gaia-lang 0.2.0

Gaia Lang — Python DSL for knowledge authoring, compilation, and inference

Gaia Lang

A Python DSL for authoring machine-readable scientific knowledge. Gaia Lang lets researchers declare propositions, logical constraints, and reasoning strategies as Python objects, then compiles them into a canonical intermediate representation (Gaia IR) for inference via belief propagation.

Quick Example

from gaia.lang import claim, setting, contradiction, deduction

# Declare knowledge
aristotle = setting("Aristotle's doctrine: heavier objects fall faster.")
heavy_faster = claim("Observations show heavier stones fall faster in air.")
composite_slower = claim("A tied composite should fall slower (light part drags heavy).")
composite_faster = claim("A tied composite should fall faster (greater total mass).")

# Logical constraint
paradox = contradiction(composite_slower, composite_faster,
    reason="Same premise yields opposite predictions")

# Reasoning strategy
vacuum_law = claim("In vacuum all bodies fall at the same rate.")
galileo_argument = deduction(
    premises=[paradox, heavy_faster],
    conclusion=vacuum_law,
    reason="Contradiction in Aristotle's doctrine forces a new law",
)

Install

pip install gaia-lang

For development:

git clone https://github.com/SiliconEinstein/Gaia.git
cd Gaia && uv sync

CLI Workflow

gaia init → gaia add → write package → gaia compile → write review → gaia infer → gaia register
(scaffold)  (add deps)   (DSL code)     (DSL → IR)   (self-review)  (BP preview)  (registry PR)

Command	Purpose
gaia init <name>	Scaffold a new Gaia knowledge package
gaia add <package>	Install a registered Gaia package from the official registry
gaia compile [path]	Compile Python DSL to Gaia IR (.gaia/ir.json)
gaia check [path]	Validate package structure and IR consistency (used by registry CI)
gaia infer [path]	Run belief propagation with a review sidecar
gaia register [path]	Submit package to the Gaia Official Registry

Create a Knowledge Package

1. Initialize

gaia init galileo-falling-bodies-gaia
cd galileo-falling-bodies-gaia

This scaffolds a complete package with pyproject.toml (including [tool.gaia] config and a generated UUID), the correct src/ directory layout, and a DSL template. Package name must end with -gaia.

2. Write DSL declarations

Organize your knowledge in separate modules under the package directory. gaia compile imports the top-level package, so any file transitively imported from __init__.py is automatically discovered.

src/galileo_falling_bodies/knowledge.py — declare propositions:

from gaia.lang import claim, setting

aristotle = setting("Aristotle: heavier objects fall faster.")
heavy_faster = claim("Heavy stones fall faster in air.")
composite_slower = claim("Tied composite should be slower (light drags heavy).")
composite_faster = claim("Tied composite should be faster (greater total mass).")
vacuum_law = claim("In vacuum all bodies fall at the same rate.")

src/galileo_falling_bodies/reasoning.py — declare constraints and strategies:

from gaia.lang import contradiction, deduction
from .knowledge import composite_slower, composite_faster, heavy_faster, vacuum_law

paradox = contradiction(composite_slower, composite_faster,
    reason="Same premise yields opposite conclusions")

galileo_argument = deduction(
    premises=[paradox, heavy_faster],
    conclusion=vacuum_law,
    reason="Contradiction in Aristotle's doctrine forces a new law",
)

src/galileo_falling_bodies/__init__.py — re-export all declarations:

from .knowledge import aristotle, heavy_faster, composite_slower, composite_faster, vacuum_law
from .reasoning import paradox, galileo_argument

__all__ = [
    "aristotle", "heavy_faster", "composite_slower",
    "composite_faster", "vacuum_law",
    "paradox", "galileo_argument",
]

3. Compile and validate

gaia compile .
gaia check .

4. Write a review sidecar to assign priors and strategy parameters for inference.

Reviews live in src/galileo_falling_bodies/reviews/. Each review is a Python file exporting a REVIEW bundle — different reviewers can assign different priors to the same knowledge.

src/galileo_falling_bodies/reviews/self_review.py:

from gaia.review import ReviewBundle, review_claim, review_strategy
from .. import heavy_faster, composite_slower, composite_faster, vacuum_law, galileo_argument

REVIEW = ReviewBundle(
    source_id="self_review",
    objects=[
        review_claim(heavy_faster, prior=0.8,
            judgment="supporting",
            justification="Well-documented observation in air."),
        review_claim(composite_slower, prior=0.6,
            judgment="tentative",
            justification="Plausible under Aristotelian framework."),
        review_claim(composite_faster, prior=0.6,
            judgment="tentative",
            justification="Also plausible under Aristotelian framework."),
        review_claim(vacuum_law, prior=0.3,
            judgment="tentative",
            justification="Not yet established — the argument should raise this."),
        review_strategy(galileo_argument,
            judgment="formalized",
            justification="Classic reductio ad absurdum."),
    ],
)

5. Run belief propagation

gaia infer .

The engine compiles the IR into a factor graph, automatically selects the best algorithm (exact junction tree for small graphs, loopy BP for larger ones), and writes results to .gaia/reviews/self_review/:

Inferred 6 beliefs from 4 priors and 0 strategy parameter records
BP converged: True after 23 iterations
Review: self_review
Output: .gaia/reviews/self_review/beliefs.json

beliefs.json contains the posterior probability for each claim after propagation:

Claim	Prior	Posterior
vacuum_law	0.30	0.68 — deduction from the contradiction raises belief
paradox	0.999	0.999 — contradiction constraint holds firm
heavy_faster	0.80	0.55 — pulled down as a premise of the contradiction
composite_slower	0.60	0.38 — contradiction forces mutual exclusion
composite_faster	0.60	0.38 — symmetric with composite_slower

If multiple reviews exist, specify which one: gaia infer --review self_review .

6. Publish

git tag v1.0.0 && git push origin main --tags
gaia register . --registry-dir ../gaia-registry --create-pr

Install a Package

Add a registered Gaia knowledge package as a dependency:

gaia add galileo-falling-bodies-gaia

This queries the Gaia Official Registry for the package metadata, resolves the latest version, and calls uv add with a pinned git URL. Use --version to pin a specific version:

gaia add galileo-falling-bodies-gaia --version 1.0.0

DSL Surface

Knowledge

Function	Description
claim(content, *, given, background, parameters, provenance)	Scientific assertion — the only type carrying probability
setting(content)	Background context — no probability, no BP participation
question(content)	Open research inquiry

Operators (deterministic constraints)

Function	Semantics
contradiction(a, b)	A and B cannot both be true
equivalence(a, b)	A and B share the same truth value
complement(a, b)	A and B have opposite truth values
disjunction(*claims)	At least one must be true

Strategies (reasoning declarations)

Function	Description
noisy_and(premises, conclusion)	All premises jointly support conclusion
infer(premises, conclusion)	General conditional probability table
deduction(premises, conclusion)	Deductive reasoning (conjunction → implication)
abduction(observation, hypothesis)	Inference to best explanation
analogy(source, target, bridge)	Analogical transfer
extrapolation(source, target, continuity)	Continuity-based prediction
elimination(exhaustiveness, excluded, survivor)	Process of elimination
case_analysis(exhaustiveness, cases, conclusion)	Case-by-case reasoning
mathematical_induction(base, step, conclusion)	Inductive proof
composite(premises, conclusion, sub_strategies)	Hierarchical composition

Architecture

gaia/
├── lang/       DSL runtime, declarations, and compiler
├── ir/         Gaia IR schema, validation, formalization
├── bp/         Belief propagation engine (4 backends)
├── cli/        CLI commands (init, compile, check, add, infer, register)
└── review/     Review sidecar model

Documentation

• DSL Reference
• Package Model
• Knowledge & Reasoning Semantics
• CLI Workflow
• Gaia IR Specification
• Registry Design

Testing

pytest
ruff check .
ruff format --check .

License

MIT