DM21cm v1.1.0 - Inhomogeneous Energy Injection in 21cm Cosmology

Usage

from dm21cm.injections.dm import DMPWaveAnnihilationInjection
from dm21cm.evolve import evolve

import py21cmfast as p21c

return_dict = evolve(
    run_name = 'test',
    z_start = 45.,
    z_end = 5.,
    injection = DMPWaveAnnihilationInjection(
        primary = 'tau', # XX --> tau- tau+
        m_DM = 1e10, # [eV]
        c_sigma = 1e-18, # [cm^3/s] | <σv>_p = C_σ v^2 / c^2
    ),
    p21c_initial_conditions = p21c.initial_conditions(
        user_params = p21c.UserParams(
            HII_DIM = 64,
            BOX_LEN = 256, # [conformal Mpc]
        ),
    ),
    p21c_astro_params = p21c.AstroParams(),
)

Installation

1. Create a virtual environment

• We recommend creating a new environment for DM21cm and its dependencies. To do so via mamba, for example, run

mamba create -n dm21cm python=3.12

2. Install the modified 21cmFAST

• Clone the 21cmFAST fork here. Checkout branch master.
• Make sure gcc is available through the environment variable CC. This can be set via export CC=/path/to/gcc/binary in your ~/.bashrc file, for example.
• Make sure the GNU Scientific Library (GSL) is avaiable. Set the environment variable GSL_LIB to the directory of the library.
• Make sure fftw is available. Set the environment variable FFTW_INC to the directory containing FFTW headers.
• Install 21cmFAST from the project directory

pip install .

• Set the environment variable P21C_CACHE_DIR to a directory to store cache files.

3. Install DM21cm and DarkHistory

• For GPU acceleration, install jax>=0.4.14 according to your hardware specifications. See JAX's repository for a guide. CPU-only installs can skip this step.
• Install DM21cm and associated packages (including DarkHistory) by

pip install dm21cm

• Download the data files required to run DarkHistory here, and set the environment variable DH_DATA_DIR to the directory containing binning.h5.
• Download the data files required to run DM21cm here, and set the environment variable DM21CM_DATA_DIR to the directory containing abscissas.h5.
• DM21cm should be available to run! You can test it with the example code above, or notebooks in examples.

4. Additional data tables for $p$-wave annihilating DM and PBH

• To run with $p$-wave annihilating DM or PBH Hawking radiation injection, download the additional data files here.
• To run PBH accretion injection, clone this repo and run build_pbhacc_tables.py to build the required data tables. See also this example.

Defining your custom injection

import dm21cm.physics as phys
from dm21cm.injections.base import Injection
from darkhistory.spec import pppc
import numpy as np

class CustomInjection (Injection):

    def __init__(self):
        self.mode = 'Decay implemented again'
        self.primary = primary
        self.m_DM = m_DM
        self.lifetime = lifetime

        # pre-compute spectrum for each injection event
        self.phot_spec_per_inj = pppc.get_pppc_spec(
            self.m_DM, abscs['photE'], self.primary, 'phot', decay=True
        ) # [# / injection event]
        self.elec_spec_per_inj = pppc.get_pppc_spec(
            self.m_DM, abscs['elecEk'], self.primary, 'elec', decay=True
        ) # [# / injection event]

    #===== injections =====
    def inj_rate(self, z):
        """Injection event rate density in [injection / pcm^3 s]. [pcm] = [physical cm].
        Used in DarkHistory part of the evolution.
        """
        rho_DM = phys.rho_DM * (1+z)**3 # [eV / pcm^3]
        return float((rho_DM/self.m_DM) / self.lifetime) # [inj / pcm^3 s]
    
    def inj_power(self, z):
        """Injection power density in [eV / pcm^3 s].
        Used in DarkHistory.
        """
        return self.inj_rate(z) * self.m_DM # [eV / pcm^3 s]
    
    def inj_phot_spec(self, z, **kwargs):
        """Injected photon rate density spectrum assuming a homogeneous universe in [# / pcm^3 s].
        Used in DarkHistory.
        """
        return self.phot_spec_per_inj * self.inj_rate(z) # [phot / pcm^3 s]
    
    def inj_elec_spec(self, z, **kwargs):
        """Injected electron rate density spectrum assuming a homogeneous universe in [# / pcm^3 s].
        Used in DarkHistory.
        """
        return self.elec_spec_per_inj * self.inj_rate(z) # [elec / pcm^3 s]
    
    def inj_phot_spec_box(self, z, delta_plus_one_box=..., **kwargs):
        """Injected photon rate density spectrum [# / pcm^3 s] and weight box [dimensionless]."""
        return self.inj_phot_spec(z), delta_plus_one_box # [phot / pcm^3 s], [1]

    def inj_elec_spec_box(self, z, delta_plus_one_box=..., **kwargs):
        """Injected electron rate density spectrum [# / pcm^3 s] and weight box [dimensionless]."""
        return self.inj_elec_spec(z), delta_plus_one_box # [elec / pcm^3 s], [1]

    #===== utilities =====
    def is_injecting_elec(self):
        """Optionally turn off electron injection."""
        return not np.allclose(self.elec_spec_per_inj.N, 0.)
    
    def get_config(self):
        """For caching darkhistory runs."""
        return {
            'mode': self.mode,
            'primary': self.primary,
            'm_DM': self.m_DM,
            'lifetime': self.lifetime
        }

Authors

Yitian Sun, Joshua W. Foster, Hongwan Liu, Julian B. Muñoz, and Tracy R. Slatyer

Citation

If you used DM21cm v1.1.0 in your work, please cite:

@article{sun2025constraining,
    title = "{Constraining inhomogeneous energy injection from annihilating dark matter and primordial black holes with 21-cm cosmology}",
    author = "Sun, Yitian and Foster, Joshua W. and Mu\~noz, Julian B.",
    eprint = "2509.22772",
    archivePrefix = "arXiv",
    primaryClass = "hep-ph",
    month = "9",
    year = "2025"
}

If you used DM21cm v1.0.0 in your work, please cite:

@article{PhysRevD.111.043015,
    title = {Inhomogeneous energy injection in the 21-cm power spectrum: Sensitivity to dark matter decay},
    author = {Sun, Yitian and Foster, Joshua W. and Liu, Hongwan and Mu\~noz, Julian B. and Slatyer, Tracy R.},
    journal = {Phys. Rev. D},
    volume = {111},
    issue = {4},
    pages = {043015},
    numpages = {32},
    year = {2025},
    month = {Feb},
    publisher = {American Physical Society},
    doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.111.043015},
    url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.111.043015}
}