ISNAD — Open-Source LLM Provenance & AI Audit Trail for RAG and Multi-Agent Systems

Isnād–Rijāl Framework · grades the transmitters and the chain, not just the claim.

Open-source pip install isnad — LLM provenance, agent trust, and an AI audit trail for RAG and multi-agent systems. Apache-2.0, permanently.

Every claim your pipeline produces carries a verifiable weakest-link trust grade and a tamper-detecting audit trail, so you can answer the question hallucination detectors and observability tools skip: who handled this claim, in what order, and how much do we trust each one?

The one-sentence pitch: ISNAD gives you the tamper-detecting audit records your regulators will demand — a SHA-256 hash for every graded claim, mapped to the EU AI Act, ISO/IEC 42001, NIST AI RMF, and SDAIA. You get the evidence an auditor verifies. 📋

Proof it works: ISNAD's weakest-link rule reproduces a rule-based grading convention derived from Ibn Hajar's 12 narrator tiers at Cohen's κ = 0.87 across 575,060 graded hadith chains. (For context: scholars disagree with each other on narrator grades at κ = 0.33 — a different task.) Full benchmark below.

# 30 seconds to a verdict:
from isnad import Registry, grade
from isnad.types import NarratorGrade

reg = Registry()
reg.register("openstax", "physics", grade=NarratorGrade.RELIABLE)
reg.register("pdf-scraper", "physics", grade=NarratorGrade.UNGRADED)
reg.register("ingest-model", "physics", grade=NarratorGrade.ACCEPTABLE)

verdict = grade("p = mv", ["openstax", "pdf-scraper", "ingest-model"], reg, domain="physics")
print(verdict.why)
# claim 'p = mv' → chain DAIF (weakest: pdf-scraper, ungraded)

Paper: arXiv:2607.24117 · Software DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.21216873

🌐 Project home: https://alizahidraja.com/isnad · 📚 Docs: https://alizahidraja.com/isnad/docs · ⭐ Star to follow along · Contribute · Code of Conduct

JavaScript/TypeScript verifier: npm install isnad verifies ISNAD audit records (SHA-256 / Merkle / detached signatures) from JS — verifier only, grading stays in the Python core. See js/README.md.

What & Why

In a RAG pipeline or multi-agent system, a factual claim passes through many hands — a scraper extracts it, an agent compiles it, another model serves it. Each hand can drop, distort, or invent. Observability and data-lineage tools record what happened; ISNAD grades who transformed the claim, so you know how much to trust the result — and can export the whole judgment as a tamper-detecting audit record for governance review.

The framework adapts hadith transmission science — one of history's most rigorous epistemologies, refined over twelve centuries — into a Python library. Every claim carries its complete chain of transmitters (isnād); each transmitter is graded in a living registry (rijāl); chains are capped by their weakest link; content is criticized independently of transmission; and the two combine in a decision matrix that routes claims to serve, review, or quarantine.

How ISNAD differs from a hallucination detector

Most tools ask about the output — "is this answer grounded in the retrieved context?" (Cleanlab TLM, Galileo, Patronus, TruLens, RAGAS) or "what happened during this run?" (LangSmith, Langfuse, Arize). ISNAD asks the question they skip: "who handled this claim, and how much do we trust each transmitter?"

What ISNAD is NOT — and why that's the point. Three honest answers, up front:

1. "Tracers already record who handled it." They record the order; they don't grade each transmitter, propagate a weakest-link verdict, or gate on it.
2. "Your grades are operator-assigned, so it's GIGO." The grades are priors + audited observations + independent corroboration, propagated by a documented method. ISNAD makes trust explicit and auditable — it doesn't auto-measure it, and it never pretends to.
3. "Claim critics measure truth better than you." Correct — and ISNAD composes with them (matn criticism). It doesn't replace them; it grades the chain that carried the claim.

Free, Apache-2.0, self-hostable — permanently. The core (src/isnad/) stays Apache-2.0 forever; any future commercial surface lives in a separate repo under its own licence (see LICENSING.md). The claim-graders above are paid SaaS APIs; ISNAD is open-source and self-hostable.

Quickstarts

30 seconds — grade a claim

pip install isnad

from isnad import Registry, grade
from isnad.types import NarratorGrade

reg = Registry()
reg.register("openstax", "physics", grade=NarratorGrade.RELIABLE)
reg.register("pdf-scraper", "physics", grade=NarratorGrade.UNGRADED)
reg.register("ingest-model", "physics", grade=NarratorGrade.ACCEPTABLE)

verdict = grade("p = mv", ["openstax", "pdf-scraper", "ingest-model"], reg, domain="physics")
print(verdict.why)
# claim 'p = mv' → chain DAIF (weakest: pdf-scraper, ungraded)

60 seconds — full chain + content criticism + decision matrix

pip install isnad

from isnad import Registry, Chain, ChainLinkSpec, grade_chain_from_registry, decide
from isnad.types import NarratorGrade, ContentVerdict
from isnad.critics import EmbeddingCritic

chain = Chain([
    ChainLinkSpec("openstax-textbook", 0, domain="physics"),
    ChainLinkSpec("pdf-scraper-v2", 1, domain="physics"),
    ChainLinkSpec("ingest-model-v3", 2, domain="physics"),
])

reg = Registry()
reg.register("openstax-textbook", "physics", grade=NarratorGrade.RELIABLE)
reg.register("pdf-scraper-v2", "physics", grade=NarratorGrade.RELIABLE)
reg.register("ingest-model-v3", "physics", grade=NarratorGrade.ACCEPTABLE)

chain_grade = grade_chain_from_registry(reg, chain)

critic = EmbeddingCritic()  # offline; obvious contradictions only — see Scope
verdict = critic.evaluate("p = h/λ", "p = h/lambda", ["p = mv"])
action = decide(chain_grade, verdict)

print(f"Chain: {chain_grade.value.upper()} | Content: {verdict.value} | Action: {action.value}")

LangChain integration (5 lines)

pip install isnad[langchain]

from isnad.integrations.langchain import IsnadCallbackHandler, seed_registry

reg = seed_registry({"source:docs": "reliable", "model:gpt-4o": "acceptable"})
handler = IsnadCallbackHandler(registry=reg, domain="physics")
chain.invoke("What is F=ma?", config={"callbacks": [handler]})
trace = handler.to_trace()  # isnad_trace v0.1 JSON

Also available: IsnadTracer and AsyncIsnadCallbackHandler for async pipelines.

IsnadMiddleware (gating). The callback captures traces; the middleware gates claims. Note, honestly: the core gate() function is importable and testable today, but the LangChain AgentMiddleware wiring is forward-looking (it targets LangChain's 2026 AgentMiddleware API; see src/isnad/integrations/langchain/middleware.py). The callback handler is the production-ready capture path.

from isnad.integrations.langchain import IsnadMiddleware
mw = IsnadMiddleware(reg, domain="physics")  # wrap_tool_call grades + gates

Want to ship this to a real system this afternoon? See docs/onboard-in-a-day.md for three copy-paste recipes (self-maintaining KB, medical RAG, legal RAG) and the honesty contract that must not be broken.

Documentation

Read in order, or jump to what you need:

• 🚀 Quickstart — add ISNAD to your LangChain agent in 5 minutes.
• 💡 Concepts — how isnād–rijāl maps to multi-agent provenance.
• 📋 Compliance — EU AI Act · ISO/IEC 42001 · NIST AI RMF · SDAIA.
• 📊 Model-drift leaderboard — measured hallucination vs. chain depth.
• 🗺️ Architecture — the four loops and the module map.

What's Validated vs. What's Not

The honesty box is the point: what's proven, what's measured, and what's open.

Honest limits (stated up front): grades are ordinal-only (ṣaḥīḥ > ḥasan > ḍaʿīf > ḍaʿīf jiddan > mawḍūʿ, never a numeric confidence); cold-start is worse per-role; integrity is domain-scoped, not global; chain independence cannot be proven from topology (only assumed from attested lineage, then discounted — #54); the content critic is the coverage ceiling; corroboration rarely fires on dense technical corpora where genuine cross-source overlap is rare. These are features, not bugs — ISNAD says exactly what works, what's limited, and where you supply your own components. The serving index is in-memory (single-node deployment; multi-worker HA is not yet supported — #199).

ISNAD-Bench — measured against a rule-based grading convention

The strongest evidence is a number, not a claim: ISNAD's weakest-link rule, run on 575,060 graded hadith chains (a rule-based convention derived from Ibn Hajar's 12 narrator tiers), measured for agreement:

Not the same scale. The headline 0.8714 is chain-verdict agreement (3-way — ṣaḥīḥ / ḥasan / weak); the 5-way (0.8667, mapping v2, post-hoc after the expert review) is a sensitivity; v1's 4-way (0.8745) conflated "fabricated" with "very weak" before the split. ISNAD's mawḍūʿ class is now keyed on COMPROMISED integrity (proven liar/fabricator), and the 3-way κ is the robust headline; the 0.450 and 0.331 figures measure narrator-grade agreement (5 classes) — a different task. The 0.331 is context for how contested the underlying narrator grades are, not a direct ceiling on the chain κ. How to read it: κ = 0.87 is conformance, not agreement with independent scholar judgment. The dataset's chain verdicts are a rule-based convention derived from Ibn Hajar's 12 tiers (per-tier purity 0.88–0.97; the keyword classifier agrees with the source's structured code at 99.92%, ruling out classifier error), and ISNAD's weakest-link mapping conforms to that convention. The 0.331/0.450 figures are narrator-grade agreement — context on how contested the tiers are, not a ceiling. The benchmark is pre-committed, carries negative controls (majority-class 0.000; shuffled grades −0.0066), and buckets every disagreement. Full write-up: bench/docs/RESULTS.md.

uv run python -m bench.run               # strict (default), full corpus
uv run python -m bench.run --lenient     # ungraded → ḥasan
uv run python -m bench.human_ceiling     # the narrator-grade agreement
uv run python -m bench.ikhtilat          # the mukhtaliṭūn (period-sliced grades)

The dataset (emadjumaah/hadith-kg, CC-BY-4.0, 1.6 GB) is gitignored and pinned by SHA-256 — see bench/README.md. The derived graded output (per-chain convention verdict + ISNAD prediction + disagreement bucket) is published as the alizahidraja/isnad-bench dataset on Hugging Face.

Transfers to AI provenance — measured on RAGTruth

The κ = 0.871 above is the methodology's home turf (hadith chains). The transfer to live LLM pipelines is measured separately and published honestly. On RAGTruth, the grounding critic ISNAD composes with (its matn layer) transfers at Cohen's κ = 0.4345 over all 1,800 RAGTruth responses (57 unparseable, 3.2%, scored fail-closed) — 96.0% hallucination recall at 60.4% precision (plus a 49.9% false-positive rate on grounded responses), vs a 55.8% majority-class baseline. That number belongs to the composed critic, not to ISNAD's chain grading (WHO). The weak bi-encoder signal (κ ≈ 0.1) is reported alongside, not hidden. Case study + limits: G1_CASE_STUDY.md.

Live product: isnad.islamandai.com

Glossary — the Arabic, in plain English

The name and lineage are the reason to trust the design; you don't need the Arabic to use it. Every term is defined on first use.

The Decision Matrix

Chain grade × content verdict → action:

Two defaults to notice: contradictions go to a human by default (LLMs are bad at reconciling competing evidence), and ṣaḥīḥ × contradiction is the highest-value signal, not an error state.

Two serve-side gates apply on top of the matrix (both demote, never promote):

• Prior-only gate — a narrator graded from a population prior alone (seeded, zero observed instances) can SERVE WITH CAVEAT at most; plain SERVE requires observation- or human-backed narrators. High-stakes domains opt into a hard gate (ISNAD_SERVE_GATE=hold or ISNAD_SERVE_HOLD_DOMAINS=medical,legal) → REVIEW.
• Hold-mode UNVERIFIABLE — in a hold domain, a sound chain with unverifiable content is held (REVIEW), never caveat-served.

Pluggable Strategies — Extend It

The framework leaves key parameters open by design (paper §4.2/§4.3). Swap any:

Swap a critic in one line:

from isnad.critics import best_available_critic, EmbeddingCritic, LLMCritic

critic = best_available_critic()                 # LLM if configured, else NLI, else TF-IDF
critic = best_available_critic(prefer_llm=False) # force an offline critic
critic = LLMCritic(provider="ollama", model="llama3.1")  # local — no API key, no cloud
critic = LLMCritic(provider="openrouter", model="openai/gpt-4o-mini")  # any LLM

Critic tiers are documented with their measured recall in docs/critics.md. The LLM critic is provider-agnostic (OpenRouter, OpenAI, DeepSeek, Anthropic, Gemini, Groq, Together, Ollama, or any OpenAI-compatible endpoint). For best results use the LLM critic — but see the honesty note above: it is not an acceptance gate on content corruption (#126).

Cold-start bootstrapping (#33). A new pipeline starts with every narrator UNGRADED, so nothing serves. Seed grades are the fix — evidence-backed priors (Registry.seed records BOOTSTRAP_SEED evidence):

from isnad import Registry, NarratorGrade, seed_from_benchmark

reg = Registry()
reg.seed("source:openstax", "physics", NarratorGrade.RELIABLE, source="publisher")
seed_from_benchmark(reg, "model:gpt-4o@v1", "physics", 0.93, benchmark="mmlu")  # accuracy → grade

Audit & Compliance Evidence

ISNAD can export a tamper-detecting audit record for any graded claim:

isnad export --claim <id> --format json    # or jsonl|csv; --verify; --sign; --redact; --chain-log

Each record captures the full chain (as an explicit DAG via upstream_ids), the weakest link, source-document hashes, human-oversight evidence, the environment, and a SHA-256 integrity hash over the RFC 8785-canonical form of its payload — plus an optional detached signature (HMAC/Ed25519), a tamper-detecting hash chain, and a PII-redaction hook.

Serving-side signing: the API signs records with a detached HMAC only when ISNAD_HMAC_SECRET is set; when unset, records are emitted audit_signed: false (a self-hash a forger can recompute). Set it in any deployment that relies on tamper-evidence — see .env.example.

Two tamper-evidence logs: a linear hash chain (single sequential writer) and a Merkle batch log (mass parallel agents; build_batch/seal_batches/ verify_batches/prove_inclusion). Both detect modification, middle-deletion, and reordering; neither detects tail truncation, and both commit to a self-hash, so they detect post-hoc modification — not a forger who rebuilds the chain (#97).

from isnad.audit import build_audit_record
from isnad.audit.canonical import canonical_hash

record = build_audit_record(claim_id, session, registry)  # -> AuditRecord
assert record.integrity.record_hash == canonical_hash(record.to_dict(include_integrity=False))

ISNAD produces evidence artifacts; it does not confer conformity with any regulation. See docs/evidence-mapping.md for an informational mapping of each field to the EU AI Act, ISO/IEC 42001, the NIST AI RMF, and SDAIA — and the explicit statement of what ISNAD deliberately does not provide. The core library is Apache-2.0, permanently (LICENSING.md).

Scope and limitations

ISNAD grades post-entry provenance — who handled a claim after it entered your pipeline, and how much you trust them — not whether the upstream source or the final answer is objectively true.

What ISNAD covers: ordered chains + narrator grades; weakest-link grading + the decision matrix; content criticism against your corpus; corroboration when independent chains agree.

What ISNAD does not cover:

• Source legitimacy at the boundary — grades are operator-assigned assertions, not auto-verified facts.
• Novel claim truth — new, unverifiable claims are not auto-fact-checked.
• Faithful transmission of bad input — a RELIABLE fake publisher + a clean pipeline can still yield a high chain grade.

Boundary vetting is the operator's responsibility — vet sources before registering them as RELIABLE; register unknowns as UNGRADED; use matn, corroboration, and human review as downstream gates, not a replacement for it.

Integrations

• LangChain / LangGraph — callback handler + tracer + middleware (above).
• CrewAI / LlamaIndex — adapters (isnad.integrations.crewai, .llamaindex).
• OpenTelemetry — isnad ingest --otlp grades an existing GenAI trace (#73).
• MCP — grade MCP servers as narrators: MCPToolObserver records tool calls as TOOL narrator links and grades the resulting chain; a grade_claim tool exposes the operator's registry to an agent (isnad.integrations.mcp, #59). isnad mcp runs a real FastMCP server over stdio (pip install isnad[mcp]). Honest limit: tool narrators stay UNGRADED by default (no auto-grading from call volume — that would be GIGO); the server returns operator-assigned grades, never manufactured ones.
• Live Verify — consume a verify: cryptographic seal as a high-trust narrator, anchoring ʿadālah on day one (solves cold-start; see examples/issuer_demo/). Honest limit: Live Verify proves authenticity, not truth.

A chain viewer (viewer/index.html) renders transmission chains in the browser — three fixtures including the most important one: false corroboration (five transmitters across three chains, all tracing to one source) rendered as a warning, not consensus.

Experiments

Every headline number is reproducible from the repo (mostly no API keys):

• Adversarial benchmark — narrator grading 100% caught / 0 false positives; content criticism is the binding constraint (experiments/adversarial_benchmark/).
• §8 gated-vs-ungated — 17,021-claim four-book corpus (11,918 eval/seed × 10 seeds); weakest-link quarantine validated; the chain grade ranks WHO-driven corruption (DISCRIMINATION.md: ḥasan 4.6% → ḍaʿīf 15.1%; chain-only serving 4.2% vs 9.2% random) (experiments/s8_gated_vs_ungated/).
• Semantic corroboration — 707 claim pairs, 8/8 + 9/9 negative controls (experiments/corroboration_v2/, corroboration_v3/).
• A/B demonstration — 2 caught, 2 missed (honestly), 0 false positives (experiments/verified_vs_unverified/).

Open problems

• Chain independence (#54) — the detectable half is engine-wired (attested lineage, document-hash madār, tawātur discount, witness-type priors, content-level madār); the undetectable half (correlated training data across model families) remains an open, stated limit.
• Content critic is the coverage ceiling (#34) — a semantic critic that returns CONSISTENT on real prose is the highest-value component. The numeric-aggregate slice is now deterministic (RecomputeCritic/EnsembleCritic/AggregateRouter); general semantic criticism is still LLM/NLI-tier.

Contributing

Built in public — collaborators welcome. The on-ramp: CONTRIBUTING.md (branch flow, quality gates, code map) · CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md · SECURITY.md (honesty is a security property) · THREAT_MODEL.md · good first issues.

Ecosystem

• 🌐 Site: https://alizahidraja.com/isnad · 📄 Paper: arXiv:2607.24117 · 🤗 HF Papers: 2607.24117 · 💾 Software DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.21216873 · 📦 PyPI: isnad
• 🚀 Docs — start here: Quickstart (5-minute LangChain) · Concepts (isnād–rijāl → multi-agent) · Compliance (EU AI Act · ISO 42001 · NIST RMF · SDAIA) · Model-drift leaderboard
• 🗺️ Architecture: docs/ARCHITECTURE.drawio · 🔗 Trace schema: docs/trace-schema.md · 👁️ Chain viewer: viewer/index.html
• 🧪 Benchmark: bench/docs/RESULTS.md · 🤗 ISNAD-Bench dataset: alizahidraja/isnad-bench · 📊 Critic eval: docs/critics.md · 🕵️ xz sleeper-narrator case study: docs/case-study-xz-sleeper-narrator.md

Citation

@article{raja2026grading,
  author  = {Ali Zahid Raja},
  title   = {Grading the Narrators: An Isnād–Rijāl Framework for
             Claim-Level Provenance in Multi-Agent Knowledge Systems},
  year    = 2026,
  doi     = {10.48550/arXiv.2607.24117},
  eprint  = {2607.24117},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
}

About

Built by Ali Zahid Raja · ORCID 0009-0003-7875-4590. The rigor belongs to twelve centuries of muḥaddithūn; the transfer to AI systems is the contribution claimed here.

License: Code — Apache 2.0 · Paper & docs — CC BY 4.0