NsEpoch (Nanosecond Epoch Time)

Nanosecond-accurate time representation with embedded epochs, arithmetic operations, and flexible string parsing.

Overview

gri-nsepoch provides three classes -- Time, Delta, and Epoch -- for working with time at nanosecond precision. Unlike datetime (microsecond resolution) or floating-point seconds (which lose precision beyond ~100 ns at typical epoch distances), gri-nsepoch stores all durations as integer nanoseconds internally, eliminating floating-point accumulation errors.

Times are always relative to an Epoch (defaulting to Unix epoch, 1970-01-01). Subtracting two Time objects produces a Delta. Adding a Delta to a Time produces a new Time. The library interoperates with datetime, timedelta, and raw numeric types.

The package also installs ssep, a command-line tool for converting between time formats.

Requires Python 3.12+.

Mathematical Background

Standard IEEE 754 double-precision floats provide ~15-17 significant digits. A Unix timestamp for the year 2025 is approximately 1.74 x 10^9 seconds. Representing this with nanosecond precision requires 18+ digits -- exceeding float64 capacity. By storing nanoseconds as arbitrary-precision Python integers, gri-nsepoch avoids this limitation entirely:

internal storage: int nanoseconds (no precision loss)
float seconds:    limited to ~100 ns precision at current epoch distances
datetime:         limited to microsecond resolution

Installation

pip install gri-nsepoch

For development:

git clone https://gitlab.com/geosol-foss/python/gri-nsepoch.git
cd gri-nsepoch
uv sync

Quick Start

from gri_nsepoch import Time, Delta, Epoch

# Current time
now = Time()
print(now.iso)          # 2025-06-15T14:30:22.123+00:00

# From a string
t = Time.from_str("2025-01-15 08:30:00")
print(t.date_pp())      # 2025-01-15
print(t.time_pp(d=3))   # 08:30:00.000

# Arithmetic
t2 = t + Delta(s=3600)  # Add one hour
delta = t2 - t
print(delta.hms_pp())   # 01:00:00

# Nanosecond precision
t3 = Time(ns=1_000_000_123)
print(t3.time_pp(d=9))  # 00:00:01.000000123

Time Class

Time represents an absolute point in time as nanoseconds since an epoch.

Constructors:

t = Time()                        # Current time (UTC)
t = Time(ns=0)                    # Unix epoch exactly
t = Time(s=1e9)                   # From seconds (some ns precision loss)
t = Time(ns=0, epoch=86400)       # Midnight Jan 2, 1970 as epoch
t = Time.from_str("2025-01-15")   # Parse from string
t = Time.from_str("2025-01-15 08:30:00", pytz_tz="America/Denver")

Properties and formatting:

t = Time.from_str("2025-06-15T14:30:22.123")

t.ns                # Integer nanoseconds since epoch (no precision loss)
t.secs              # Float seconds since epoch (some precision loss)
t.dt                # datetime object (microsecond resolution)
t.epoch             # The Epoch object
t.jd                # Julian Date as (jd, fractional_day) tuple

t.iso               # "2025-06-15T14:30:22.123+00:00"
t.date_pp()         # "2025-06-15"
t.time_pp(d=6)      # "14:30:22.123000"
t.dt_pp(d=3)        # "2025-06-15 14:30:22.123"
t.ssep_pp(s=True)   # "1,750,000,222" (with thousands separator)
t.mjd_pp(d=3)       # "60840-14:30:22.123"

Arithmetic:

• Time + Delta -> Time
• Time - Time -> Delta
• Time - Delta -> Time
• Time + Time -> TypeError

Timer usage:

start = Time()
# ... do work ...
elapsed = start.delta_now()
print(elapsed.hms_pp(d=3))  # "00:00:01.234"

Delta Class

Delta represents a time duration with nanosecond precision.

d = Delta(ns=5_500_000_000)    # 5.5 seconds
d = Delta(s=5.5)               # Same, with possible ns precision loss

d.ns               # 5500000000
d.secs             # 5.5
d.timedelta        # datetime.timedelta(seconds=5, microseconds=500000)
d.hms_pp(d=3)      # "00:00:05.500"
d.secs_pp(s=True)  # "5"

# Component access
d.delta_ints.SS    # 5 (seconds component)
d.delta_ints.MS    # 500 (milliseconds component)

Epoch Class

Epoch is a named reference point in time, stored as seconds since Unix epoch (1970-01-01). It subclasses int, so it works directly in arithmetic.

unix = Epoch()                      # Unix epoch (default)
gps = Epoch(315964800, "GPS")       # GPS epoch (Jan 6, 1980)
custom = Epoch(946684800, "Y2K")    # Year 2000

print(gps)       # "GPS"
print(int(gps))  # 315964800

# Use with Time
t = Time(ns=0, epoch=gps)  # GPS epoch start

String Parsing

Time.from_str() recognizes many common formats without requiring a format string:

• ISO 8601: "2025-01-15T08:30:00", "2025-01-15T08:30:00Z", "2025-01-15T08:30:00+05:00"
• UTC offsets on any date-time: Z, z, UTC, GMT, +HH, +HHMM, +HH:MM (optionally after one space). Named abbreviations like EST are ambiguous and not accepted; use pytz_tz for a named zone. If both an offset and pytz_tz are given and they disagree at that instant, ValueError is raised.
• Date-time: "2025-01-15 08:30:00", "2025/01/15 08:30:00"
• Date only: "2025-01-15", "2025/01/15"
• Epoch seconds: "1750000000", "1750000000.123456789"
• Modified Julian Day: "MJD60840"

For non-standard formats, pass a strftime pattern:

t = Time.from_str("15-Jun-2025 14:30", "%d-%b-%Y %H:%M")

CLI Tool (ssep)

The ssep command converts any recognized time format to ISO and seconds-since-epoch:

$ ssep "2025-01-15 08:30:00"
ISO:   2025-01-15T08:30:00+00:00
Epoch: 1970-01-01
SSEP:  1736929800

$ ssep "2025-01-15 08:30:00" -e "2025-01-01"
ISO:   2025-01-15T08:30:00+00:00
Epoch: 2025-01-01
SSEP:  1236600 (unix)

$ ssep  # No argument prints current time
ISO:   2025-06-15T14:30:22+00:00
Epoch: 1970-01-01
SSEP:  1750000222

Dependencies

• gri-memoize: Per-instance caching of computed properties
• pytz: Timezone-aware string parsing

Other Projects

Current list of other GRI FOSS Projects we are building and maintaining.

License

MIT License. See LICENSE for details.