faultmap 0.5.0

Automatically discover where and why your LLM is failing

faultmap

Automatically discover where and why your LLM is failing.

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The Problem

Your eval says 85% accuracy. Users are complaining. Where are the failures?

Aggregate metrics hide critical patterns. A model can score well overall while catastrophically failing on specific input types — legal questions, billing disputes, technical setup — that matter most to your users.

faultmap is the diagnostic layer that answers three questions:

1. "Where exactly is my model failing?" — Automated discovery of input slices where failure rate is statistically significantly higher than baseline.
2. "Can I trust my test suite?" — Embedding-space coverage analysis that finds semantic blind spots your test suite has never touched.
3. "Which model is better, and where?" — Paired statistical comparison of two models on the same prompt set, with per-slice winners and effect sizes.

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See It In Action

▶ Interactive visualization demo →

Each red cluster is a Failure Slice — a group of semantically similar prompts where your LLM fails disproportionately often. UMAP reduces 1 536-D prompt embeddings to 3D so you can see exactly where reliability breaks down, then faultmap runs statistical hypothesis testing to tell you which clusters are significant and by how much.

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How It Works

Prompts → Embed → Cluster → Statistical Test → BH Correction → Name → Report

faultmap embeds your prompts into a semantic space, clusters them to find coherent input groups, runs hypothesis tests to identify clusters with elevated failure rates, applies Benjamini-Hochberg correction to control false discovery rate, and uses an LLM to generate human-readable names for each failure slice.

Failure Slice Detection

1. Embed — your prompts are embedded into a high-dimensional vector space using a local or API-based embedding model
2. Cluster — HDBSCAN (default) or agglomerative clustering groups semantically similar prompts
3. Test — chi-squared or Fisher exact test compares each cluster's failure rate against the baseline
4. Correct — Benjamini-Hochberg FDR correction filters out false positives across all clusters
5. Name — an LLM automatically generates a human-readable name and description for each significant cluster

Coverage Auditing

1. Embed — both your test prompts and production prompts are embedded
2. Distance — nearest-neighbor search finds production prompts that have no nearby test prompt
3. Cluster — uncovered production prompts are grouped into semantically coherent gap clusters
4. Name — the LLM names each gap so you know exactly what your test suite is missing

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Installation

pip install faultmap                # Core (uses API embeddings via litellm)
pip install faultmap[local]         # + sentence-transformers for local embeddings
pip install faultmap[rich]          # + rich for pretty terminal output
pip install faultmap[all]           # Everything

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Notebooks

Notebook	Description
notebooks/tutorial.ipynb	All four usage modes with a mock path (no API key needed)
notebooks/visualization_demo.ipynb	Interactive 3D UMAP scatter of failure slices — no API key needed

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Quick Start

Mode 1: Bring Your Own Scores

Use scores from DeepEval, Ragas, human reviewers, or any evaluation framework.

from faultmap import SliceAnalyzer

analyzer = SliceAnalyzer(model="gpt-4o-mini")

report = analyzer.analyze(
    prompts=prompts,
    responses=responses,
    scores=scores,  # list of floats in [0, 1], lower = worse
)
print(report)

Mode 2: Reference-Based Scoring

Provide ground-truth answers. faultmap scores responses via cosine similarity between response and reference embeddings.

report = analyzer.analyze(
    prompts=prompts,
    responses=responses,
    references=ground_truth_answers,
)

Mode 3: Reference-Free (Fully Autonomous)

No ground truth needed. faultmap estimates reliability via semantic entropy and self-consistency by sampling multiple responses from the LLM and measuring how consistent they are.

report = analyzer.analyze(
    prompts=prompts,
    responses=responses,
    # No scores, no references — faultmap scores autonomously
)

Coverage Auditing

Find what your test suite is missing by comparing it against production traffic.

coverage = analyzer.audit_coverage(
    test_prompts=my_test_set,
    production_prompts=my_production_logs,
)
print(coverage)

Model Comparison

Compare two models on the same prompt set to find where each model wins.

comparison = analyzer.compare_models(
    prompts=prompts,
    responses_a=gpt4_responses,
    responses_b=gpt4mini_responses,
    scores_a=gpt4_scores,        # Mode 1: pre-computed scores
    scores_b=gpt4mini_scores,
    model_a_name="GPT-4o",
    model_b_name="GPT-4o-mini",
)
print(comparison)

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Reading Results

Analysis Report

# Top-level stats
print(report.total_prompts)          # 500
print(report.total_failures)         # 87
print(report.baseline_failure_rate)  # 0.174
print(report.num_significant)        # 2

# Inspect each failure slice
for s in report.slices:
    print(s.name)             # "Legal compliance questions"
    print(s.description)      # "Prompts asking about regulatory requirements..."
    print(s.size)             # 45
    print(s.failure_rate)     # 0.72
    print(s.baseline_rate)    # 0.17
    print(s.effect_size)      # 4.2   (how many times worse than baseline)
    print(s.adjusted_p_value) # 0.0003
    print(s.test_used)        # "chi2"

    # Actionable insights (why it fails + how to fix it)
    print(s.root_cause)             # "Model lacks context for regulatory terminology..."
    print(s.suggested_remediation)  # "Add: 'You are a compliance expert...'"

    # Recover the original data
    print(s.sample_indices)   # [12, 45, 67, ...]  — indices into your prompts list
    print(s.examples)         # [{"prompt": "...", "response": "...", "score": 0.1}, ...]
    print(s.representative_prompts)  # ["How do I comply with GDPR?", ...]

# Export to dict/JSON
import json
json.dumps(report.to_dict())

Coverage Report

print(coverage.overall_coverage_score)  # 0.82 (82% of prod prompts are covered)
print(coverage.num_gaps)                # 3
print(coverage.metadata["num_uncovered_total"])  # uncovered prompts, clustered or not
print(coverage.metadata["unclustered_prompt_indices"])  # uncovered prompts below gap threshold

for gap in coverage.gaps:
    print(gap.name)                    # "Two-factor authentication setup"
    print(gap.description)             # "Users asking about 2FA configuration..."
    print(gap.size)                    # 28 (production prompts with no test coverage)
    print(gap.mean_distance)           # 1.73 (avg distance to nearest test prompt)
    print(gap.representative_prompts)  # ["How do I enable 2FA?", ...]
    print(gap.prompt_indices)          # indices into your production_prompts list

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API Reference

SliceAnalyzer

analyzer = SliceAnalyzer(
    model="gpt-4o-mini",           # litellm model string for LLM calls (naming + Mode 3)
    embedding_model="text-embedding-3-small",  # default API embedding model
    significance_level=0.05,       # alpha for Benjamini-Hochberg FDR correction
    min_slice_size=10,             # minimum cluster size (smaller clusters ignored)
    failure_threshold=0.5,         # score below this is a failure (for binary classification)
    n_samples=8,                   # Mode 3 only: responses sampled per prompt
    clustering_method="hdbscan",   # "hdbscan" (auto k) or "agglomerative" (grid search)
    max_concurrent_requests=50,    # max parallel LLM API calls
    temperature=1.0,               # Mode 3 only: sampling temperature
    consistency_threshold=0.8,     # Mode 3 only: cosine sim threshold for self-consistency
)

Parameter	Default	Description
model	"gpt-4o-mini"	litellm model string. Supports 100+ providers: "anthropic/claude-3-haiku", "ollama/mistral", etc.
embedding_model	"text-embedding-3-small"	API model string by default, so pip install faultmap works without extras. Local sentence-transformers models require pip install faultmap[local].
significance_level	0.05	FDR alpha. Slices with adjusted_p_value < significance_level are reported.
min_slice_size	10	Minimum prompts per cluster. Smaller clusters are discarded before testing.
failure_threshold	0.5	Score cutoff. A prompt with score < failure_threshold is counted as a failure.
n_samples	8	Mode 3 only: number of additional responses sampled per prompt. Higher = more accurate entropy estimate.
clustering_method	"hdbscan"	"hdbscan" auto-discovers the number of clusters. "agglomerative" performs grid search over [5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30] clusters.
max_concurrent_requests	50	Semaphore-limited concurrency for LLM calls. Reduce if hitting rate limits.
temperature	1.0	Mode 3 only: higher temperature increases response diversity for entropy estimation.
consistency_threshold	0.8	Mode 3 only: cosine similarity cutoff for self-consistency scoring.

analyze()

report: AnalysisReport = analyzer.analyze(
    prompts: list[str],
    responses: list[str],
    scores: list[float] | None = None,      # Mode 1: pre-computed scores in [0, 1]
    references: list[str] | None = None,    # Mode 2: ground-truth answers
    # Neither → Mode 3 (entropy, autonomous)
    # Both → Mode 1 wins, Mode 2 is ignored (with warning)
)

audit_coverage()

report: CoverageReport = analyzer.audit_coverage(
    test_prompts: list[str],
    production_prompts: list[str],
    distance_threshold: float | None = None,  # auto-computed if None
    min_gap_size: int = 5,                    # minimum prompts to form a gap
)

compare_models()

report: ComparisonReport = analyzer.compare_models(
    prompts: list[str],
    responses_a: list[str],
    responses_b: list[str],
    scores_a: list[float] | None = None,     # Mode 1: pre-computed scores for A
    scores_b: list[float] | None = None,     # Mode 1: pre-computed scores for B
    references: list[str] | None = None,     # Mode 2: shared ground-truth answers
    # Neither scores nor references → Mode 3 (entropy scoring for each model)
    model_a_name: str = "Model A",
    model_b_name: str = "Model B",
)

Same mode detection as analyze():

• scores_a + scores_b provided → Mode 1 (must both be present or neither)
• references provided (no scores) → Mode 2
• Neither → Mode 3 (2× API calls — each model scored independently)

Reading ComparisonReport

# Global headline
print(comparison.global_winner)         # "a", "b", or "tie"
print(comparison.global_advantage_rate) # 0.78 → "78% of disagreements favor A"
print(comparison.global_p_value)        # 0.0001

# Per-slice breakdown
for s in comparison.slices:
    print(s.name)               # "Legal Compliance"
    print(s.winner)             # "a" — GPT-4o wins this slice
    print(s.failure_rate_a)     # 0.044
    print(s.failure_rate_b)     # 0.422
    print(s.advantage_rate)     # 0.947 — 94.7% of disagreements favor A here
    print(s.discordant_a_wins)  # 18 — A passes, B fails
    print(s.discordant_b_wins)  # 1  — A fails, B passes
    print(s.adjusted_p_value)   # 0.0002

# Export
import json
json.dumps(comparison.to_dict())

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Scoring Modes In Depth

Mode 1 — Precomputed Scores

Pass any float list where higher = better quality. The failure_threshold parameter (default 0.5) decides the binary split.

Works with scores from any eval framework:

• DeepEval: metric.score
• Ragas: result['answer_relevancy']
• Human annotation: 1.0 (good) / 0.0 (bad)
• LLM-as-judge: normalized score in [0, 1]

Mode 2 — Reference-Based

Provide references (ground-truth answers). faultmap:

1. Embeds both responses and references using the configured embedding model
2. Computes cosine similarity between each response and its reference
3. Uses similarity as the quality score

Best for: RAG evaluation, Q&A benchmarks, translation quality.

Mode 3 — Entropy / Autonomous

No external labels needed. faultmap:

1. Samples n_samples additional responses per prompt at temperature=1.0
2. Embeds all samples + original response
3. Measures semantic entropy: how spread out are the responses in embedding space? (high entropy = inconsistent = uncertain)
4. Measures self-consistency: what fraction of samples are cosine-similar to the original?
5. Combines: score = 0.5 * (1 - normalized_entropy) + 0.5 * self_consistency

High entropy clusters reveal where the model is uncertain or hallucinating. Best for: discovering unknown unknowns when you have no ground truth.

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Embedding Models

Local (no API calls, requires pip install faultmap[local])

# Sentence-transformers models — auto-detected by prefix
SliceAnalyzer(embedding_model="all-MiniLM-L6-v2")    # fast, 384-dim
SliceAnalyzer(embedding_model="all-mpnet-base-v2")   # accurate, 768-dim
SliceAnalyzer(embedding_model="paraphrase-multilingual-MiniLM-L12-v2")  # multilingual

API (via litellm)

SliceAnalyzer()                                          # defaults to text-embedding-3-small
SliceAnalyzer(embedding_model="text-embedding-3-small")   # OpenAI
SliceAnalyzer(embedding_model="text-embedding-3-large")   # OpenAI
SliceAnalyzer(embedding_model="voyage/voyage-2")          # Voyage AI

For asymmetric embedding APIs, you can pass role-specific request options:

SliceAnalyzer(
    embedding_model="nvidia_nim/nvidia/nv-embedqa-e5-v5",
    embedding_usage_kwargs={"query": {"input_type": "query"}},
)

API embeddings also truncate long texts to 2000 characters by default to avoid strict provider token limits. Set embedding_max_text_chars=None to disable it.

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LLM Providers

faultmap uses litellm internally, so any provider litellm supports works:

SliceAnalyzer(model="gpt-4o-mini")                      # OpenAI
SliceAnalyzer(model="anthropic/claude-3-haiku-20240307") # Anthropic
SliceAnalyzer(model="ollama/mistral")                    # Local via Ollama
SliceAnalyzer(model="groq/llama3-8b-8192")              # Groq
SliceAnalyzer(model="azure/gpt-4o-mini")                # Azure OpenAI

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Statistical Details

faultmap uses one-sided hypothesis testing — it only flags clusters that fail more than the baseline, never less.

Test selection (per cluster):

• If expected cell count < 5: Fisher exact test (exact, handles small samples)
• Otherwise: chi-squared with Yates continuity correction

Multiple comparison correction: Benjamini-Hochberg FDR at the configured significance_level. This controls the false discovery rate — the fraction of reported slices that are false positives — which is more appropriate than Bonferroni for exploration.

No external statistics libraries: chi-squared p-values are computed via math.erfc(sqrt(chi2/2)) (exact for df=1), Fisher exact via math.lgamma to avoid overflow. Zero scipy/statsmodels dependency.

Model Comparison Statistics

compare_models() uses McNemar's test — the standard test for paired binary data.

Each prompt produces two binary outcomes (A pass/fail, B pass/fail). Only discordant pairs carry information:

• b = A passes, B fails ("A wins")
• c = A fails, B passes ("B wins")

Test selection:

• b + c >= 25 → chi-squared with continuity correction: (|b-c|-1)² / (b+c)
• b + c < 25 → exact binomial two-sided test via math.lgamma
• b + c == 0 → p=1.0, winner="tie" (models agree everywhere)

Effect size: advantage_rate = b / (b+c) — the proportion of disagreements where A wins. Intuitive and actionable: "78% of the time the models disagree, GPT-4o gives the better answer."

Winner determination: adjusted_p < significance_level AND advantage_rate > 0.5 → A wins; advantage_rate < 0.5 → B wins; otherwise tie.

Multiple comparisons corrected with Benjamini-Hochberg FDR across all per-slice tests.

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Logging

import logging
logging.getLogger("faultmap").setLevel(logging.DEBUG)

faultmap logs progress at each pipeline step: scoring mode, failure counts, cluster sizes, significance results.

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Contributing

git clone https://github.com/gabonavarroo/faultmap.git
cd faultmap
pip install -e ".[dev]"
pytest tests/ -v
ruff check .

All tests use mocks — no API keys needed to run the test suite.

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Changelog

See CHANGELOG.md for release history.

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Examples

See the examples/ directory:

• example_mode1_custom_scores.py — Mode 1 with pre-computed scores
• example_mode2_reference_based.py — Mode 2 with ground-truth references
• example_mode3_reference_free.py — Mode 3 autonomous entropy scoring
• example_coverage_audit.py — Coverage gap detection
• example_model_comparison.py — Model comparison with per-slice winners

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License

Apache 2.0