above.

What happened behind the scenes:

Every HTTP request included your Bearer token:

POST /mcp HTTP/1.1
Host: mcp.notion.com
Authorization: Bearer 282c6a79-d66f-402e-a8f4-27b1c5d3e6f7...
Accept: application/json, text/event-stream
Content-Type: application/json
Mcp-Session-Id: d6b130b8684f5ee9...

{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":2,"method":"tools/list","params":{}}

The authenticated_request() method:

1. ✅ Retrieved your cached tokens (no re-authentication needed)
2. ✅ Added Authorization: Bearer <token> header to every request
3. ✅ Parsed SSE responses automatically
4. ✅ Would have refreshed the token if server returned 401

Using a Custom Service Name (for your application):

import asyncio
from chuk_mcp_client_oauth import OAuthHandler, TokenManager, TokenStoreBackend

async def main():
    # Use your own application name for keychain entries
    token_manager = TokenManager(
        backend=TokenStoreBackend.KEYCHAIN,
        service_name="my-awesome-app"  # Custom service name
    )
    handler = OAuthHandler(token_manager=token_manager)

    tokens = await handler.ensure_authenticated_mcp(
        server_name="notion-mcp",
        server_url="https://mcp.notion.com/mcp",
        scopes=["read", "write"]
    )

    print(f"✅ Authenticated! Token stored under 'my-awesome-app' service")

    # In Keychain Access, search for "my-awesome-app" instead of "chuk-oauth"
    # This helps organize tokens for your specific application

asyncio.run(main())

Platform-Specific Token Storage:

• macOS: keyring is automatically installed → Uses macOS Keychain (no password needed)
• Windows: keyring is automatically installed → Uses Windows Credential Manager (no password needed)
• Linux: Install with pip install chuk-mcp-client-oauth[linux] → Uses Secret Service (GNOME/KDE)
• All platforms: Falls back to encrypted file storage if platform backend unavailable

That's it! The library handles:

• ✅ OAuth server discovery
• ✅ Dynamic client registration
• ✅ Opening browser for user consent
• ✅ Receiving the callback
• ✅ Exchanging codes for tokens
• ✅ Storing tokens securely
• ✅ Reusing tokens on subsequent runs
• ✅ Refreshing expired tokens

What happens on each run:

• First run: Opens browser for authentication → Saves tokens to storage
• Second run: Loads cached tokens → No browser needed
• Re-running after clearing tokens: Opens browser again (like first run)

Quick Reference: Clearing tokens to re-run quickstart

# Method 1: Using CLI (works for all storage backends)
uvx chuk-mcp-client-oauth clear notion-mcp

# Method 2: macOS Keychain (if using Keychain storage)
security delete-generic-password -s "chuk-oauth" -a "notion-mcp"

# Method 3: Delete encrypted file (if using file storage)
rm ~/.chuk_oauth/tokens/notion-mcp.enc
rm ~/.chuk_oauth/tokens/notion-mcp_client.json

# After clearing, run the quickstart again - browser will open

---

🧠 Understanding MCP OAuth (The Client Perspective)

The OAuth Flow (What Actually Happens)

When you authenticate with an MCP server, here's what happens behind the scenes:

1. 🔍 DISCOVERY
   Your app asks: "Server, how do I authenticate with you?"
   Server responds: "Here are my OAuth endpoints and capabilities"

2. 📝 REGISTRATION
   Your app: "I'd like to register as a client"
   Server: "OK, here's your client_id"

3. 🌐 AUTHORIZATION
   Your app opens browser: "User, please approve this app"
   User clicks "Allow"
   Browser redirects back with a code

4. 🎟️ TOKEN EXCHANGE
   Your app: "Here's the code, give me tokens"
   Server: "Here's your access_token and refresh_token"

5. 💾 STORAGE
   Your app saves tokens to secure storage (Keychain/etc)

6. ✅ AUTHENTICATED
   Your app can now make API requests with the token

This library automates all of these steps.

Key Concepts

Access Token - Like a temporary password that proves you're authorized

• Used in every API request
• Expires after a time (e.g., 1 hour)
• Format: Bearer <long-random-string>

Refresh Token - Like a "get a new password" token

• Used to get new access tokens when they expire
• Long-lived (days/weeks)
• Stored securely

Scopes - What permissions you're requesting

• Examples: ["read", "write"], ["notion:read"]
• Server decides what to grant

PKCE - Security enhancement that prevents token theft

• Automatically handled by this library
• You don't need to think about it

Discovery URL - Where OAuth configuration is published

• Standard location: <server_url>/.well-known/oauth-authorization-server
• Contains all OAuth endpoints and capabilities
• Automatically discovered by this library

---

📊 Flow Diagrams

Auth Code + PKCE (Desktop/CLI with Browser)

This is the primary flow used by this library for interactive applications:

┌──────────────────┐        ┌──────────────┐         ┌──────────────────────┐        ┌───────────────┐
│  MCP Client      │        │  User        │         │  OAuth 2.1 Server    │        │  MCP Server    │
│  (CLI / Agent)   │        │  Browser     │         │  (Auth + Token)      │        │               │
└──┬───────────────┘        └──────┬───────┘         └──────────┬───────────┘        └───────┬───────┘
   │ 1) GET /.well-known/oauth-authorization-server            │                             │
   ├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────▶│                             │
   │                                                           │ 2) Return endpoints         │
   │◀───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤  (authorize, token, etc.)  │
   │                                                           │                             │
   │ 3) Build Auth URL (PKCE: code_challenge)                  │                             │
   │ 4) Open browser ----------------------------------------▶ │                             │
   │                                                           │ 5) User login + consent     │
   │                                                           │◀────────────────────────────┤
   │                                                           │ 6) Redirect with ?code=...  │
   │◀───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤  to http://127.0.0.1:PORT   │
   │ 7) Local redirect handler captures code + state           │                             │
   │ 8) POST /token (code + code_verifier)                     │                             │
   ├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────▶│                             │
   │                                                           │ 9) access_token + refresh   │
   │◀───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤    (expires_in, scopes…)   │
   │ 10) Store tokens securely (keyring / pluggable)           │                             │
   │                                                           │                             │
   │ 11) Connect to MCP with Authorization: Bearer <token>     │                             │
   ├────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────▶│
   │                                                           │                             │ 12) Session OK
   │◀────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
   │                                                           │                             │
   │ 13) (When expired) POST /token (refresh_token)            │                             │
   ├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────▶│                             │
   │                                                           │ 14) New access/refresh      │
   │◀───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤     -> update secure store │
   │                                                           │                             │

Legend:

• PKCE: code_challenge = SHA256(code_verifier) (sent at authorize), code_verifier (sent at token)
• Tokens are stored in OS keychain (or pluggable secure backend)
• MCP requests carry Authorization: Bearer <access_token>

Device Code Flow (Headless TTY / SSH Agents)

Coming in v0.2.0 - Perfect for SSH-only boxes, CI runners, and background agents:

┌──────────────────┐                          ┌──────────────────────┐                          ┌───────────────┐
│  MCP Client      │                          │  OAuth 2.1 Server    │                          │  MCP Server    │
│  (Headless)      │                          │  (Device + Token)    │                          │               │
└──┬───────────────┘                          └──────────┬───────────┘                          └───────┬───────┘
   │ 1) POST /device_authorization (client_id, scope)            │                                         │
   ├────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────▶│                                         │
   │                                                            │ 2) device_code, user_code, verify_uri   │
   │◀────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤    expires_in, interval                 │
   │ 3) Show: "Go to VERIFY_URI and enter USER_CODE"            │                                         │
   │                                                            │                                         │
   │                (User on any device)                         │                                         │
   │                         ┌──────────────┐                    │                                         │
   │                         │  User        │ 4) Visit verify URI│                                         │
   │                         │  Browser     │ ◀──────────────────▶│                                         │
   │                         └──────┬───────┘ 5) Enter user code │                                         │
   │                                                            │ 6) Consent + login done                  │
   │                                                            │                                         │
   │ 7) Poll POST /token (device_code, grant_type=device_code)  │                                         │
   ├────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────▶│                                         │
   │ (repeat every `interval` seconds until authorized)         │                                         │
   │◀────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ 8) access_token + refresh               │
   │ 9) Store tokens securely                                   │                                         │
   │ 10) Connect MCP: Authorization: Bearer <token>             │                                         │
   ├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────▶│
   │                                                                                                     │ 11) Session OK
   │◀─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
   │ 12) Refresh on expiry → POST /token (refresh_token)         │                                        │
   ├────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────▶│                                        │
   │◀────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ New tokens → update store              │

When to use Device Code Flow:

• SSH-only environments - No browser available on the target machine
• CI/CD pipelines - Automated builds need OAuth without interactive login
• Background agents - Services running without user interaction
• Shared/headless servers - Multiple users, no desktop environment

How Tokens Attach to MCP Requests

Whiteboard view: The client does discovery, performs OAuth (Auth Code + PKCE or Device Code), stores tokens safely, and automatically attaches Authorization: Bearer <token> to every MCP handshake and request, refreshing silently when needed.

HTTP Requests:

GET /mcp/api/resources HTTP/1.1
Host: mcp.example.com
Authorization: Bearer eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9...
Content-Type: application/json

Server-Sent Events (SSE):

GET /mcp/events HTTP/1.1
Host: mcp.example.com
Authorization: Bearer eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9...
Accept: text/event-stream
Connection: keep-alive

WebSocket:

GET /mcp/ws HTTP/1.1
Host: mcp.example.com
Authorization: Bearer eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9...
Upgrade: websocket
Connection: Upgrade

---

🔍 OAuth Discovery (How Your App Finds OAuth Endpoints)

What is OAuth Discovery?

MCP servers publish their OAuth configuration at a well-known URL. This is like a menu that tells your app:

• "Here's where you get authorization"
• "Here's where you exchange codes for tokens"
• "Here's what I support (PKCE, refresh tokens, etc.)"

The Well-Known Discovery URL

For any MCP server, the discovery endpoint is:

<server_url>/.well-known/oauth-authorization-server

Examples:

https://mcp.notion.com/.well-known/oauth-authorization-server
https://mcp.github.com/.well-known/oauth-authorization-server
https://your-server.com/.well-known/oauth-authorization-server

What's in the Discovery Document?

When you fetch the discovery URL, you get a JSON document like this:

{
  "issuer": "https://mcp.notion.com",
  "authorization_endpoint": "https://mcp.notion.com/authorize",
  "token_endpoint": "https://mcp.notion.com/token",
  "registration_endpoint": "https://mcp.notion.com/register",
  "revocation_endpoint": "https://mcp.notion.com/token",
  "response_types_supported": ["code"],
  "response_modes_supported": ["query"],
  "grant_types_supported": ["authorization_code", "refresh_token"],
  "code_challenge_methods_supported": ["plain", "S256"],
  "token_endpoint_auth_methods_supported": ["client_secret_basic", "client_secret_post", "none"]
}

Key fields:

• authorization_endpoint - Where users approve your app
• token_endpoint - Where you exchange codes for tokens
• registration_endpoint - Where you register as a client
• code_challenge_methods_supported - PKCE support (S256 = SHA-256)

How This Library Uses Discovery

When you call:

tokens = await handler.ensure_authenticated_mcp(
    server_name="notion-mcp",
    server_url="https://mcp.notion.com/mcp",
    scopes=["read", "write"]
)

Behind the scenes:

1. Discovery: Fetches https://mcp.notion.com/.well-known/oauth-authorization-server
2. Parse: Extracts authorization_endpoint, token_endpoint, etc.
3. Validate: Checks that PKCE is supported
4. Cache: Saves the configuration for future use
5. Proceed: Uses the discovered endpoints for OAuth flow

Manual Discovery (Advanced)

You can also discover endpoints manually:

import asyncio
from chuk_mcp_client_oauth import MCPOAuthClient

async def discover_endpoints():
    client = MCPOAuthClient(
        server_url="https://mcp.notion.com/mcp",
        redirect_uri="http://localhost:8080/callback"
    )

    # Discover OAuth configuration
    metadata = await client.discover_authorization_server()

    # Now you can inspect the discovered endpoints
    print(f"Authorization URL: {metadata.authorization_endpoint}")
    print(f"Token URL: {metadata.token_endpoint}")
    print(f"Registration URL: {metadata.registration_endpoint}")
    print(f"Supported scopes: {metadata.scopes_supported}")
    print(f"PKCE methods: {metadata.code_challenge_methods_supported}")

# Run the async function
asyncio.run(discover_endpoints())

Testing Discovery with curl

You can test if a server supports OAuth discovery:

# Test Notion MCP (real server)
curl https://mcp.notion.com/.well-known/oauth-authorization-server

# Test your own MCP server
curl https://your-server.com/.well-known/oauth-authorization-server

Expected response: JSON document with OAuth configuration

Common errors:

• 404 Not Found - Server doesn't support OAuth discovery
• Connection refused - Server URL is incorrect
• Invalid JSON - Server has misconfigured OAuth
• {"error":"invalid_token"} - Discovery endpoint is incorrectly protected (should be public)

Discovery Specification

The discovery endpoint follows RFC 8414 (OAuth 2.0 Authorization Server Metadata).

Must have:

• issuer - Server identifier
• authorization_endpoint - Where to send users
• token_endpoint - Where to get tokens

Should have (for MCP):

• registration_endpoint - Dynamic client registration (RFC 7591)
• code_challenge_methods_supported: ["S256"] - PKCE support

Example of checking if a server supports MCP OAuth:

import asyncio
import httpx

async def check_oauth_support(server_url: str) -> bool:
    """Check if a server supports MCP OAuth."""
    discovery_url = f"{server_url}/.well-known/oauth-authorization-server"

    try:
        async with httpx.AsyncClient() as client:
            response = await client.get(discovery_url)

            if response.status_code != 200:
                print(f"❌ No OAuth support (status {response.status_code})")
                return False

            config = response.json()

            # Check required fields
            required = ["authorization_endpoint", "token_endpoint"]
            if not all(field in config for field in required):
                print("❌ Missing required OAuth endpoints")
                return False

            # Check for PKCE support
            if "S256" not in config.get("code_challenge_methods_supported", []):
                print("⚠️  PKCE not supported (less secure)")

            # Check for dynamic registration
            if "registration_endpoint" not in config:
                print("⚠️  No dynamic registration (manual setup required)")

            print("✅ Server supports MCP OAuth")
            print(f"   Auth: {config['authorization_endpoint']}")
            print(f"   Token: {config['token_endpoint']}")
            return True

    except Exception as e:
        print(f"❌ Discovery failed: {e}")
        return False

# Usage
asyncio.run(check_oauth_support("https://mcp.notion.com/mcp"))

---

📦 Installation Options

# Basic installation
# - macOS: Automatically includes keyring for Keychain support
# - Windows: Automatically includes keyring for Credential Manager support
# - Linux: Uses encrypted file storage by default
uv add chuk-mcp-client-oauth

# Linux with Secret Service support (GNOME/KDE)
uv add chuk-mcp-client-oauth --extra linux

# With HashiCorp Vault support
uv add chuk-mcp-client-oauth --extra vault

# All optional features
uv add chuk-mcp-client-oauth --extra all

# Development installation (includes testing tools)
git clone https://github.com/chrishayuk/chuk-mcp-client-oauth.git
cd chuk-mcp-client-oauth
uv sync --all-extras

Platform-specific dependencies:

• macOS/Windows: keyring is installed automatically (no action needed)
• Linux: Add [linux] extra for Secret Service support, otherwise uses encrypted files
• Enterprise: Add [vault] extra for HashiCorp Vault integration

What gets installed on your platform:

Platform	Automatic Dependencies	Storage Used
macOS	keyring>=24.0.0	macOS Keychain (no password)
Windows	keyring>=24.0.0	Credential Manager (no password)
Linux	None (encrypted files)	Encrypted files (password prompt)
Linux + [linux]	keyring>=24.0.0, secretstorage>=3.3.0	Secret Service (no password)

---

💡 Usage Examples

Example 1: CLI Tool with Token Management

import asyncio
from chuk_mcp_client_oauth import OAuthHandler

async def connect_to_server(server_name: str, server_url: str):
    """Connect to an MCP server with OAuth."""
    handler = OAuthHandler()

    # First run: Opens browser for auth
    # Subsequent runs: Uses cached tokens
    tokens = await handler.ensure_authenticated_mcp(
        server_name=server_name,
        server_url=server_url,
        scopes=["read", "write"]
    )

    if tokens.is_expired():
        print("⚠️  Token expired, refreshing...")
        # Automatic refresh happens in ensure_authenticated_mcp

    return tokens

# Usage
tokens = asyncio.run(connect_to_server("notion-mcp", "https://mcp.notion.com/mcp"))
print(f"Connected! Token expires in {tokens.expires_in} seconds")

Example 2: Web App with Multiple Servers

from chuk_mcp_client_oauth import OAuthHandler

class MCPClient:
    def __init__(self):
        self.handler = OAuthHandler()
        self.servers = {}

    async def add_server(self, name: str, url: str):
        """Add and authenticate with a server."""
        tokens = await self.handler.ensure_authenticated_mcp(
            server_name=name,
            server_url=url,
            scopes=["read", "write"]
        )
        self.servers[name] = url
        return tokens

    async def call_server(self, name: str, endpoint: str):
        """Make authenticated API call."""
        import httpx

        # Get headers with valid token
        headers = await self.handler.prepare_headers_for_mcp_server(
            server_name=name,
            server_url=self.servers[name]
        )

        # Make request
        async with httpx.AsyncClient() as client:
            response = await client.get(
                f"{self.servers[name]}{endpoint}",
                headers=headers
            )
            return response.json()

# Usage
mcp = MCPClient()
await mcp.add_server("notion", "https://mcp.notion.com/mcp")
await mcp.add_server("github", "https://mcp.github.com/mcp")

data = await mcp.call_server("notion", "/api/pages")

Example 3: Lower-Level Control

import asyncio
from chuk_mcp_client_oauth import MCPOAuthClient

async def manual_oauth_flow():
    """Full control over the OAuth process."""
    client = MCPOAuthClient(
        server_url="https://mcp.example.com",
        redirect_uri="http://localhost:8080/callback"
    )

    # Step 1: Discover OAuth endpoints
    metadata = await client.discover_authorization_server()
    print(f"📍 Auth URL: {metadata.authorization_endpoint}")
    print(f"📍 Token URL: {metadata.token_endpoint}")

    # Step 2: Register as a client
    client_info = await client.register_client(
        client_name="My Awesome App",
        redirect_uris=["http://localhost:8080/callback"]
    )
    print(f"📝 Client ID: {client_info['client_id']}")

    # Step 3: Authorize (opens browser)
    tokens = await client.authorize(scopes=["read", "write"])
    print(f"🎟️ Access Token: {tokens.access_token[:20]}...")

    # Step 4: Use the token
    headers = {"Authorization": tokens.get_authorization_header()}

    # Step 5: Refresh when needed
    if tokens.is_expired():
        new_tokens = await client.refresh_token(tokens.refresh_token)
        print(f"🔄 Refreshed: {new_tokens.access_token[:20]}...")

    return tokens

# Run the async function
asyncio.run(manual_oauth_flow())

---

🗄️ Token Storage (Secure & Automatic)

How Storage Works

The library automatically stores tokens in the most secure location for your platform:

Platform	Storage Backend	Auto-Installed	Description
macOS	Keychain	✅ Yes	Uses the macOS Keychain (same as Safari, Chrome) - No password needed
Windows	Credential Manager	✅ Yes	Uses Windows Credential Manager - No password needed
Linux	Secret Service	[linux] extra	Uses GNOME Keyring or KDE Wallet - No password needed
Vault	HashiCorp Vault	[vault] extra	For enterprise deployments
Fallback	Encrypted Files	✅ Always	AES-256 encrypted files (requires password)

Storage Directory

By default, tokens are stored in:

~/.chuk_oauth/tokens/

For encrypted file storage:

• Each server gets its own encrypted file: <server_name>.enc
• Files are encrypted with AES-256
• Client registration stored as: <server_name>_client.json
• Encryption salt stored as: .salt
• You can set a custom password or let it auto-generate

Example directory structure:

$ ls -la ~/.chuk_oauth/tokens/
total 24
drwx------  5 user  staff  160 Nov  1 12:38 .
drwxr-xr-x  4 user  staff  128 Nov  1 12:38 ..
-rw-------  1 user  staff   16 Nov  1 12:38 .salt
-rw-------  1 user  staff  132 Nov  1 12:38 notion-mcp_client.json
-rw-------  1 user  staff  504 Nov  1 12:38 notion-mcp.enc

Inspecting and Clearing Tokens

Check what tokens are stored:

# List all stored tokens
uvx chuk-mcp-client-oauth list

# Get details for a specific server (safely redacted)
uvx chuk-mcp-client-oauth get notion-mcp

Clear tokens to re-run demos:

# Option 1: Clear specific server tokens (recommended)
uvx chuk-mcp-client-oauth clear notion-mcp

# Option 2: Logout and revoke with server (best practice)
uvx chuk-mcp-client-oauth logout notion-mcp --url https://mcp.notion.com/mcp

# Option 3: Manual deletion of encrypted files
rm ~/.chuk_oauth/tokens/notion-mcp.enc
rm ~/.chuk_oauth/tokens/notion-mcp_client.json

# Option 4: Delete all tokens
rm -rf ~/.chuk_oauth/

For macOS Keychain storage:

Using Keychain Access app (GUI):

1. Open "Keychain Access" app (in Applications > Utilities)
2. Make sure "login" keychain is selected (left sidebar)
3. Search for "chuk-oauth" in the search box (top right)
4. You'll see entries like "notion-mcp" under the service "chuk-oauth"
5. Right-click on the entry → "Delete"
6. Confirm deletion

Using command line:

# Delete specific server token (e.g., notion-mcp)
security delete-generic-password -s "chuk-oauth" -a "notion-mcp"

# List all tokens stored by this library
security find-generic-password -s "chuk-oauth"

# Search for all entries (shows details)
security find-generic-password -s "chuk-oauth" -g

# Delete all tokens for this library (careful!)
# First, list them to see what you'll delete
security dump-keychain | grep -A 5 "chuk-oauth"
# Then delete each one individually using the account name

Example: Delete notion-mcp token from Keychain

# Method 1: Using security command
security delete-generic-password -s "chuk-oauth" -a "notion-mcp"

# Method 2: Using the CLI tool (recommended - also clears client registration)
uvx chuk-mcp-client-oauth clear notion-mcp

# Verify it's deleted
security find-generic-password -s "chuk-oauth" -a "notion-mcp"
# Should return: "The specified item could not be found in the keychain."

Troubleshooting macOS Keychain:

If you can't find tokens in Keychain Access:

# 1. Check if tokens are actually in Keychain
security find-generic-password -s "chuk-oauth"

# 2. If empty, check if using encrypted file storage instead
ls -la ~/.chuk_oauth/tokens/

# 3. Check which backend is being used
# Run your app and it should log which storage backend it's using

Common issues:

• Can't find in Keychain Access app: Make sure you're searching in the "login" keychain, not "System"
• "Could not be found" error: Token might already be deleted, or using file storage instead
• Permission denied: You may need to allow terminal/app to access Keychain in System Preferences > Privacy & Security

Storage Examples

Auto-Detection (Recommended)

from chuk_mcp_client_oauth import TokenManager

# Automatically uses the best backend for your platform
manager = TokenManager()

# Save tokens
manager.save_tokens("my-server", tokens)

# Load tokens (returns None if not found)
tokens = manager.load_tokens("my-server")

# Check if tokens exist and are valid
if manager.has_valid_tokens("my-server"):
    print("✅ Tokens are valid")

# Delete tokens
manager.delete_tokens("my-server")

Explicit Backend Selection

from chuk_mcp_client_oauth import TokenManager, TokenStoreBackend

# Use macOS Keychain
manager = TokenManager(backend=TokenStoreBackend.KEYCHAIN)

# Use encrypted files with custom password
manager = TokenManager(
    backend=TokenStoreBackend.ENCRYPTED_FILE,
    password="my-super-secret-password-123"
)

# Use HashiCorp Vault
manager = TokenManager(
    backend=TokenStoreBackend.VAULT,
    vault_url="https://vault.company.com",
    vault_token="s.xyz123...",
    vault_mount_point="secret",
    vault_path_prefix="mcp-oauth"
)

Custom Storage Directory

from pathlib import Path

manager = TokenManager(
    backend=TokenStoreBackend.ENCRYPTED_FILE,
    token_dir=Path("/secure/custom/path/tokens"),
    password="my-password"
)

Storage Security Features

1. Platform-Native Security

   • macOS Keychain: Protected by system keychain access controls
   • Windows: Protected by Windows account credentials
   • Linux: Protected by Secret Service daemon

2. Encryption

   • Encrypted file storage uses AES-256-GCM
   • Keys derived from password using PBKDF2
   • Each token file has unique salt and IV

3. Access Control

   • Files created with mode 0600 (owner read/write only)
   • Token directory created with mode 0700 (owner access only)

4. Token Metadata

   • Creation timestamp
   • Expiration tracking
   • Scope information
   • Automatic cleanup of expired tokens

Checking Available Backends

from chuk_mcp_client_oauth import TokenStoreFactory

# Get list of available backends on this system
available = TokenStoreFactory.get_available_backends()
print("Available backends:", available)
# Example output: [TokenStoreBackend.KEYCHAIN, TokenStoreBackend.ENCRYPTED_FILE]

# Get the auto-detected backend
detected = TokenStoreFactory._detect_backend()
print(f"Auto-detected backend: {detected}")
# Example output: TokenStoreBackend.KEYCHAIN (on macOS)

Storage Best Practices

Development:

# Use auto-detection for simplicity
manager = TokenManager()

Production (Single User):

# Use platform-native storage
manager = TokenManager(backend=TokenStoreBackend.AUTO)

Production (Multi-User Server):

# Use Vault for centralized secret management
manager = TokenManager(
    backend=TokenStoreBackend.VAULT,
    vault_url=os.environ["VAULT_URL"],
    vault_token=os.environ["VAULT_TOKEN"]
)

Testing:

# Use encrypted files in temp directory
import tempfile
manager = TokenManager(
    backend=TokenStoreBackend.ENCRYPTED_FILE,
    token_dir=Path(tempfile.mkdtemp()),
    password="test-password"
)

---

🛠️ CLI Tool (Quick Testing)

The library includes a CLI tool for testing OAuth flows. You can run it with uvx (no installation required) or install it locally:

Using uvx (Recommended - No Installation)

# Authenticate with a server
uvx chuk-mcp-client-oauth auth notion-mcp https://mcp.notion.com/mcp

# List all stored tokens
uvx chuk-mcp-client-oauth list

# Get token details (safely redacted)
uvx chuk-mcp-client-oauth get notion-mcp

# Test connection
uvx chuk-mcp-client-oauth test notion-mcp

# Logout and revoke tokens with server (recommended)
uvx chuk-mcp-client-oauth logout notion-mcp --url https://mcp.notion.com/mcp

# Clear tokens locally only (no server notification)
uvx chuk-mcp-client-oauth clear notion-mcp

Using installed CLI

# Install the package first
uv add chuk-mcp-client-oauth

# Then use the chuk-mcp-client-oauth command
chuk-mcp-client-oauth auth notion-mcp https://mcp.notion.com/mcp
chuk-mcp-client-oauth list
chuk-mcp-client-oauth get notion-mcp
chuk-mcp-client-oauth test notion-mcp
chuk-mcp-client-oauth logout notion-mcp --url https://mcp.notion.com/mcp
chuk-mcp-client-oauth clear notion-mcp

Using examples directory

# Or run from examples directory
uv run examples/oauth_cli.py auth notion-mcp https://mcp.notion.com/mcp

Example output:

============================================================
Authenticating with notion-mcp
============================================================
Server URL: https://mcp.notion.com/mcp
Scopes: read, write (default)

🔐 Starting OAuth flow...
This will open your browser for authorization.

✅ Authentication successful!
Access Token: 282c6a79-d66f-402e-a...********************...w7q85t
Token Type: Bearer
Expires In: 3600 seconds

💾 Tokens saved to secure storage
Storage Backend: KeychainTokenStore

---

📚 Working Examples

The library includes complete, working examples:

1. Authenticated Requests (authenticated_requests.py) ✅ NEW!

What it shows: Complete authenticated requests with SSE support

uv run examples/authenticated_requests.py

Demonstrates:

• ✅ Working httpbin.org example - REST API authentication
• ✅ Complete Notion MCP example - Full MCP session with SSE support
• Automatic token refresh on 401
• SSE (Server-Sent Events) response parsing
• MCP session initialization and tool listing
• Custom headers with authentication
• Manual 401 handling
• Error scenarios
• Token lifecycle explanation

Interactive examples:

1. httpbin.org REST API (working demo)
2. Complete Notion MCP session (15 tools listed)
3. Custom headers with JSON-RPC
4. Manual 401 handling
5. Error handling scenarios
6. Token lifecycle explanation

2. Basic MCP OAuth (basic_mcp_oauth.py)

What it shows: Complete OAuth flow from scratch

uv run examples/basic_mcp_oauth.py
# Or with custom server
uv run examples/basic_mcp_oauth.py https://your-mcp-server.com/mcp

3. OAuth Handler (oauth_handler_example.py)

What it shows: High-level API with token caching

uv run examples/oauth_handler_example.py

Demonstrates:

• MCP OAuth with Notion
• Token caching and reuse
• Token validation
• Header preparation

4. Token Storage (token_storage_example.py)

What it shows: Different storage backends

uv run examples/token_storage_example.py

Demonstrates:

• Auto-detection
• Encrypted file storage
• Keychain integration
• Vault integration

5. CLI Tool (oauth_cli.py)

What it shows: Complete token management tool

uv run examples/oauth_cli.py --help

All examples are fully functional and tested with real MCP servers (Notion MCP).

---

🔧 API Reference

OAuthHandler (High-Level API)

Recommended for most use cases.

from chuk_mcp_client_oauth import OAuthHandler

handler = OAuthHandler(token_manager=None)  # None = auto-detect storage

Methods:

• ensure_authenticated_mcp(server_name, server_url, scopes=None) Authenticate with MCP server (uses cached tokens if available)

  tokens = await handler.ensure_authenticated_mcp(
      server_name="my-server",
      server_url="https://mcp.example.com/mcp",
      scopes=["read", "write"]
  )
  

• prepare_headers_for_mcp_server(server_name, server_url, scopes=None) Get ready-to-use HTTP headers with authorization

  headers = await handler.prepare_headers_for_mcp_server(
      server_name="my-server",
      server_url="https://mcp.example.com/mcp"
  )
  # Use in requests: httpx.get(url, headers=headers)
  

• get_authorization_header(server_name) Get just the Authorization header value

  auth = handler.get_authorization_header("my-server")
  # Returns: "Bearer <token>"
  

• clear_tokens(server_name) Remove tokens from cache and storage (local only)

  handler.clear_tokens("my-server")
  

• logout(server_name, server_url=None) Logout and revoke tokens with server (RFC 7009)

  # Revoke tokens with server (recommended)
  await handler.logout(
      server_name="my-server",
      server_url="https://mcp.example.com/mcp"
  )
  
  # Clear tokens locally only (no server notification)
  await handler.logout("my-server")
  

  Note: When server_url is provided, the library will:

  1. Attempt to revoke the refresh and access tokens with the server
  2. Clear tokens from memory cache
  3. Delete tokens from secure storage
  4. Remove client registration

  If revocation fails (network error, server doesn't support it), tokens are still cleared locally.

MCPOAuthClient (Low-Level API)

For advanced control over the OAuth flow.

from chuk_mcp_client_oauth import MCPOAuthClient

client = MCPOAuthClient(
    server_url="https://mcp.example.com/mcp",
    redirect_uri="http://localhost:8080/callback"
)

Methods:

• discover_authorization_server() - RFC 8414 discovery
• register_client(client_name, redirect_uris) - RFC 7591 registration
• authorize(scopes) - Full authorization flow with PKCE
• refresh_token(refresh_token) - Get new access token
• revoke_token(token, token_type_hint=None) - Revoke token with server (RFC 7009)

TokenManager

Manages secure token storage.

from chuk_mcp_client_oauth import TokenManager, TokenStoreBackend

manager = TokenManager(
    backend=TokenStoreBackend.AUTO,  # or KEYCHAIN, VAULT, etc
    token_dir=None,  # custom directory (for ENCRYPTED_FILE)
    password=None,   # password (for ENCRYPTED_FILE)
)

Methods:

• save_tokens(server_name, tokens) - Store tokens securely
• load_tokens(server_name) - Retrieve stored tokens (returns None if not found)
• has_valid_tokens(server_name) - Check if valid tokens exist
• delete_tokens(server_name) - Remove tokens

OAuthTokens (Token Object)

Represents OAuth tokens.

tokens = OAuthTokens(
    access_token="...",
    token_type="Bearer",
    expires_in=3600,
    refresh_token="...",
    scope="read write"
)

Methods:

• get_authorization_header() - Returns "Bearer <token>"
• is_expired() - Check if token has expired
• to_dict() - Convert to dictionary

---

🔐 Security Features

• ✅ PKCE Support - Prevents authorization code interception
• ✅ Secure Storage - Platform-native secure storage (Keychain, etc)
• ✅ Token Encryption - AES-256 for file storage
• ✅ Automatic Expiration - Tracks and validates token expiration
• ✅ No Plaintext Storage - Never stores tokens in plaintext
• ✅ Scope Validation - Ensures requested scopes are granted

---

📊 Support Matrix

OAuth Flows & Features

Feature	Support	Notes
Authorization Code + PKCE	✅ Full	Primary flow (RFC 6749 + RFC 7636)
Refresh Tokens	✅ Full	Automatic token refresh
Dynamic Client Registration	✅ Full	RFC 7591
OAuth Discovery	✅ Full	RFC 8414
Device Code Flow	🚧 Planned	For headless/CI environments
Client Credentials	❌ Out of scope	Server-to-server only

Platforms & Storage

Platform	Python	Storage Backend	Auto-Detected	Fallback
macOS	3.10+	Keychain	✅	Encrypted File
Linux	3.10+	Secret Service (GNOME Keyring/KWallet)	✅	Encrypted File
Windows	3.10+	Credential Manager	✅	Encrypted File
Docker/CI	3.10+	Encrypted File	✅	N/A
Vault	3.10+	HashiCorp Vault	Manual	Encrypted File

MCP Integration

Feature	Support	How It Works
Bearer Token Injection	✅	Authorization: Bearer <token> header
HTTP Requests	✅	Standard HTTP headers with JSON/JSON-RPC
SSE (Server-Sent Events)	✅ NEW!	Auth header in initial connection + SSE response parsing
WebSocket	✅	Auth header in handshake
Automatic 401 Retry	✅ NEW!	Token refresh and request retry on unauthorized
MCP Session Management	✅ NEW!	Session initialization, notifications, and session IDs
Timeout Support	✅ NEW!	Configurable timeouts for slow MCP operations

How tokens are attached to MCP requests:

# The library adds this header to all MCP HTTP requests:
headers = {
    "Authorization": f"Bearer {access_token}",
    "Content-Type": "application/json",
    "Accept": "application/json, text/event-stream",
    "Mcp-Session-Id": "<session-id>"  # For MCP session requests
}

# For SSE responses (common in MCP), the library can parse:
# Response format:
#   event: message
#   data: {"jsonrpc":"2.0","result":{...}}
#
# Automatically parsed to JSON with parse_sse_response()

Making Authenticated Requests with Auto-Refresh

The library provides authenticated_request() which handles the complete request lifecycle, including automatic token refresh on 401 responses and SSE (Server-Sent Events) response parsing:

import asyncio
from chuk_mcp_client_oauth import OAuthHandler

async def main():
    handler = OAuthHandler()

    # Make authenticated JSON-RPC request to MCP server
    # Supports both JSON and SSE response formats
    response = await handler.authenticated_request(
        server_name="notion-mcp",
        server_url="https://mcp.notion.com/mcp",
        url="https://mcp.notion.com/mcp",
        method="POST",
        json={
            "jsonrpc": "2.0",
            "id": 1,
            "method": "tools/list",
            "params": {}
        },
        headers={
            "Accept": "application/json, text/event-stream",
            "Content-Type": "application/json",
            "Mcp-Session-Id": "<session-id>"
        },
        timeout=30.0  # Optional timeout in seconds
    )

    print(f"Status: {response.status_code}")

    # Parse response - automatically handles both JSON and SSE formats
    if 'text/event-stream' in response.headers.get('content-type', ''):
        # SSE response - parse it
        data = parse_sse_response(response.text)
    else:
        # Regular JSON response
        data = response.json()

    print(f"Response: {data}")

asyncio.run(main())

Complete MCP Session Example:

import asyncio
import uuid
from chuk_mcp_client_oauth import OAuthHandler

async def mcp_session_example():
    handler = OAuthHandler()
    server_name = "notion-mcp"
    server_url = "https://mcp.notion.com/mcp"
    session_id = str(uuid.uuid4())

    # Step 1: Initialize MCP session
    init_response = await handler.authenticated_request(
        server_name=server_name,
        server_url=server_url,
        url=server_url,
        method="POST",
        json={
            "jsonrpc": "2.0",
            "id": 1,
            "method": "initialize",
            "params": {
                "protocolVersion": "2024-11-05",
                "capabilities": {"roots": {"listChanged": True}},
                "clientInfo": {"name": "my-app", "version": "1.0.0"}
            }
        },
        headers={
            "Accept": "application/json, text/event-stream",
            "Content-Type": "application/json"
        },
        timeout=60.0  # MCP initialization can be slow
    )

    # Extract session ID from response header
    session_id = init_response.headers.get('mcp-session-id', session_id)
    print(f"Session initialized: {session_id}")

    # Step 2: Send initialized notification
    await handler.authenticated_request(
        server_name=server_name,
        server_url=server_url,
        url=server_url,
        method="POST",
        json={"jsonrpc": "2.0", "method": "notifications/initialized"},
        headers={
            "Accept": "application/json, text/event-stream",
            "Content-Type": "application/json",
            "Mcp-Session-Id": session_id
        },
        timeout=30.0
    )

    # Step 3: List tools
    tools_response = await handler.authenticated_request(
        server_name=server_name,
        server_url=server_url,
        url=server_url,
        method="POST",
        json={"jsonrpc": "2.0", "id": 2, "method": "tools/list", "params": {}},
        headers={
            "Accept": "application/json, text/event-stream",
            "Content-Type": "application/json",
            "Mcp-Session-Id": session_id
        },
        timeout=30.0
    )

    print(f"Tools: {tools_response.json()}")

asyncio.run(mcp_session_example())

SSE (Server-Sent Events) Support:

Many MCP servers return responses in SSE format instead of plain JSON. The library works with both:

def parse_sse_response(response_text: str) -> dict:
    """
    Parse Server-Sent Events (SSE) response format.

    SSE format example:
        event: message
        data: {"jsonrpc":"2.0","result":{...}}

    Returns the JSON data from the SSE message.
    """
    import json

    lines = response_text.strip().split('\n')
    data_lines = []

    for line in lines:
        if line.startswith('data: '):
            data_lines.append(line[6:])  # Remove 'data: ' prefix

    if data_lines:
        json_str = ''.join(data_lines)
        return json.loads(json_str)

    raise ValueError("No data found in SSE response")

# Use with authenticated_request:
response = await handler.authenticated_request(...)

content_type = response.headers.get('content-type', '')
if 'text/event-stream' in content_type:
    data = parse_sse_response(response.text)  # SSE format
else:
    data = response.json()  # Regular JSON

POST requests with JSON:

# Create a new resource
response = await handler.authenticated_request(
    server_name="notion-mcp",
    server_url="https://mcp.notion.com/mcp",
    url="https://mcp.notion.com/mcp",
    method="POST",
    json={"jsonrpc": "2.0", "id": 1, "method": "resources/create", "params": {...}}
)

Custom headers:

# Add custom headers to the authenticated request
response = await handler.authenticated_request(
    server_name="notion-mcp",
    server_url="https://mcp.notion.com/mcp",
    url="https://mcp.notion.com/mcp",
    method="POST",
    json={...},
    headers={
        "Accept": "application/json, text/event-stream",
        "Content-Type": "application/json",
        "Mcp-Session-Id": session_id,
        "X-Custom-Header": "value"
    }
)
# Both Authorization and custom headers are included

Disable automatic retry:

# If you want to handle 401 responses yourself
try:
    response = await handler.authenticated_request(
        server_name="notion-mcp",
        server_url="https://mcp.notion.com/mcp",
        url="https://mcp.notion.com/mcp",
        method="POST",
        json={...},
        retry_on_401=False  # Don't auto-refresh on 401
    )
except httpx.HTTPStatusError as e:
    if e.response.status_code == 401:
        print("Unauthorized - handle manually")

How it works:

1. ✅ Ensures you have valid tokens (gets/refreshes if needed)
2. ✅ Makes the HTTP request with Authorization: Bearer <token> header
3. ✅ Supports both JSON and SSE (Server-Sent Events) response formats
4. ✅ If server returns 401 Unauthorized, automatically refreshes the token
5. ✅ Retries the request once with the new token
6. ✅ Returns the final response or raises httpx.HTTPStatusError if still unauthorized
7. ✅ Supports custom timeouts for slow operations (e.g., MCP initialization)

---

🔒 Security Model & Threat Considerations

PKCE Flow Security

What is PKCE? PKCE (Proof Key for Code Exchange) prevents authorization code interception attacks. Here's how this library implements it:

1. Code Verifier Generation

   • Random 128-character string generated for each flow
   • Stored in memory only (never written to disk)
   • Destroyed after token exchange

2. Code Challenge

   • SHA-256 hash of verifier sent to authorization endpoint
   • Server validates the verifier matches during token exchange
   • Prevents stolen auth codes from being used

# Behind the scenes (automatic):
code_verifier = secrets.token_urlsafe(96)  # 128 chars base64url
code_challenge = base64url(sha256(code_verifier))

# Authorization request includes:
# code_challenge=<hash>&code_challenge_method=S256

# Token exchange includes:
# code_verifier=<original> (server validates hash matches)

Token Storage Security

Encryption at Rest:

# Encrypted File Storage (fallback):
- Algorithm: AES-256-GCM (authenticated encryption)
- Key Derivation: PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256 (600,000 iterations)
- Salt: 32 bytes random per file
- IV: 16 bytes random per encryption
- Tag: 16 bytes authentication tag

# File structure:
# [32-byte salt][16-byte IV][encrypted data][16-byte tag]

Access Control:

• Unix: Files created with mode 0600 (owner read/write only)
• Windows: Protected by Windows account credentials
• Keychain: Uses system keychain access controls (requires user authentication)

Token Lifecycle:

1. Access Token Generated → Stored encrypted
2. Access Token Used → Retrieved, decrypted in memory
3. Access Token Expires → Automatic refresh
4. Refresh Token Used → New tokens stored, old deleted
5. User Logout → All tokens deleted from storage

Redirect URI Strategy

Default Configuration:

# Loopback address (RFC 8252 - OAuth for Native Apps)
redirect_uri = "http://127.0.0.1:<random_port>/callback"

# Why this is secure:
# ✅ Random port prevents port hijacking
# ✅ 127.0.0.1 (not localhost) prevents DNS rebinding
# ✅ CSRF state parameter validates redirect
# ✅ PKCE verifier prevents code interception

CSRF Protection:

# State parameter (RFC 6749):
state = secrets.token_urlsafe(32)  # 256 bits of entropy

# Sent in authorization request, validated on callback
# Prevents cross-site request forgery

Custom Redirect URI (Advanced):

# For production apps, use custom URI scheme:
client = MCPOAuthClient(
    server_url="https://mcp.example.com/mcp",
    redirect_uri="myapp://oauth/callback"  # Registered scheme
)

Security Checklist

When deploying this library:

• Use platform-native storage (Keychain/Credential Manager) in production
• Enable encryption for file storage (always provide password)
• Validate server certificates (don't disable SSL verification)
• Use PKCE (automatically enabled, don't disable)
• Rotate secrets (configure token refresh intervals on server)
• Monitor token usage (implement logging/audit trails)
• Limit scopes (request minimum necessary permissions)
• Implement logout (revoke tokens when done)

What's NOT Stored

For security, these are never written to disk:

• ❌ PKCE code verifier (memory only during flow)
• ❌ CSRF state parameter (memory only during flow)
• ❌ User passwords (never handled by this library)
• ❌ Plaintext tokens (always encrypted in file storage)

---

⚠️ Error Handling & Recovery

Error Taxonomy

The library uses specific exceptions for different failure modes:

from chuk_mcp_client_oauth.exceptions import (
    OAuthError,              # Base exception
    DiscoveryError,          # Discovery endpoint failed
    RegistrationError,       # Client registration failed
    AuthorizationError,      # User denied consent
    TokenExchangeError,      # Token exchange failed
    TokenRefreshError,       # Token refresh failed
    TokenStorageError,       # Storage backend failed
)

Common Errors & Solutions

Discovery Failures

Error: DiscoveryError: Failed to fetch discovery document

Causes:

• Server doesn't support OAuth discovery
• Network connectivity issues
• Invalid server URL

Recovery:

try:
    await handler.ensure_authenticated_mcp(
        server_name="my-server",
        server_url="https://mcp.example.com/mcp"
    )
except DiscoveryError as e:
    print(f"❌ Discovery failed: {e}")

    # Fallback: Manual configuration
    from chuk_mcp_client_oauth import MCPOAuthClient
    client = MCPOAuthClient(
        server_url="https://mcp.example.com/mcp",
        authorization_url="https://mcp.example.com/oauth/authorize",  # manual
        token_url="https://mcp.example.com/oauth/token",  # manual
        redirect_uri="http://127.0.0.1:8080/callback"
    )

Authorization Failures

Error: AuthorizationError: User denied consent

Causes:

• User clicked "Deny" in browser
• User closed browser window
• Timeout waiting for callback

Recovery:

try:
    tokens = await client.authorize(scopes=["read", "write"])
except AuthorizationError as e:
    if "denied" in str(e).lower():
        print("❌ User denied access")
        print("ℹ️  Please approve the application to continue")
        # Retry with user guidance
    elif "timeout" in str(e).lower():
        print("❌ Authorization timeout")
        print("ℹ️  Please complete the flow within 5 minutes")
        # Retry with longer timeout

Token Refresh Failures

Error: TokenRefreshError: Refresh token expired

Causes:

• Refresh token expired (server-configured TTL)
• Refresh token revoked by server
• Network error during refresh

Recovery:

try:
    new_tokens = await client.refresh_token(old_tokens.refresh_token)
except TokenRefreshError as e:
    print(f"❌ Refresh failed: {e}")

    # Clear old tokens and re-authenticate
    handler.clear_tokens("my-server")
    tokens = await handler.ensure_authenticated_mcp(
        server_name="my-server",
        server_url=server_url
    )

Storage Failures

Error: TokenStorageError: Failed to store token

Causes:

• Permission denied on storage directory
• Keychain locked (macOS)
• Disk full
• Encryption password wrong

Recovery:

from chuk_mcp_client_oauth import TokenManager, TokenStoreBackend
from pathlib import Path

try:
    manager = TokenManager(backend=TokenStoreBackend.AUTO)
    manager.save_tokens("server", tokens)
except TokenStorageError as e:
    print(f"❌ Storage failed: {e}")

    # Fallback to encrypted file with explicit password
    import tempfile
    fallback_manager = TokenManager(
        backend=TokenStoreBackend.ENCRYPTED_FILE,
        token_dir=Path(tempfile.mkdtemp()),
        password="explicit-password-123"
    )
    fallback_manager.save_tokens("server", tokens)

Retry Strategies

Automatic Retry (Built-in):

# Token refresh automatically retries with exponential backoff
# 3 attempts: 1s, 2s, 4s delays
tokens = await handler.ensure_authenticated_mcp(...)
# ↑ Handles token refresh internally with retries

Manual Retry (Your Code):

import asyncio
from tenacity import retry, stop_after_attempt, wait_exponential
from chuk_mcp_client_oauth import OAuthHandler

@retry(
    stop=stop_after_attempt(3),
    wait=wait_exponential(multiplier=1, min=1, max=10)
)
async def connect_with_retry(server_name: str, server_url: str):
    """Connect with automatic retries on network errors."""
    handler = OAuthHandler()
    return await handler.ensure_authenticated_mcp(
        server_name=server_name,
        server_url=server_url
    )

async def main():
    """Main function to run the retry example."""
    try:
        tokens = await connect_with_retry("my-server", "https://mcp.example.com")
        print(f"✅ Connected successfully!")
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"❌ Failed after 3 retries: {e}")

# Usage
asyncio.run(main())

Debugging

Enable Debug Logging:

import logging

# Enable library debug logs
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)
logger = logging.getLogger("chuk_mcp_client_oauth")
logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)

# Now you'll see:
# DEBUG:chuk_mcp_client_oauth:Discovering OAuth server at https://...
# DEBUG:chuk_mcp_client_oauth:Found authorization_endpoint: https://...
# DEBUG:chuk_mcp_client_oauth:Registering client with name: ...
# DEBUG:chuk_mcp_client_oauth:Starting local callback server on port 8080
# ...

---

🧪 Testing

# Run all tests
uv run pytest

# Run with coverage
uv run pytest --cov=chuk_mcp_client_oauth --cov-report=html

# Run specific test file
uv run pytest tests/auth/test_oauth_handler.py -v

# Run with markers
uv run pytest -m "not slow"

Test Coverage: 99%

---

🏗️ Development

# Clone repository
git clone https://github.com/chrishayuk/chuk-mcp-client-oauth.git
cd chuk-mcp-client-oauth

# Install dependencies with uv
uv sync --all-extras

# Run quality checks
make check  # runs format, lint, typecheck, security, tests

# Individual checks
make format      # Format code with ruff
make lint        # Lint code
make typecheck   # Type checking with mypy
make security    # Security scan with bandit
make test        # Run tests
make test-cov    # Run tests with coverage

---

🤝 Contributing

Contributions are welcome! Please:

1. Fork the repository
2. Create a feature branch (git checkout -b feature/amazing-feature)
3. Make your changes
4. Run tests (make check)
5. Commit (git commit -m 'Add amazing feature')
6. Push (git push origin feature/amazing-feature)
7. Open a Pull Request

---

📄 License

MIT License - see LICENSE file for details.

---

🆘 Troubleshooting

"No module named 'keyring'"

uv add keyring  # or pip install keyring

"OAuth flow failed"

• Check server URL is correct and reachable
• Verify server supports MCP OAuth (has .well-known/oauth-authorization-server)
• Ensure scopes are valid for the server

"Token expired"

# Tokens auto-refresh, but you can manually refresh:
if tokens.is_expired():
    new_tokens = await client.refresh_token(tokens.refresh_token)

"Permission denied" on token storage

# Check directory permissions
ls -la ~/.chuk_oauth/
# Should be drwx------ (700)

# Fix if needed
chmod 700 ~/.chuk_oauth/
chmod 600 ~/.chuk_oauth/tokens/*.enc

---

🔗 Links

• Documentation: Full docs
• MCP Specification: Model Context Protocol
• OAuth 2.0: RFC 6749
• PKCE: RFC 7636
• Issues: GitHub Issues

---

Made with ❤️ by the chuk-ai team