h-adminsim 1.0.0

A Python package for simulating hospital administrative tasks.

H-AdminSim

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Overview 📚

H-AdminSim is an official Python package for simulating interactions between hospital administrative staff and first-visit outpatients using LLM agents. It provides a standardized evaluation testbed for assessing LLM performance across key administrative tasks across multiple care levels (primary, secondary, and tertiary), with optional FHIR integration and support for heterogeneous deployment environments, allowing flexible simulation workflows tailored to diverse hospital systems.

Large hospitals often handle 10,000+ outpatient encounters per day, and prior reports indicate limited specialization among administrative staff despite high workload. H-AdminSim is designed to help address these challenges by offering a realistic, reproducible simulation environment that supports future hospital automation and LLM-assisted administrative workflows.

• Paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.05407
• PyPI Package: https://pypi.org/project/h-adminsim/

 

1. Care level-specific data synthesis

We provide configuration examples for simulating primary, secondary, and tertiary care settings. Each configuration reflects key characteristics of its hospital level:

• Hospital time granularity: tertiary < secondary = primary (coarser in lower levels)
• Number of departments: primary < secondary < tertiary
• Number of physicians: primary < secondary < tertiary
• Patient referral rate: primary < secondary < tertiary
• Proportion of patients with preferred physician/date: primary < secondary = tertiary

You may also define your own conditions using a custom configuration file (e.g., data_synthesis.yaml)

 

2. Hospital Administration Simulation

2.1. Patient Intake Simulation

We extend the previously emergency department-focused PatientSim to enable realistic conversations between administrative staff and first-visit outpatients with diverse backgrounds.

• Disease profile: One of 194 disease–symptom pairs across 9 internal-medicine departments (gastroenterology, cardiology, pulmonology, endocrinology/metabolism, nephrology, hematology/oncology, allergy, infectious diseases, rheumatology)
• Medical referral status: Dialogue flow adapts based on whether the patient has a referral
• Tasks: Department recommendation, information extraction, structured data construction

2.2. Appointment Scheduling Simulation

We simulate realistic scheduling interactions between administrative staff and patients, reflecting diverse scheduling behaviors and hospital-level constraints.

• Time flow: Users can define the simulation period and starting point, enabling the agent to perform time-related tasks based on the progression of simulated time.
• Patient preferences: ASAP (earliest slot), physician (specific physician requested), date (preferred date range start)
• Random requests: cancellation, rescheduling
• Tasks: New appointment scheduling, rescheduling, schdule cancellation

2.3. FHIR Integration

We provide optional support for integrating with FHIR, allowing the simulator to operate flexibly across heterogeneous hospital environments as long as FHIR-compatible data is available. For instructions on running a FHIR server, please refer to the FHIR Server Execution repository.

 

 

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Recent updates 📣

• December 2025 (v1.0.0): H-AdminSim package has been released.
• December 2025 (v0.7.2): Rule-based and tool calling-based scheduling logics have been supported.
• November 2025 (v0.7.1): Self-corrective feedback logic has been supported.
• October 2025 (v0.7.0): Simulation has been improved reflecting feedbacks from experts.
• September 2025 (v0.6.0): Simulation has been improved reflecting feedbacks from experts.
• August 2025 (v0.5.2): We has supported vLLM inference of the Hugging Face models.
• August 2025 (v0.5.1): Now you can easily set the virtual environment using Poetry.
• August 2025 (v0.5.0): We integrated the FHIR server to retrieve hospital information during hospital administration office agent simulation.

 

 

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Quick Starts 🚀

1. Installation

pip install h_adminsim

import h_adminsim
print(h_adminsim.__version__)

 

2. Environment Variables

Before using the LLM API, you need to provide the API key (or the required environment variables for each model) either directly or in a .env file.

# For GPT API without Azure
OPENAI_API_KEY=${YOUR_OPENAI_KEY}

# For Gemini API
GOOGLE_API_KEY=${YOUR_GEMINI_API_KEY"}

 

3. Simulation

from h_adminsim import AdminStaffAgent, SupervisorAgent
from h_adminsim.pipeline import DataGenerator, Simulator
from h_adminsim.task.agent_task import OutpatientFirstIntake, OutpatientFirstScheduling

data_generator = DataGenerator()
data_generator.build(convert_to_fhir=True)
agent_data_dir = data_generator.save_dir / 'agent_data'
output_dir = data_generator.save_dir / 'simulation_results'

# Intake task
intake_task = OutpatientFirstIntake(
    patient_model='gpt-5-nano',
    admin_staff_model='gemini-2.5-flash',
)

# Scheduling task
scheduling_task = OutpatientFirstScheduling(
    patient_model='gpt-5-nano',
    admin_staff_model='gpt-5-mini',
)

# Simulation
simulator = Simulator(
    intake_task=intake_task,
    scheduling_task=scheduling_task,
)
simulator.run(
    simulation_data_path=agent_data_dir,
    output_dir=output_dir,
    resume=False,
    verbose=True
)

 

 

---

Components Details ⚙️

1. Data synthesis

from h_adminsim.pipeline import DataGenerator

# 1. Generator Initialization
# 1.1. Default usaage
data_generator = DataGenerator()    # Default: primary care
# data_generator = DateGenerator(level='secondary') # For secondary care
# data_generator = DateGenerator(level='tertiary')  # For tertiary care

# 1.2. You can synthesize data with your own configuration
data_generator = DataGenerator(config='data_config.yaml')


# 2. Synthesizing Data
# 2.1. Default usage
data_generator.build()

# 2.2. When you want the synthesized data returned along with its FHIR-converted version (optional)
data_generator.build(convert_to_fhir=True)

# 2.3. When you want to upload the synthesized data to your own FHIR server (optional)
# Provide your FHIR server URL
data_generator.upload_to_fhir(
    fhir_data_dir=data_generator.save_dir / "fhir_data",
    fhir_url=${FHIR_URL},
)       

Configuration example for data synthesis

# Base
seed: 9999

# FHIR server url
fhir_url: http://localhost:8080/fhir    # Optional: set your FHIR server URL here

# Data configs
project: ./synthetic_data/
data_name: hospital_small    # Output path: ./synthetic_data/hospital_small/data
hospital_data:
    hospital_n: 10           # Number of hospitals to synthesize
    start_date:
        min: 2025-03-17      # ISO format: YYYY-MM-DD
        max: 2025-09-21      
    days: 7                  # Simulation period (in days)
    interval_hour: 0.25      # Time unit expressed in hours
    start_hour:              # Possible hospital opening hours
        min: 9
        max: 10
    end_hour:                # Possible hospital closing hours
        min: 18
        max: 19
    department_per_hospital:
        min: 7
        max: 9
    doctor_per_department:
        min: 1
        max: 1
    working_days:                   # Number of days each doctor works during the simulation period
        min: 3
        max: 4
    doctor_capacity_per_hour:
        min: 1
        max: 4
    doctor_has_schedule_prob: 0     # Probability that a doctor has at least one fixed schedule
    schedule_coverage_ratio:        # Proportion of fixed schedules relative to total working hours
        min: 0.4
        max: 0.6
    appointment_coverage_ratio:   # Proportion of appointments scheduled outside fixed schedules
        min: 0.2
        max: 0.5
    preference:
        type: ['asap', 'doctor', 'date']    # Types of patient scheduling preferences
        probs: [0.4, 0.4, 0.2]              # Probability distribution for each preference type
    symptom:
        type: ['simple', 'with_history']    # 'simple' = no referral; 'with_history' = referral case
        probs: [0.7, 0.3]                   # Probability distribution for symptom types

 

2. Task Initialization

2.1. Patient Intake

from h_adminsim import SupervisorAgent
from h_adminsim.task.agent_task import OutpatientFirstIntake

# 1. Patient Intake
# 1.1. Default usage (Staff-only)
intake_task = OutpatientFirstIntake(
    patient_model='gpt-5-nano',
    admin_staff_model='gpt-5-mini',
    intake_max_inference=5,  # Default: up to 5 rounds (10 turns) of dialogue
)
##############################################################

# 1.2. Role separation
# Staff: dialogue handling, Supervisor: data collection and structuring
supervisor_agent = SupervisorAgent(
    target_task='first_outpatient_scheduling',
    model='gemini-2.5-flash',
    api_key=${YOUR_API_KEY},  # You may set the API key here instead of using a .env file
)
intake_task = OutpatientFirstIntake(
    patient_model='gemini-2.5-flash',
    admin_staff_model='gpt-5',
    supervisor_agent=supervisor_agent,
    intake_max_inference=8,
)
##############################################################

# 1.3. Advanced usage: vLLM
supervisor_agent = SupervisorAgent(
    target_task='first_outpatient_scheduling',
    model='meta-llama/Llama-3.3-70B-Instruct',
    use_vllm=True,              # Use a vLLM-hosted model as the supervisor
    vllm_endpoint='http://0.0.0.0:8000',  # vLLM server endpoint
)
intake_task = OutpatientFirstIntake(
    patient_model='meta-llama/Llama-3.3-70B-Instruct',
    admin_staff_model='meta-llama/Llama-3.3-70B-Instruct',
    supervisor_agent=supervisor_agent,
    intake_max_inference=5,
    patient_vllm_endpoint='http://0.0.0.0:8000',
    admin_staff_vllm_endpoint='http://0.0.0.0:8000',
)
##############################################################

 

2.2. Appointment Scheduling

from h_adminsim import AdminStaffAgent, SupervisorAgent
from h_adminsim.task.agent_task import OutpatientFirstScheduling

# 2. Appointment Scheduling
# 2.1. Default usage (Tool-calling with reasoning fallbacks)
scheduling_task = OutpatientFirstScheduling(
    patient_model='gpt-5-nano',
    admin_staff_model='gemini-2.5-flash',
    schedule_cancellation_prob=0.05,    # Cancellation event
    request_early_schedule_prob=0.1,    # Rescheduling event
    preference_rejection_prob = 0.3,        # Prob. of rejecting the first-priority scheduling preference
    preference_rejection_prob_decay = 0.5,  # Decay factor for the preference rejection prob.
    scheduling_max_inference=5,
    scheduling_strategy='tool_calling',
    fhir_integration=False,
)
##############################################################

# 2.2. LLM reasoning-based scheduling without tool-calling
scheduling_task = OutpatientFirstScheduling(
    patient_model='gpt-5-nano',
    admin_staff_model='gpt-5-mini',
    schedule_cancellation_prob=0.05,    # Cancellation event
    request_early_schedule_prob=0.1,    # Rescheduling event
    preference_rejection_prob = 0.3,        # Prob. of rejecting the first-priority scheduling preference
    preference_rejection_prob_decay = 0.5,  # Decay factor for the preference rejection prob.
    scheduling_max_inference=5,
    scheduling_strategy='reasoning',
    fhir_integration=False,
)
##############################################################

# 2.3. HIS upload via FHIR
scheduling_task = OutpatientFirstScheduling(
    patient_model='gpt-5-nano',
    admin_staff_model='gemini-2.5-flash',
    schedule_cancellation_prob=0.05,    # Cancellation event
    request_early_schedule_prob=0.1,    # Rescheduling event
    preference_rejection_prob = 0.3,        # Prob. of rejecting the first-priority scheduling preference
    preference_rejection_prob_decay = 0.5,  # Decay factor for the preference rejection prob.
    scheduling_max_inference=5,
    scheduling_strategy='tool_calling',
    fhir_integration=True,
)
##############################################################

# 2.4. Advanced usage: vLLM
scheduling_task = OutpatientFirstScheduling(
    patient_model='meta-llama/Llama-3.3-70B-Instruct',
    admin_staff_model='gpt-5-mini',
    schedule_cancellation_prob=0.05,    # Cancellation event
    request_early_schedule_prob=0.1,    # Rescheduling event
    preference_rejection_prob = 0.3,        # Prob. of rejecting the first-priority scheduling preference
    preference_rejection_prob_decay = 0.5,  # Decay factor for the preference rejection prob.
    scheduling_max_inference=5,
    scheduling_strategy='tool-calling',    # Currently, we do not support tool-calling from vLLM
    fhir_integration=False,
    patient_vllm_endpoint='http://0.0.0.0:8000',
    
)
##############################################################

 

3. Simulation

from h_adminsim.pipeline import Simulator

# 3. Simulator initialization
# 3.1. Default usage
simulator = Simulator(
    intake_task=intake_task,
    scheduling_task=scheduling_task,
    simulation_start_day_before=3,
    fhir_integration=False,      
    fhir_url=None,
    fhir_max_connection_retries=5,
    random_seed=9999,
)
##############################################################

# 3.2. FHIR integration 
# (If enabled, scheduling task must be initialized with `fhir_integration=True`)
simulator = Simulator(
    intake_task=intake_task,
    scheduling_task=scheduling_task,
    simulation_start_day_before=3,
    fhir_integration=True,
    fhir_url='http://localhost:8080/fhir',
    fhir_max_connection_retries=5,
    random_seed=9999,
)
##############################################################


# 3.3. Running a single task
# 3.3.1. Intake task only
simulator = Simulator(
    intake_task=intake_task,
    scheduling_task=None,
    simulation_start_day_before=3,
    fhir_integration=False,
    fhir_url=None,
    fhir_max_connection_retries=5,
    random_seed=9999,
)

# 3.3.2. Scheduling task only
simulator = Simulator(
    intake_task=None,
    scheduling_task=scheduling_task,
    simulation_start_day_before=3,
    fhir_integration=False,
    fhir_url=None,
    fhir_max_connection_retries=5,
    random_seed=9999,
)
##############################################################

# Run the initialized simulator
simulator.run(
    simulation_data_path='hospital_data/primary/agent_data',
    output_dir='hospital_data/primary/simulation_results',
    resume=False,   # If the simulation stopped unexpectedly, set resume=True with the same paths
    verbose=True,
)

 

 

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Citation

For H-AdminSim and PatientSim outpatient simulation, please cite the following.

@misc{lee2026hadminsimmultiagentsimulatorrealistic,
      title={H-AdminSim: A Multi-Agent Simulator for Realistic Hospital Administrative Workflows with FHIR Integration}, 
      author={Jun-Min Lee and Meong Hi Son and Edward Choi},
      year={2026},
      eprint={2602.05407},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.AI},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.05407}, 
}