HamLeT

HamLeT (Hamiltonian Learning Toolkit) is an experimental-facing framework for inferring Hamiltonians and physical parameters from scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy data. It connects raw-data inspection and preprocessing to simulated dataset generation, supervised model training, model matching, inference, and reproducible reports.

Spin chains are HamLeT's first fully implemented application. Its modular experiment → simulation → learning → inference workflow is designed for Hamiltonian-learning problems based on STM/STS measurements.

HamLeT 0.1.0 is a complete, working toolkit for spin-chain Hamiltonian inference. Its spin-chain workflows are implemented end to end and extensively tested: experimentalists can import site-resolved STM/STS measurements, inspect and crop spectra, match compatible pretrained models, generate simulated training data, train their own estimators, infer couplings, and export results. Physical energies are expressed in meV; at the DMRGPy simulator boundary, 1 DMRGPy energy unit = 10 meV.

How it works, in one picture

Simulate. For a spin chain whose couplings you choose, exact diagonalisation or DMRG gives the site-resolved dynamical spin correlator S_ii(ω) — the left panel, sites up the axis and bias across it. Each bright band is an excitation of the chain, and where it sits and how much weight it carries at each site is what the couplings determine.

Measure. An STM integrates that correlator: dI/dV at bias V collects every excitation below eV, so each band in the left panel becomes a step in the middle one. This is the form your own data arrives in, and the form the simulated dataset is built to match.

Infer. A model trained on thousands of such simulated chains reads the couplings back out of a single measured spectrum. The right panel recovers J1_xy, J2, J3 and Jz for a chain the model never saw during training — grey is the truth, teal what it returned.

Every number in that figure is produced by this package; regenerate it with python scripts/make_readme_figures.py.

Start with the interface

HamLeT needs Python 3.10 or newer. Check what you have with python --version.

python -m pip install hamlet-toolkit
hamlet gui

The local browser interface guides the full workflow:

1. select a prepared measurement or a folder containing one Nanonis .dat/.txt spectrum per site;
2. inspect every site and choose the visible bias cutoff;
3. check whether a shipped or locally trained model matches the system, chain length, view, cutoff, and preprocessing contract;
4. reuse it, or generate a dataset and train ridge, random-forest, MLP, or CNN models from the interface;
5. inspect held-out simulated-test fidelity and per-parameter errors before applying a newly trained model;
6. infer the couplings and export a LaTeX/PDF summary for a colleague, an HTML report, a plot, a CSV, and a JSON result.

It binds to localhost and does not upload measurements elsewhere. Long jobs run in the background. Close it with the Stop server button or Ctrl+C.

Every page says what it needs and how long it will take before you start, so a long run is never a surprise.

A model is refused with a reason, not silently applied. Each one is listed with the family of Hamiltonian it assumes and what it needs of the sample: the wrong bias cutoff, a chain length it was never trained on, or — for a model trained with impurities at specific sites — a sample that has not been declared to have them. Which family to assume is yours to choose, since spectra do not decide it; what a model requires of the sample is not.

The couplings come back with the spread across ensemble members, a table you can export, and the analysis window and chain length the model was applied under. Read that spread as disagreement between trained members, not as a calibrated error bar — the theory notes say why.

The Start here page lists every folder it writes to, and hamlet where prints the same layout from the terminal: results/ beside a source checkout, ~/.hamlet/workspace/ for an installed package, or HAMLET_WORKSPACE.

Dataset generation is the stage that costs hours, and every chain is independent. Local runs can use several cores; cluster runs use a scheduler array with one job per simulated chain and start training only after the whole array succeeds. The result does not depend on execution order. See Making generation faster, which also covers why a GPU makes this stage slower.

Installation options

The base installation includes the interface, experimental I/O, plotting, ridge and random-forest models, and the published reference-model catalog.

python -m pip install "hamlet-toolkit[ml]"          # Keras MLP and CNN
python -m pip install "hamlet-toolkit[simulation]"  # DMRGPy generation
python -m pip install "hamlet-toolkit[tune]"        # Optuna search
python -m pip install "hamlet-toolkit[all]"         # all optional features
python -m pip install "hamlet-toolkit[gpu]"         # CUDA TensorFlow, Linux only

[gpu] is not part of [all], and is worth reading about before installing: the CUDA wheels are several gigabytes, only the Keras models can use a card, and dataset generation — the long stage — is CPU-bound and gains nothing from one. hamlet compute reports what this machine will actually use for each stage, and why. See Using a GPU.

For development from a clone:

python -m pip install -e ".[dev,ml,simulation,tune]"
pytest

Supported workflows

Global models are chain-length specific. Local sliding-window models can be applied to other lengths when the stored model contract is otherwise compatible. HamLeT reports a mismatch instead of padding spectra or silently changing the cutoff.

Each shipped artifact has a model card under src/hamlet/resources/models documenting its training distribution, expected observable, accuracy, and limitations.

The pretrained bond-inhomogeneous model is the model developed for:

G. Lupi, S. Ravuri, C. Zhao, W. Zhang, C. Roncaglia, R. Liu, X. Feng, D. Passerone, P. Ruffieux, R. Fasel, J. L. Lado and G. Catarina, Learning Inhomogeneous Heisenberg Hamiltonians in Nanographene Spin Chains, (2026), arXiv:2606.29281.

Please cite that work when using this model. Its model card contains the full author list, BibTeX entry, training provenance, and validity range.

Work this package builds on

The uniform spin-chain Hamiltonians and the impurity-tomography route to parameters that are otherwise hidden come from:

G. Lupi and J. L. Lado, Hamiltonian-learning quantum magnets with nonlocal impurity tomography, Phys. Rev. Applied 23, 054077 (2025).

N. Karjalainen, G. Lupi, R. Koch, A. O. Fumega and J. L. Lado, Hamiltonian learning quantum magnets with dynamical impurity tomography, Phys. Rev. Research 8, 033281 (2026).

The models trained for those papers are not distributed with this package. HamLeT implements the same families of Hamiltonians and the same measurement logic, so you can generate a dataset and train an equivalent model yourself, but any pretrained artifact shipped here is listed under src/hamlet/resources/models and is not one of theirs. Please cite these papers if you use the impurity route or the uniform chain families; the estimators you train are your own.

Command line

The same workflow can be scripted with YAML configurations:

hamlet modes
hamlet inspect-experiment path/to/measurement.csv
hamlet run examples/quickstart_l8.yaml --dry-run
hamlet run examples/quickstart_l8.yaml

See the user guide for raw-file import, cutoff selection, dataset generation, model tuning, cluster execution, inference, and reports, and the theory notes for the Hamiltonians, the measurement model, and what the reported scores mean. The small L=8 notebook is the reproducible Python example; notebooks are tutorials, not the test suite.

Scientific scope

The theory notes state the Hamiltonians, the correlator and dI/dV relation, the metric definitions, and the assumptions behind all of them.

Reference-model scores describe held-out simulated data unless a model card explicitly says otherwise. Ensemble spread measures disagreement between trained members; it is not a calibrated confidence interval. A measurement must satisfy the artifact contract before its predictions are physically interpretable.

Uniform z-directed DMI cannot be identified from the supported on-site autocorrelator in a symmetry-preserving chain. HamLeT therefore exposes the impurity-assisted design route instead of offering a misleading ordinary DMI model. See the DMI experiment specification.

Project information

• Theory and assumptions: docs/theory.md
• Changes: CHANGELOG.md
• Contributing: CONTRIBUTING.md
• Releasing: docs/releasing.md
• Security reports: SECURITY.md
• Citation metadata: CITATION.cff

HamLeT is distributed under the GNU General Public License v3.0 or later.