Thread related convenience classes and functions.

Latest release 20260912: pmap: dispatcher: issue a warning about exceptions and reraise so that they are visible.

Short summary:

• AdjustableSemaphore: A semaphore whose value may be tuned after instantiation.

• bg: Dispatch the callable func in its own Thread; return the Thread.

• DeadlockError: Raised by NRLock when a lock is attempted from the Thread currently holding the lock.

• HasThreadState: A mixin for classes with a cs.threads.ThreadState instance as .state providing a context manager which pushes current=self onto that state and a default() class method returning cls.perthread_state.current as the default instance of that class.

• joinif: Call T.join() if T is not the current Thread.

• LockableMixin: Trite mixin to control access to an object via its ._lock attribute. Exposes the ._lock as the property .lock. Presents a context manager interface for obtaining an object's lock.

• locked: A decorator for instance methods that must run within a lock.

• locked_property: A thread safe property whose value is cached. The lock is taken if the value needs to computed.

• monitor: Turn a class into a monitor, all of whose public methods are @locked.

• NRLock: A nonrecursive lock. Attempting to take this lock when it is already held by the current Thread will raise DeadlockError. Otherwise this behaves like threading.Lock.

• pmap: A generator yielding the result of func(item) for each item in the iterable it, evaluated in parallel, kin to cs.nayasync.amap.

• PriorityLock: A priority based mutex which is acquired by and released to waiters in priority order.

• PriorityLockSubLock: The record for the per-acquirer Lock held by PriorityLock.acquire.

• State: A Thread local object with attributes which can be used as a context manager to stack attribute values.

• ThreadState: A Thread local object with attributes which can be used as a context manager to stack attribute values.

• via: Return a callable that calls the supplied func inside a with statement using the context manager cmanager. This intended use case is aimed at deferred function calls.

Functions

bg(func, *, daemon=None, name=None, no_start=False, no_logexc=False, args=None, kwargs=None, thread_factory=None, pre_enter_objects=None, **thread_factory_kw)

Dispatch the callable func in its own Thread; return the Thread.

Parameters:

• func: a callable for the Thread target.
• args, kwargs: passed to the Thread constructor
• kwargs, kwargs: passed to the Thread constructor
• daemon: optional argument specifying the .daemon attribute.
• name: optional argument specifying the Thread name, default: the name of func.
• no_logexc: if false (default False), wrap func in @logexc.
• no_start: optional argument, default False. If true, do not start the Thread.
• pre_enter_objects: an optional iterable of objects which should be entered using with

If pre_enter_objects is supplied, these context manager objects will be entered using with via the closeall() function before the Thread is started and exited when the Thread target function ends. If the Thread is not started (no_start=True, very unusual) then the objects will still be entered and it will be the caller's responsibility to manage the entered objects.

joinif(T: threading.Thread)

Call T.join() if T is not the current Thread.

Unlike threading.Thread.join, this function is a no-op if T is the current `Thread.

The use case is situations such as the shutdown phase of the MultiOpenMixin.startup_shutdown context manager. Because the "initial open" startup phase is not necessarily run in the same thread as the "final close" shutdown phase, it is possible for example for a worker Thread to execute the shutdown phase and try to join itself. Using this function supports that scenario.

locked(*da, **dkw)

A decorator for instance methods that must run within a lock.

Decorator keyword arguments:

• initial_timeout: the initial lock attempt timeout; if this is >0 and exceeded a warning is issued and then an indefinite attempt is made. Default: 2.0s
• lockattr: the name of the attribute of self which references the lock object. Default '_lock'

locked_property(*da, **dkw)

A thread safe property whose value is cached. The lock is taken if the value needs to computed.

The default lock attribute is ._lock. The default attribute for the cached value is ._funcname where funcname is func.__name__. The default "unset" value for the cache is None.

monitor(*da, **dkw)

Turn a class into a monitor, all of whose public methods are @locked.

This is a simple approach which requires class instances to have a ._lock which is an RLock or compatible because methods may naively call each other.

Parameters:

• attrs: optional iterable of attribute names to wrap in @locked. If omitted, all names commencing with a letter are chosen.
• initial_timeout: optional initial lock timeout, default 10.0s.
• lockattr: optional lock attribute name, default '_lock'.

Only attributes satifying inspect.ismethod are wrapped because @locked requires access to the instance ._lock attribute.

pmap(func, it: Iterable, *, concurrent: Union[int, threading.Semaphore, NoneType] = None, unordered=False, indexed=False, with_exceptions=False) -> Generator

A generator yielding the result of func(item) for each item in the iterable it, evaluated in parallel, kin to cs.nayasync.amap.

See cs.naysync.amap for a version of this for asynchronous code.

Parameters:

• func: the callable to accept items from it
• it: an iterable of items to apply to func
• concurrent: a optional constraint on the number of parallel calls to func; if None then no constraint, if an int then a maximum of that many calls, if a Semaphore use that as the constraint
• unordered: optional flag, default False; if true then yield results as calls complete, otherwise yield results in the same order as it though still as soon as available
• indexed: if true, yield (index,result) instead of result where index is the ordinal from enumerate(it)
• with_exceptions: yield (result,exc) as the result value instead of result; in this mode exceptions from calls to func are not reraised, as they come back in the yield values

Note that indexed=True and with_exceptions=True produce (index,(result,exc)) tuples.

Example concurrent in call order:

>>> import time
>>> sleep_times = [0.1, 0.4, 0.2]
>>>
>>> start = time.time()
>>> for index, result in pmap(
...   lambda delay: (time.sleep(delay),delay)[-1],
...   sleep_times,
...   unordered=False,
...   indexed=True):
...     print(index, result)
...
0 0.1
1 0.4
2 0.2
>>> # concurrent delays
>>> assert 0.4 < time.time() - start < 0.5

Example concurrent in completion order:

>>> import time
>>> start = time.time()
>>> for index, result in pmap(
...   lambda delay: (time.sleep(delay),delay)[-1],
...   sleep_times,
...   unordered=True,
...   indexed=True):
...     print(index, result)
...
0 0.1
2 0.2
1 0.4
>>> # concurrent delays
>>> assert 0.4 < time.time() - start < 0.5

via(cmanager, func, *a, **kw)

Return a callable that calls the supplied func inside a with statement using the context manager cmanager. This intended use case is aimed at deferred function calls.

Classes

class AdjustableSemaphore

A semaphore whose value may be tuned after instantiation.

AdjustableSemaphore.__dict__

Read-only proxy of a mapping.

AdjustableSemaphore.__firstlineno__

int([x]) -> integer int(x, base=10) -> integer

Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments are given. If x is a number, return x.int(). For floating-point numbers, this truncates towards zero.

If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string, bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.

int('0b100', base=0) 4

AdjustableSemaphore.__static_attributes__

Built-in immutable sequence.

If no argument is given, the constructor returns an empty tuple. If iterable is specified the tuple is initialized from iterable's items.

If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.

AdjustableSemaphore.acquire(self, blocking=True)

The acquire() method calls the base acquire() method if not blocking. If blocking is true, the base acquire() is called inside a lock to avoid competing with a reducing adjust().

AdjustableSemaphore.adjust(self, newvalue)

Set capacity to newvalue by calling release() or acquire() an appropriate number of times.

If newvalue lowers the semaphore capacity then adjust() may block until the overcapacity is released.

AdjustableSemaphore.adjust_delta(self, delta)

Adjust capacity by delta by calling release() or acquire() an appropriate number of times.

If delta lowers the semaphore capacity then adjust() may block until the overcapacity is released.

AdjustableSemaphore.release(self)

Release the semaphore.

class DeadlockError(builtins.RuntimeError)

Raised by NRLock when a lock is attempted from the Thread currently holding the lock.

DeadlockError.__firstlineno__

int([x]) -> integer int(x, base=10) -> integer

Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments are given. If x is a number, return x.int(). For floating-point numbers, this truncates towards zero.

If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string, bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.

int('0b100', base=0) 4

DeadlockError.__static_attributes__

Built-in immutable sequence.

If no argument is given, the constructor returns an empty tuple. If iterable is specified the tuple is initialized from iterable's items.

If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.

class HasThreadState(cs.context.ContextManagerMixin)

A mixin for classes with a cs.threads.ThreadState instance as .state providing a context manager which pushes current=self onto that state and a default() class method returning cls.perthread_state.current as the default instance of that class.

NOTE: the documentation here refers to cls.perthread_state, but in fact we honour the cls.THREAD_STATE_ATTR attribute to name the state attribute which allows perclass state attributes, and also use with classes which already use .perthread_state for another purpose.

NOTE: HasThreadState.Thread is a class method whose default is to push state for all active HasThreadState subclasses. Contrast with HasThreadState.bg which is an instance method whose default is to push state for just that instance. The top level cs.threads.bg function calls HasThreadState.Thread to obtain its Thread.

HasThreadState.THREAD_STATE_ATTR

str(object='') -> str str(bytes_or_buffer[, encoding[, errors]]) -> str

Create a new string object from the given object. If encoding or errors is specified, then the object must expose a data buffer that will be decoded using the given encoding and error handler. Otherwise, returns the result of object.str() (if defined) or repr(object). encoding defaults to 'utf-8'. errors defaults to 'strict'.

HasThreadState.Thread(*, name=None, target, enter_objects=None, **Thread_kw)

Factory for a Thread to push the .current state for the currently active classes.

The optional parameter enter_objects may be used to pass an iterable of objects whose contexts should be entered using with obj:. If this is set to True that indicates that every "current" HasThreadStates instance should be entered. The default does not enter any object contexts. The HasThreadStates.bg method defaults to passing enter_objects=(self,) to enter the context for self.

HasThreadState.__enter_exit__(self)

Push self.perthread_state.current=self as the Thread local current instance.

Include self.__class__ in the set of currently active classes for the duration.

HasThreadState.__firstlineno__

int([x]) -> integer int(x, base=10) -> integer

Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments are given. If x is a number, return x.int(). For floating-point numbers, this truncates towards zero.

If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string, bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.

int('0b100', base=0) 4

HasThreadState.__static_attributes__

Built-in immutable sequence.

If no argument is given, the constructor returns an empty tuple. If iterable is specified the tuple is initialized from iterable's items.

If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.

HasThreadState.bg(self, func, *, enter_objects=None, **bg_kw)

Get a Thread using type(self).Thread and start it. Return the Thread.

The HasThreadState.Thread factory duplicates the current Thread's HasThreadState current objects as current in the new Thread. Additionally, and optionally, it enters the contexts of various objects using with obj according to the enter_objects parameter.

The value of the optional parameter enter_objects governs which objects have their context entered using with obj in the child Thread while running func as follows:

• None: the default, meaning (self,)
• False: no object contexts are entered
• True: all current HasThreadState object contexts will be entered
• an iterable of objects whose contexts will be entered; pass () (or False as above) to enter no objects

HasThreadState.default(*, factory=None, raise_on_None=False)

The default instance of this class from cls.perthread_state.current.

Parameters:

• factory: optional callable to create an instance of cls if cls.perthread_state.current is None or missing; if factory is True then cls is used as the factory
• raise_on_None: if cls.perthread_state.current is None or missing and factory is false and raise_on_None is true, raise a RuntimeError; this is primarily a debugging aid

HasThreadState.get_thread_states(all_classes=None)

Return a mapping of class->current_instancefor use withHasThreadState.with_thread_statesorHasThreadState.ThreadorHasThreadState.bg`.

The default behaviour returns just a mapping for this class, expecting the default instance to be responsible for what other resources it holds.

There is also a legacy mode for all_classes=True where the mapping is for all active classes, probably best used for Threads spawned outside a HasThreadState context.

Parameters:

• all_classes: optional flag, default False; if true, return a mapping of class to current instance for all HasThreadState subclasses with an open instance, otherwise just a mapping from this class to its current instance

class LockableMixin

Trite mixin to control access to an object via its ._lock attribute. Exposes the ._lock as the property .lock. Presents a context manager interface for obtaining an object's lock.

LockableMixin.__dict__

Read-only proxy of a mapping.

LockableMixin.__exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback)

pylint: disable=unused-argument

LockableMixin.__firstlineno__

int([x]) -> integer int(x, base=10) -> integer

Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments are given. If x is a number, return x.int(). For floating-point numbers, this truncates towards zero.

If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string, bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.

int('0b100', base=0) 4

LockableMixin.__static_attributes__

Built-in immutable sequence.

If no argument is given, the constructor returns an empty tuple. If iterable is specified the tuple is initialized from iterable's items.

If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.

LockableMixin.lock

The internal lock object.

class NRLock

A nonrecursive lock. Attempting to take this lock when it is already held by the current Thread will raise DeadlockError. Otherwise this behaves like threading.Lock.

NRLock.__firstlineno__

int([x]) -> integer int(x, base=10) -> integer

Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments are given. If x is a number, return x.int(). For floating-point numbers, this truncates towards zero.

If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string, bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.

int('0b100', base=0) 4

NRLock.__slots__

Built-in immutable sequence.

If no argument is given, the constructor returns an empty tuple. If iterable is specified the tuple is initialized from iterable's items.

If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.

NRLock.__static_attributes__

Built-in immutable sequence.

If no argument is given, the constructor returns an empty tuple. If iterable is specified the tuple is initialized from iterable's items.

If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.

NRLock.acquire(self, *a, caller_frame=None, **kw)

Acquire the lock as for threading.Lock. Raises DeadlockError is the lock is already held by the current Thread.

NRLock.locked(self)

Return the lock status.

NRLock.release(self)

Release the lock as for threading.Lock.

class PriorityLock

A priority based mutex which is acquired by and released to waiters in priority order.

The initialiser sets a default priority, itself defaulting to 0.

The acquire() method accepts an optional priority value which specifies the priority of the acquire request; lower values have higher priorities. acquire returns a new PriorityLockSubLock.

Note that internally this allocates a threading.Lock per acquirer.

When acquire is called, if the PriorityLock is taken then the acquirer blocks on their personal Lock.

When release() is called the highest priority Lock is released.

Within a priority level acquires are served in FIFO order.

Used as a context manager, the mutex is obtained at the default priority. The priority() method offers a context manager with a specified priority. Both context managers return the PriorityLockSubLock allocated by the acquire.

PriorityLock.__init__(self, default_priority=0, name=None)

Initialise the PriorityLock.

Parameters:

• default_priority: the default acquire priority, default 0.
• name: optional identifying name

PriorityLock.__dict__

Read-only proxy of a mapping.

PriorityLock.__enter__(self)

Enter the mutex as a context manager at the default priority. Returns the new Lock.

PriorityLock.__exit__(self, *_)

Exit the context manager.

PriorityLock.__firstlineno__

int([x]) -> integer int(x, base=10) -> integer

Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments are given. If x is a number, return x.int(). For floating-point numbers, this truncates towards zero.

If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string, bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.

int('0b100', base=0) 4

PriorityLock.__static_attributes__

Built-in immutable sequence.

If no argument is given, the constructor returns an empty tuple. If iterable is specified the tuple is initialized from iterable's items.

If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.

PriorityLock.acquire(self, priority=None)

Acquire the mutex with priority (default from default_priority). Return the new PriorityLockSubLock.

This blocks behind any higher priority acquires or any earlier acquires of the same priority.

PriorityLock.priority(self, this_priority)

A context manager with the specified this_priority. Returns the new Lock.

PriorityLock.release(self)

Release the mutex.

Internally, this releases the highest priority Lock, allowing that acquirer to go forward.

class PriorityLockSubLock(PriorityLockSubLock)

The record for the per-acquirer Lock held by PriorityLock.acquire.

PriorityLockSubLock.__dict__

Read-only proxy of a mapping.

PriorityLockSubLock.__firstlineno__

int([x]) -> integer int(x, base=10) -> integer

Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments are given. If x is a number, return x.int(). For floating-point numbers, this truncates towards zero.

If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string, bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.

int('0b100', base=0) 4

PriorityLockSubLock.__static_attributes__

Built-in immutable sequence.

If no argument is given, the constructor returns an empty tuple. If iterable is specified the tuple is initialized from iterable's items.

If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.

class State(_thread._local)

A Thread local object with attributes which can be used as a context manager to stack attribute values.

Example:

from cs.threads import ThreadState

S = ThreadState(verbose=False)

with S(verbose=True) as prev_attrs:
    if S.verbose:
        print("verbose! (formerly verbose=%s)" % prev_attrs['verbose'])

State.__init__(self, **kw)

Initiate the ThreadState, providing the per-Thread initial values.

State.__call__(self, **kw)

Calling a ThreadState returns a context manager which stacks some state. The context manager yields the previous values for the attributes which were stacked.

State.__dict__

Read-only proxy of a mapping.

State.__firstlineno__

int([x]) -> integer int(x, base=10) -> integer

Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments are given. If x is a number, return x.int(). For floating-point numbers, this truncates towards zero.

If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string, bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.

int('0b100', base=0) 4

State.__static_attributes__

Built-in immutable sequence.

If no argument is given, the constructor returns an empty tuple. If iterable is specified the tuple is initialized from iterable's items.

If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.

class ThreadState(_thread._local)

A Thread local object with attributes which can be used as a context manager to stack attribute values.

Example:

from cs.threads import ThreadState

S = ThreadState(verbose=False)

with S(verbose=True) as prev_attrs:
    if S.verbose:
        print("verbose! (formerly verbose=%s)" % prev_attrs['verbose'])

ThreadState.__init__(self, **kw)

Initiate the ThreadState, providing the per-Thread initial values.

ThreadState.__call__(self, **kw)

Calling a ThreadState returns a context manager which stacks some state. The context manager yields the previous values for the attributes which were stacked.

ThreadState.__dict__

Read-only proxy of a mapping.

ThreadState.__firstlineno__

int([x]) -> integer int(x, base=10) -> integer

Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments are given. If x is a number, return x.int(). For floating-point numbers, this truncates towards zero.

If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string, bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.

int('0b100', base=0) 4

ThreadState.__static_attributes__

Built-in immutable sequence.

If no argument is given, the constructor returns an empty tuple. If iterable is specified the tuple is initialized from iterable's items.

If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.

Release Log

Release 20260912: pmap: dispatcher: issue a warning about exceptions and reraise so that they are visible.

Release 20260610: Bugfix pmap, race condition could prevent termination detection resulting in a hang.

Release 20260531: pmap docstring updates.

Release 20260530: pmap: some bug fixes.

Release 20260526: New pmap(func,items) function, a parallel version of map(), like cs.nayasync.amap().

Release 20250528: Small doc update.

Release 20250325: NRLock: include the lock name in DeadLock exceptions.

Release 20250306: HasThreadState: various fixes.

Release 20241005: Remove some debug noise.

Release 20240630:

• bg: use closeall instead of twostep/withall.
• HasThreadState.bg: drop pre_enter_objects (unused), gets plumbed by the **bg_kw.

Release 20240422: HasThreadState.default: make factory and raise_on keyword only.

Release 20240412:

• New NRLock, an nonrecursive Lock and associated exception DeadlockError.
• bg: rename thread_class to thread_factory for clarity.
• HasThreadState: big refactor to separate the mapping of default instances from the previously automatic opening of a context for each.
• HasThreadState.bg: new optional pre_enter_objects to supply objects which should be opened before the Thread starts (before bg returns) and closed when the Thread exits.

Release 20240316: Fixed release upload artifacts.

Release 20240303:

• HasThreadState: rename thread_states() to get_thread_states().
• HasThreadState.get_thread_states: some logic fixes.

Release 20231129:

• HasThreadState.thread_states: policy change: the default now makes a mapping only for this class, not for all HasThreadState subclasses, on the premise that this class can manage use of other classes if required.
• HasThreadState: new bg() class method like Thread() but also starting the Thread.

Release 20230331:

• HasThreadState: new thread_states() method to snapshot the current states.
• HasThreadState: new with_thread_states() context manager to apply a set of states.
• HasThreadState: rename the default state from .state to .perthread_state.
• HasThreadState.enter_exit: pass cls._HasThreadState_lock to stackset as the modification guard lock, prevents race in thread_states.
• Rename State to ThreadState, which how I always use it anyway, and leave a compatibility name behind.
• New joinif(Thread) method to join a Thread unless we are that Thread - this is because MultiOpenMixin.startup_shutdown stuff may run the shutdown in a differ Thread from that which ran the startup.
• @uses_runstate: use the prevailing RunState or create one.
• Drop Python 2 support.

Release 20230212:

• HasThreadState: maintain a set of the HasThreadState classes in use.
• New HasThreadState.Thread class factory method to create a new Thread with the current threads states at time of call instantiated in the new Thread.
• bg: new no_context=False parameter to suppress use of HasThreadState.Thread to create the new Thread.

Release 20230125: New HasThreadState mixin for classes with a state=State() attribute to provide a cls.default() class method for the default instance and a context manager to push/pop self.state.current=self.

Release 20221228:

• Get error and warning from cs.gimmicks, breaks circular import with cs.logutils.
• Late import of cs.logutils.LogTime to avoid circular import.

Release 20221207: Small bug fix.

Release 20221118: REMOVE WorkerThreadPool, pulls in too many other things and was never used.

Release 20211208: bg: do not pass the current Pfx prefix into the new Thread, seems to leak and grow.

Release 20210306: bg: include the current Pfx prefix in the thread name and thread body Pfx, obsoletes cs.pfx.PfxThread.

Release 20210123: New @monitor class decorator for simple RLock based reentrance protection.

Release 20201025:

• @locked: bump the default warning timeout to 10s, was firing too often.
• New State class for thread local state objects with default attribute values and a stacking call context manager.

Release 20200718: @locked: apply the interior doc to the wrapper.

Release 20200521: @locked_property: decorate with @cs.deco.decorator to support keyword arguments.

Release 20191102: @locked: report slow-to-acquire locks, add initial_timeout and lockattr decorator keyword parameters.

Release 20190923.2: Fix annoying docstring typo.

Release 20190923.1: Docstring updates.

Release 20190923: Remove dependence on cs.obj.

Release 20190921: New PriorityLock class for a mutex which releases in (priority,fifo) order.

Release 20190812: bg: compute default name before wrapping func in @logexc.

Release 20190729: bg: provide default name, run callable inside Pfx, add optional no_logexc=False param preventing @logec wrapper if true.

Release 20190422: bg(): new optional no_start=False keyword argument, preventing Thread.start if true

Release 20190102:

• Drop some unused classes.
• New LockableMixin, presenting a context manager and a .lock property.

Release 20160828: Use "install_requires" instead of "requires" in DISTINFO.

Release 20160827:

• Replace bare "excepts" with "except BaseException".
• Doc updates. Other minor improvements.

Release 20150115: First PyPI release.