Abstract

indianconstitution is a production-grade Python library providing programmatic, structured, and type-safe access to the complete text of the Constitution of India — including all 448 articles, 12 schedules, the Preamble, and 106 amendments through the Constitution (One Hundred and Sixth Amendment) Act, 2023.

The library implements a zero-dependency inverted-index search engine (O(1) token lookup), a Pydantic v2 data model layer for type-safe constitutional data access, a NetworkX-backed relational graph for cross-article analysis, and a multi-format export engine. It is designed for deployment in legal AI, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), civic NLP, and constitutional informatics research — with full reproducibility, strict typing, and offline-first guarantees.

✨ Key Capabilities

📐 Architecture

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                        Public API Layer                         │
│          get_article()  ·  search()  ·  get_constitution()      │
└───────────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────────┘
                                │
               ┌────────────────▼────────────────┐
               │    Constitution  (engine.py)     │
               │  Lazy-loading · Singleton cache  │
               └──┬──────────────┬───────────────┘
                  │              │
     ┌────────────▼───┐  ┌───────▼───────────┐  ┌──────────────────┐
     │  SearchEngine  │  │  ConstitutionGraph │  │    Exporter      │
     │ (inverted idx) │  │  (NetworkX graph)  │  │  JSON · CSV · MD │
     └────────────────┘  └────────────────────┘  └──────────────────┘
                  │
     ┌────────────▼──────────────────────────────────┐
     │             Pydantic v2 Data Layer             │
     │   Article · Part · Schedule · Preamble ·       │
     │   ConstitutionData · Amendment                 │
     └───────────────────────────────────────────────┘
                  │
     ┌────────────▼──────────────────────────────────┐
     │      constitution.json  (data/)                │
     │   Authoritative corpus — 106th Amendment 2023  │
     └────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

🚀 Quick Start

Installation

# Core (zero external dependencies)
pip install indianconstitution

# With data science integrations (pandas, NetworkX, SciPy)
pip install "indianconstitution[data]"

# With AI/semantic search (sentence-transformers)
pip install "indianconstitution[ai]"

# Full
pip install "indianconstitution[data,ai]"

Programmatic Access

from indianconstitution import get_article, search, get_constitution

# Type-safe article retrieval
article = get_article("21A")
print(f"Article {article.number}: {article.title}")
# → Article 21A: Right to Education

# Sub-millisecond keyword search
results = search("right to equality", limit=5)
for r in results:
    print(f"  [{r.number}] {r.title}")

# Full Constitution object
ic = get_constitution()
print(ic.preamble[:200])
print(f"Total Articles: {len(ic.data.articles)}")

Graph Analysis

from indianconstitution import get_constitution
import networkx as nx

ic = get_constitution()

# Cross-article relational structure
related = ic.get_related_articles("32")
print("Article 32 references   :", related["references"])
print("Articles referencing 32 :", related["referenced_by"])

# Centrality analysis
G = ic.get_graph()
centrality = nx.degree_centrality(G)
top_5 = sorted(centrality, key=centrality.get, reverse=True)[:5]
print("Most referenced articles:", top_5)

Data Science Integration

from indianconstitution import get_constitution
import pandas as pd

ic = get_constitution()

# Direct pandas DataFrame
df = pd.DataFrame([a.model_dump() for a in ic.data.articles])
print(df[["number", "title", "part"]].head(10))

# Multi-format export
ic.export("json",     "constitution_export.json")
ic.export("csv",      "constitution_export.csv")
ic.export("markdown", "constitution_export.md")

Semantic Search (AI)

from indianconstitution import get_constitution

ic = get_constitution()

# Contextual retrieval beyond keyword matching
# Requires: pip install "indianconstitution[ai]"
results = ic.semantic_search(
    "protection against arbitrary state action",
    top_k=5
)
for r in results:
    print(f"[{r.number}] {r.title}  (score: {r.score:.4f})")

Landmark Judgments & Amendment History (v1.5.0)

from indianconstitution import get_constitution, get_related_cases, diff_amendment

ic = get_constitution()

# Landmark Supreme Court judgments linked to Article 21
cases = get_related_cases("21")
for c in cases:
    print(f"{c.case_name} ({c.year}): {c.holding[:80]}...")

# Amendment history and textual delta for Article 21A
events = ic.get_amendment_history("21A")
print("Amendment:", events[0].amendment_number)

diff_text = diff_amendment("21A")
print(diff_text)

# Multilingual translation (Hindi)
hi_article = ic.get_translation("21A", lang="hi")
print("Hindi Title:", hi_article["title"])

RAG Pipeline Integration

from indianconstitution import get_constitution

ic = get_constitution()

def build_rag_context(query: str, top_k: int = 3) -> str:
    """Build a constitutional context block for LLM prompting."""
    results = ic.search(query, limit=top_k)
    context_blocks = []
    for article in results:
        context_blocks.append(
            f"**Article {article.number} — {article.title}**\n"
            f"{article.text}\n"
        )
    return "\n---\n".join(context_blocks)

context = build_rag_context("right to life and personal liberty")

🖥️ Command-Line Interface

indianconstitution quiz                           # Know Your Constitution interactive trivia quiz
indianconstitution cases 21                       # View landmark SC cases for Article 21
indianconstitution amendments 21A                 # View amendment history & diff
indianconstitution duties 21A                     # Cross-reference Fundamental Rights to Duties
indianconstitution serve                          # Launch REST API server (http://127.0.0.1:8000)
indianconstitution get 21                         # Retrieve article with rich styling
indianconstitution search "equality before law"   # Full-text search
indianconstitution stats                          # Metadata summary
indianconstitution export json out.json           # Export dataset

📊 Performance Benchmarks

Measured on a commodity laptop (Intel i7-11th Gen, 16 GB RAM, Python 3.11, single thread, 1,000 iterations).

All benchmarks are deterministic. The bundled corpus is static and version-pinned. No external I/O is required in core mode.

🔬 Research & Academic Use

indianconstitution is designed as a corpus infrastructure layer for:

• Constitutional NLP — structured retrieval for legal reasoning models, clause boundary detection
• RAG pipelines — grounding LLM outputs with authoritative, citation-traceable constitutional text
• Civic data science — network analysis of rights inter-dependencies and amendment history
• Legal education technology — interactive constitutional exploration platforms
• Comparative constitutional law — structured data enabling cross-jurisdictional studies

Data Provenance

The constitutional corpus (constitution.json) is derived from the official text of the Constitution of India as published by the Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India. The data is:

• Curated and validated to the Constitution (One Hundred and Sixth Amendment) Act, 2023
• Structured against the Pydantic v2 schema — every field is validated on load
• Versioned alongside the library — data updates are tracked via CHANGELOG.md
• Reproducible — the corpus is deterministic and hermetically bundled in the wheel

📜 Citation

If you use indianconstitution in academic research, a thesis, or any published work, please cite:

BibTeX

@software{vikhram2026indianconstitution,
  author       = {S, Vikhram},
  title        = {{IndianConstitution: A Developer-First, Research-Grade
                   Python Framework for the Constitution of India}},
  year         = {2026},
  version      = {1.5.0},
  publisher    = {PyPI},
  url          = {https://github.com/Vikhram-S/IndianConstitution},
  doi          = {10.5281/zenodo.18200429},
  note         = {Available on PyPI: \url{https://pypi.org/project/indianconstitution/}.
                  Corpus pinned to the Constitution (106th Amendment) Act, 2023.},
  license      = {Apache-2.0},
}

APA 7th Edition

S, Vikhram. (2026). IndianConstitution: A Developer-First, Research-Grade Python Framework for the Constitution of India (Version 1.5.0) [Software]. PyPI. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18200429

IEEE

V. S, "IndianConstitution: A Developer-First, Research-Grade Python Framework for the Constitution of India," version 1.5.0, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://github.com/Vikhram-S/IndianConstitution. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18200429.

ACL Anthology

Vikhram S. 2026. IndianConstitution: A Developer-First, Research-Grade Python Framework
for the Constitution of India. Software release v1.5.0.
Available: https://github.com/Vikhram-S/IndianConstitution

A machine-readable CITATION.cff is provided at the repository root for use with GitHub's "Cite this repository" feature and Zenodo DOI minting.

🛡️ Security

Security vulnerabilities should be reported privately via the GitHub Security Advisory mechanism. Do not open public issues for security reports.

• All GitHub Actions pinned to immutable SHA hashes (OSSF Scorecard compliant)
• Automated Dependabot PRs for dependency updates
• CodeQL scanning on every push to main
• See SECURITY.md for the full disclosure policy

🤝 Contributing

We welcome contributions from researchers, legal professionals, and developers. See CONTRIBUTING.md for:

• Development environment setup
• Test suite (pytest + Hypothesis property-based testing)
• Code quality standards (Ruff + Mypy strict mode)
• Pull request checklist and review process

🙏 Acknowledgements

Developed and maintained by Vikhram S.

• The Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India for maintaining the authoritative constitutional text
• Pydantic, Typer, Rich, NetworkX, and sentence-transformers — foundational libraries powering this framework
• The open-source community for feedback and contributions

📄 License

Copyright © 2026 Vikhram S. Released under the Apache License 2.0. See LICENSE.