circulax 0.1.1

Differentiable circuit simulator based on JAX

Circulax

A Differentiable, Functional Circuit Simulator based on JAX

Circulax is a differentiable circuit simulation framework built on JAX, Optimistix and Diffrax. It treats circuit netlists as systems of Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs), leveraging Diffrax's suite of numerical solvers for transient analysis.

The documentation can be found here

Why use JAX?

By using JAX as its backend, circulax provides:

Native Differentiation: Full support for forward and reverse-mode automatic differentiation through the solver, enabling gradient-based parameter optimization and inverse design.

Hardware Acceleration: Seamless execution on CPU, GPU, and TPU without code changes.

Mixed-Domain Support: Native complex-number handling for simultaneous simulation of electronic and photonic components.

Modular Architecture: A functional approach to simulation that integrates directly into machine learning and scientific computing workflows.

Standard tools (SPICE, Spectre, Ngspice) rely on established matrix stamping methods and CPU-bound sparse solvers. circulax leverages the JAX ecosystem to offer specific advantages in optimization and hardware utilization:

Feature	Legacy(SPICE)	circulax
Model Definition	Hardcoded C++ / Verilog-A	Simple python functions
Derivatives	Hardcoded (C) or Compiler-Generated (Verilog-A)	Automatic Differentiation (AD)
Solver Logic	Fixed-step or heuristic-based	Adaptive ODE stepping via Diffrax
Matrix Solver	Monolithic CPU Sparse (KLU)	Pluggable (KLUJAX, Dense, or Custom)
Hardware Target	CPU-bound	Agnostic (CPU/GPU/TPU)

Simulator setup

circulax strictly separates Physics, Topology, and Analysis, enabling the interchange of solvers or models without netlist modification.

Physics Layer

Components are defined as simple Python functions wrapped with the @component decorator. This functional interface abstracts away the boilerplate, allowing users to define physics using simple voltage/current/field/flux relationships.

from circulax.base_component import component, Signals, States
import jax.numpy as jnp

@component(ports=("p1", "p2"))
def Resistor(signals: Signals, s: States, R: float = 1e3):
    """Ohm's Law: I = V/R"""
    # signals.p1, signals.p2 are the nodal voltages
    i = (signals.p1 - signals.p2) / R
    # Return (Currents, Charges)
    return {"p1": i, "p2": -i}, {}

@component(ports=("p1", "p2"))
def Capacitor(signals: Signals, s: States, C: float = 1e-12):
    """
    Q = C * V.
    Returns Charge (q) so the solver computes I = dq/dt.
    """
    v_drop = signals.p1 - signals.p2
    q_val = C * v_drop
    return {}, {"p1": q_val, "p2": -q_val}

Topology

The compiler inspects your netlist and your model signatures. It automatically:

1. Introspects models to determine how many internal variables (currents) they need.

2. Allocates indices in the global state vector.

3. Pre-calculates the Sparse Matrix indices (BCOO format) for batched/parallel assembly.

netlist = [
    Instance("V1", voltage_source, connections=[1, 0], params={"V": 5.0}),
    Instance("R1", resistor,       connections=[1, 2], params={"R": 100.0}),
]
# Compiler auto-detects that V1 needs an extra internal variable!

Analysis

The solver is a generic DAE engine linking Diffrax (Time-stepping) and Optimistix (Root-finding).

• Transient: Solves $F(y) + \frac{d}{dt}Q(y) = 0$ using Implicit Backward Euler (or any other solver compatible with Diffrax).

• DC Operating Point: Solves $F(y) = 0$ (automatically ignoring $Q$).

• Jacobian-Free: The solver builds the system Jacobian on-the-fly using jax.jacfwd allowing for the simulation of arbitrary user-defined non-linearities without manual derivative derivation.The approach results in a more exact and stable simulation.

Installation

pip install circulax

Simulation Example

import jax
import jax.numpy as jnp
from circulax.components import Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor, VoltageSource
from circulax.compiler import compile_netlist
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

jax.config.update("jax_enable_x64", True)

net_dict = {
    "instances": {
        "GND": {"component":"ground"},
        "V1": {"component":"source_voltage", "settings":{"V": 1.0,"delay":0.25E-9}},
        "R1": {"component":"resistor", "settings":{"R": 10.0}},
        "C1": {"component":"capacitor", "settings":{"C": 1e-11}},
        "L1": {"component":"inductor", "settings":{"L": 5e-9}},
    },
    "connections": {
        "GND,p1": ("V1,p2", "C1,p2"),
        "V1,p1": "R1,p1",
        "R1,p2": "L1,p1",
        "L1,p2": "C1,p1",
    },
}

models_map = {
    'resistor': Resistor,
    'capacitor': Capacitor,
    'inductor': Inductor,
    'source_voltage': VoltageSource,
    'ground': lambda: 0
}

# Analyze Circuit
groups, sys_size, port_map = compile_netlist(net_dict, models_map)
linear_strat = analyze_circuit(groups, sys_size, is_complex=False)

# Solve DC
y_guess = jnp.zeros(sys_size)
y_op = linear_strat.solve_dc(groups,y_guess)

# Setup Sim
transient_sim = setup_transient(groups=groups, linear_strategy=linear_strat)
term = diffrax.ODETerm(lambda t, y, args: jnp.zeros_like(y))

# Run simulation
t_max = 3E-9
saveat = diffrax.SaveAt(ts=jnp.linspace(0, t_max, 500))
sol = transient_sim(
    t0=0.0, t1=t_max, dt0=1e-3*t_max,
    y0=y_op,
    saveat=saveat, max_steps=100000,
    progress_meter=diffrax.TqdmProgressMeter(refresh_steps=100)
)

# Post processing and plotting
ts = sol.ts
v_src = sol.ys[:, port_map["V1,p1"]]
v_cap = sol.ys[:, port_map["C1,p1"]]
i_ind = sol.ys[:, 5]

fig, ax1 = plt.subplots(figsize=(8, 5))
ax1.plot(ts, v_src, 'k--', label='Source V')
ax1.plot(ts, v_cap, 'b-', label='Capacitor V')
ax1.set_xlabel('Time (s)')
ax1.set_ylabel('Voltage (V)')
ax1.legend(loc='upper left')

ax2 = ax1.twinx()
ax2.plot(ts, i_ind, 'r:', label='Inductor I')
ax2.set_ylabel('Current (A)')
ax2.legend(loc='upper right')

ax2_ticks = ax2.get_yticks()
ax1_ticks = ax1.get_yticks()
ax2.set_yticks(jnp.linspace(ax2_ticks[0], ax2_ticks[-1], len(ax1_ticks)))
ax1.set_yticks(jnp.linspace(ax1_ticks[0], ax1_ticks[-1], len(ax1_ticks)))

plt.title("Impulse Response of LCR circuit")
plt.grid(True)
plt.show()

License

Copyright © 2026, Chris Daunt, Apache-2.0 License