cma 1.1.7

a stochastic numerical optimization algorithm for difficult (non-convex, ill-conditioned, multi-modal, rugged, noisy) optimization problems in continuous search spaces, implemented in Python.

Typical domain of application are bound-constrained or unconstrained objective functions with:

• search space dimension between 5 and 100,
• no gradients available,
• no less than, say, 100 times dimension function evaluations needed to get satisfactory solutions,
• non-separable, ill-conditioned, or rugged/multi-modal landscapes.

The CMA-ES is quite reliable, however for small budgets (fewer than 100 times dimension function evaluations) or in very small dimensions better methods are available.

Installation

There are several ways of installation:

• In the terminal command line simply type:

  pip install cma
  

  or, alternatively:

  easy_install cma
  

  The package will be downloaded and installed automatically. To upgrade an existing installation, ‘cma’ must be replaced by ‘-U cma’ in both cases. If you never heard of pip, see here.

• Download and unpack the cma-...tar.gz file and type:

  python setup.py install
  

  in the cma-... folder (under Windows just “setup.py install”).

• Under Windows one may also download the MS Windows installer.

Installation might require root privileges and therefore commands might need to be prepended with sudo.

The file cma.py from the tar archive can also be used without any installation (just import needs to find it).

Usage Example

In a Python shell:

>>> import cma
>>> es = cma.CMAEvolutionStrategy(8 * [0], 0.5)
(5_w,10)-aCMA-ES (mu_w=3.2,w_1=45%) in dimension 8 (seed=468976, Tue May  6 19:14:06 2014)
>>> help(es)  # the same as help(cma.CMAEvolutionStrategy)
    <output omitted>
>>> es.optimize(cma.fcts.rosen)
Iterat #Fevals   function value    axis ratio  sigma  minstd maxstd min:sec
    1      10 1.042661803766204e+02 1.0e+00 4.50e-01  4e-01  5e-01 0:0.0
    2      20 7.322331708590002e+01 1.2e+00 3.89e-01  4e-01  4e-01 0:0.0
    3      30 6.048150359372417e+01 1.2e+00 3.47e-01  3e-01  3e-01 0:0.0
  100    1000 3.165939452385367e+00 1.1e+01 7.08e-02  2e-02  7e-02 0:0.2
  200    2000 4.157333035296804e-01 1.9e+01 8.10e-02  9e-03  5e-02 0:0.4
  300    3000 2.413696640005903e-04 4.3e+01 9.57e-03  3e-04  7e-03 0:0.5
  400    4000 1.271582136805314e-11 7.6e+01 9.70e-06  8e-08  3e-06 0:0.7
  439    4390 1.062554035878040e-14 9.4e+01 5.31e-07  3e-09  8e-08 0:0.8
>>> es.result_pretty()  # pretty print result
termination on tolfun=1e-11
final/bestever f-value = 3.729752e-15 3.729752e-15
mean solution: [ 1.          1.          1.          1.          0.99999999  0.99999998
  0.99999995  0.99999991]
std deviation: [  2.84303359e-09   2.74700402e-09   3.28154576e-09   5.92961588e-09
   1.07700123e-08   2.12590385e-08   4.09374304e-08   8.16649754e-08]

optimizes the 8-dimensional Rosenbrock function with initial solution all zeros and initial sigma = 0.5.

Pretty much the same can be achieved a little less “elaborate” with:

>>> import cma
>>> res = cma.fmin(cma.fcts.rosen, 8 * [0], 0.5)
    <output omitted>

And a little more elaborate exposing the ask-and-tell interface:

>>> import cma
>>> es = cma.CMAEvolutionStrategy(12 * [0], 0.5)
>>> while not es.stop():
...     solutions = es.ask()
...     es.tell(solutions, [cma.fcts.rosen(x) for x in solutions])
...     es.logger.add()  # write data to disc to be plotted
...     es.disp()
    <output omitted>
>>> es.result_pretty()
    <output omitted>
>>> cma.plot()  # shortcut for es.logger.plot()

A single run on the 12-dimensional Rosenbrock function.

The CMAOptions class manages options for CMAEvolutionStrategy, e.g. verbosity options can be found like:

>>> import cma
>>> from cma import pprint as pp  # several imports per line are considered as bad style
>>> pp(cma.CMAOptions('erb'))
{'verb_log': '1  #v verbosity: write data to files every verb_log iteration, writing can be time critical on fast to evaluate functions'
 'verbose': '1  #v verbosity e.v. of initial/final message, -1 is very quiet, not yet implemented'
 'verb_plot': '0  #v in fmin(): plot() is called every verb_plot iteration'
 'verb_disp': '100  #v verbosity: display console output every verb_disp iteration'
 'verb_filenameprefix': 'outcmaes  # output filenames prefix'
 'verb_append': '0  # initial evaluation counter, if append, do not overwrite output files'
 'verb_time': 'True  #v output timings on console'}

Options are passed like:

>>> import cma
>>> es = cma.CMAEvolutionStrategy(8 * [0], 0.5,
                                  {'verb_disp': 1}) # display each iteration

Documentations

Read the full package documentation here.

See also

• code home page with practical hints
• CMA-ES on Wikipedia

Dependencies

• required: numpy – array processing for numbers, strings, records, and objects
• optional (highly recommended): matplotlib – Python plotting package (includes pylab)

Use pip install numpy etc. for installation. For a Python implementation of CMA-ES with lesser dependencies see here.

Author: Nikolaus Hansen, 2008-2014.

License: BSD