hashrope 0.2.1

Hash rope: a BB[2/7] balanced binary tree with polynomial hash metadata for O(log n) concat, split, substring hashing, and O(log q) repetition encoding.

hashrope

A BB[2/7] weight-balanced binary tree augmented with polynomial hash metadata at every node.

Zero dependencies. Pure Python. Python 3.10+.

What it does

hashrope is a rope data structure where every node carries a polynomial hash. This enables:

• O(k log w) concat and split with strict BB[2/7] rebalancing via Adams-style balanced join
• O(k log q) repetition encoding via RepeatNode -- represents "repeat this subtree q times" without materializing the data
• O(k log w) substring hashing without allocating new nodes
• O(1) whole-sequence hash at any point during streaming ingestion
• Bounded-memory sliding window that evicts old data while maintaining a running hash of everything seen

All arithmetic uses Mersenne prime modular reduction (bit-shift, no division).

Install

pip install hashrope

Quick start

from hashrope import PolynomialHash, Leaf, rope_concat, rope_split, rope_substr_hash, rope_hash

h = PolynomialHash()

# Build a rope
a = Leaf(b"hello ", h)
b = Leaf(b"world", h)
ab = rope_concat(a, b, h)

# Whole-string hash matches direct computation
assert rope_hash(ab) == h.hash(b"hello world")

# Split at any byte position
left, right = rope_split(ab, 6, h)

# Substring hash without allocation
sub_h = rope_substr_hash(ab, 0, 5, h)
assert sub_h == h.hash(b"hello")

RepeatNode

Encode repetitions in O(log q) time and O(1) space:

from hashrope import PolynomialHash, Leaf, rope_repeat, rope_hash

h = PolynomialHash()
pattern = Leaf(b"ab", h)
repeated = rope_repeat(pattern, 1000, h)  # "ab" x 1000

# Hash computed in O(log 1000), not O(2000)
assert rope_hash(repeated) == h.hash(b"ab" * 1000)

SlidingWindow

Bounded-memory streaming hash with copy-from-window support:

from hashrope import PolynomialHash, SlidingWindow

h = PolynomialHash()
sw = SlidingWindow(d_max=1024, m_max=256)

# Stream data in
sw.append_bytes(b"hello ")
sw.append_bytes(b"world")

# Hash of everything seen so far
assert sw.current_hash() == h.hash(b"hello world")

# Copy-from-window (like LZ77 back-references)
sw.append_copy(offset=5, length=5)  # copies "world" again
assert sw.final_hash() == h.hash(b"hello worldworld")

API reference

Polynomial hash

Function / Class	Description
PolynomialHash(prime, base)	Hash function over Z/pZ. Default: p = 2^61 - 1, base = 131
PolynomialHash.hash(data)	H(data) with +1 byte offset to prevent zero collisions
PolynomialHash.hash_concat(h_a, len_b, h_b)	H(A || B) from H(A), |B|, H(B) in O(1)
PolynomialHash.hash_repeat(h_s, d, q)	H(S^q) from H(S) and |S| in O(log q)
PolynomialHash.hash_overlap(h_p, d, l, h_prefix)	H(P^q || P[0..r-1]) for overlapping references
phi(q, alpha, p)	Geometric accumulator: sum of alpha^i for i in [0, q) in O(log q)
mersenne_mod(a, p)	Bit-shift reduction mod Mersenne prime
mersenne_mul(a, b, p)	Modular multiply via mersenne_mod
MERSENNE_61	2^61 - 1 (default prime)
MERSENNE_127	2^127 - 1 (high-security prime)

Rope nodes

Class	Description
Leaf(data, h)	Immutable leaf storing a byte sequence. Weight = 1
Internal(left, right, h)	Internal node. Hash = H(left) * x^len(right) + H(right)
RepeatNode(child, reps, h)	Represents child^reps. Hash via geometric accumulator

Rope operations

Function	Time	Description
rope_concat(left, right, h)	O(k |h_L - h_R|)	Concatenate with Adams-style balanced join and BB[2/7] rebalancing
rope_split(node, pos, h)	O(k log w)	Split at byte position
rope_repeat(node, q, h)	O(k log q)	Create RepeatNode
rope_substr_hash(node, start, length, h)	O(k log w)	Substring hash without allocation
rope_len(node)	O(1)	Total byte length
rope_hash(node)	O(1)	Hash of represented string
rope_from_bytes(data, h)	O(n)	Create Leaf from bytes
rope_to_bytes(node)	O(n)	Reconstruct bytes (for testing)
validate_rope(node)	O(w)	Assert all 9 invariants hold

SlidingWindow

Method	Description
SlidingWindow(d_max, m_max, prime, base)	Create window. W = d_max + m_max
.append_bytes(data)	Append literal bytes
.append_copy(offset, length)	Copy from window (handles overlapping)
.current_hash()	H(everything seen) in O(1)
.final_hash()	Same as current_hash (alias)
.window_len	Current window size in bytes
.pos	Total bytes ingested

Mathematical foundation

The data structure and its correctness proofs come from the compressed-domain hashing framework (24 theorems, 14 lemmas, 5 corollaries). Key results used by hashrope:

Result	Statement
Theorem 1 (Concatenation)	H(A || B) = H(A) * x^{|B|} + H(B)
Theorem 2 (Repetition)	H(S^q) = H(S) * Phi(q, x^d)
Theorem 3 (Phi computation)	Phi(q, alpha) computable in O(log q) without modular inverse
Theorem 6 (Join)	Adams-style balanced join with BB[2/7] rebalancing
Theorem 7 (Split)	Split in O(k log w) with RepeatNode splittability
Theorem 8 (Repeat)	RepeatNode in O(k log q), O(1) space
Theorem 9 (SubstrHash)	Allocation-free substring hashing in O(k log w)
Theorem 11 (Sliding window)	Bounded-memory streaming with eviction

Changelog

See CHANGELOG.md for version history and details on the v0.2.1 balance bugfix.

Provenance

Extracted from UHC (Unified Hash-Compression Engine). The rope and polynomial hash modules are verbatim copies with import paths updated. The sliding window is adapted from UHC's SlidingRopeState with the LZ77 dependency removed.

License

MIT