simple-llm / kasahare

kasahare (which means "speak fast" in Twi) is the PyPI distribution name for simple-llm. A self-contained C++17 inference and training engine for transformer language models. No external dependencies beyond the C++ standard library and a recent g++ / clang++. Designed to be read end-to-end in an afternoon, then hacked on.

Now ships with a Multi-Modal Document Ingestion Pipeline that accepts .txt, .md, .csv, .json, .jsonl, and .pdf training files natively. Full ChatML role-masking support for instruction-tuning with assistant-token loss isolation, exact-match corpus deduplication, combined multi-corpus workflows, cosine annealing LR with warmup, gradient accumulation, SWA, and LoRA adapters.

What's in the box

Inference

file	purpose
include/simplellm/simd.h	AVX2 + FMA kernels (matmul, RMSNorm, SwiGLU, vec ops)
include/simplellm/tensor.h	Lightweight matrix view + matmul / linear kernels
include/simplellm/mmap_loader.h	Zero-copy mmap weight loader and INT4 block dequantization
include/simplellm/config.h	Static model description
include/simplellm/tokenizer.h	Byte-level BPE tokenizer (no HF tokenizers dep)
include/simplellm/sampler.h	Greedy / temperature / top-k / top-p sampler
include/simplellm/model_data.h	On-disk model format reader / writer
include/simplellm/model.h	Public surface: Model::load, forward, generate
src/model.cpp	LLaMA block: RMSNorm, GQA attention, RoPE, SwiGLU
src/main.cpp	sl-llm CLI
tools/create_tiny_model.cpp	Synthesises a tiny model on disk for smoke testing
tools/bench.cpp	Micro-benchmark: make bench
tests/test_basic.cpp	End-to-end smoke test: make test

Training (Native C++ Engine)

file	purpose
include/simplellm/train_model.h	TrainModel, TrainContext, ModelGradients, LayerActivations
include/simplellm/optimizer.h	AdamW optimizer + OptimizerConfig
src/train_model.cpp	Full-sequence forward pass with fused Flash Attention
src/backward.cpp	Reverse-mode differentiation with on-the-fly math for Flash Attention
src/optimizer.cpp	Native AdamW parameter updates (no PyTorch)
src/gradient_utils.cpp	Gradient merge, scale, and clipping helpers for batched training

Document Ingestion Layer

file	format	status
include/simplellm/extractors/extractor_base.h	abstract base	✅ Built
include/simplellm/extractors/extractor_factory.h	factory router	✅ Built
src/extractors/text_extractor.cpp	.txt, .md, .csv	✅ Functional
src/extractors/json_extractor.cpp	.json, .jsonl	✅ Functional (zero-dep)
src/extractors/pdf_extractor.cpp	.pdf	✅ Functional (Poppler)
src/extractors/xls_extractor.cpp	.xls, .xlsx	⏳ Phase 2 (xlnt)
src/extractors/image_extractor.cpp	.png, .jpg	✅ Functional (Tesseract)
src/extractors/audio_extractor.cpp	.mp3, .wav	⏳ Phase 2 (whisper.cpp)
src/extractors/video_extractor.cpp	.mp4, .mkv	⏳ Phase 2 (FFmpeg)

Architecture

1. System Overview

Core Philosophies:

• Zero External Dependencies: Operates purely on the C++17 Standard Library with OpenMP multi-threading primitives.
• CPU Native Computation: Optimized aggressively through parallel loop structures and hardware-accelerated SIMD (AVX2/FMA) registers.
• Full E2E Engine Independence: Complete autonomy from Python frameworks (PyTorch/HuggingFace), maintaining proprietary structures for Byte-Pair Encoding, Reverse-Mode Differentiation, and AdamW Gradient Steps fully embedded within C++.

2. Memory & Storage Infrastructure

Demand-Paged Access (MMapLoader)

Using MMapLoader, extreme parameter configurations read dynamically scaling RAM demands seamlessly via kernel-level mmap(MAP_PRIVATE) virtual memory.

• On-The-Fly Q4_0 Quantization Backends: If configuration data designates .dtype = DType::Q4_0, transparent .load_tensor() decoders execute simultaneously interpreting exactly 20-byte chunks per 32-matrix inputs (securing 84% logical memory reduction) extracting accurate FP32 tensors dynamically upon memory fetch.

3. High-Performance Inference Pipeline

INT8 Decoupled KV Caching

Typical inference degrades massively as caching length expands bounds. Simple-LLM solves this computationally heavily via:

• Pure INT8 AVX2 Dot-Products: During generation inference, $Q \cdot K$ logic completely bypasses floating-point dequantization penalties! Query sequences are dynamically quantized into active int8_t memory, evaluating native $16$-bit accumulations continuously scaling vector bounds directly across hardware SIMD (_mm256_madd_epi16). Floating operations only occur structurally once at the final scalar combination block!
• Scalable Matrix Bounds: $K$ and $V$ intermediate parameters isolate linearly into integer boundaries (int8_t). Logical float boundaries scale and track internally protecting bounds avoiding numerical precision loss safely saving 400% active context capacity.
• Sliding Window RoPE Decoupling: Overflow sequences algorithmically route backward dynamically rewriting modulo indexes replacing strictly outdated inputs.

Combinatorial Graphing (Beam Search)

Recursive generation spans probabilistically evaluating best logic limits efficiently via native model.generate_beam().

• Sequence snapshot footprints (clone_kv_cache()) recursively snap cache definitions mapping distinct logical states securely in C++ bounds without triggering GIL logic bottlenecks. Multiple temporal evaluations are filtered safely choosing structural accuracy over standard greedy sequence mappings.

4. Training (Reverse-Mode Backend)

The C++ training stack operates independently deploying explicit arithmetic graphs rather than large automatic graph builders keeping compute loops incredibly tight.

Embedded Flash Attention Derivatives

Instead of relying on heavy $O(N^2)$ memory storage for Attention softmax generation, the entire gradient pipeline runs seamlessly mathematically.

• Tracking Memory: The forward bounds statically build O(T) scalar states logging internal Log-Sum-Exp elements (a.l).
• Mathematical Replication: The backward boundaries evaluate logic paths predicting limits perfectly extracting gradients exactly aligned against target bounds saving $90%$ intermediate storage allocations natively.

CPU Tiled FlashAttention (Forward Pass)

Trainer::forward() in src/train_model.cpp has been restructured from a token-first to a layer-first execution order, enabling two key optimizations:

1. Batch SGEMM Projections — Q, K, V are projected for all $T$ positions at once via a single cblas_sgemm call (batch_linear), replacing $T$ sequential GEMV calls. This maximises hardware FLOP utilisation and cache line reuse.

2. Tiled FlashAttention — The $T \times T$ attention score matrix is never materialised in memory. Instead:

   • Query positions are tiled into blocks of $B_r = 32$ rows.
   • For each query block, Key/Value positions are streamed through in $B_c = 32$ column tiles.
   • Each $B_r \times B_c$ score tile ($\approx 4$ KB for head_dim=64) fits entirely within the CPU L1 cache.
   • Online softmax accumulators (m, l) are maintained across KV tiles so K/V data is read from DRAM only $\lceil T / B_c \rceil$ times per query block — rather than being brought in once per token.
   • Result: no L2 cache miss penalty on sequences up to ~32k tokens.

Multi-Threaded AdamW & Batched Stable Scaling

Horizontal parallelization allows $B$ concurrent batch sequences processing individually simultaneously leveraging OpenMP environment bindings. Sub-progress parameters fold recursively across exact boundaries via sl::merge_gradients() and dynamically collapse numerical explosion mathematically through absolute batch division routines (sl::scale_gradients()). Finally traversing independent sl::Optimizer momentum / variant AdamW constraints executing true Deep-Learning steps autonomously cleanly inside the CLI runtime.

Cosine Annealing Learning Rate Scheduler

To safely deploy standard learning rates, simple-llm natively integrates a Cosine Annealing schedule featuring linear warmup constraints natively built into the AdamW step. The learning rate ramps mathematically during early steps, before decaying in a smooth Cosine waveform over the length of the dataset iterator, guaranteeing pristine training curves without chaotic divergences.

LoRA Adapter Fine-Tuning

The trainer exposes --finetune for LoRA-style adapter training. It initializes low-rank A/B adapter matrices for attention projections, applies them during the training forward pass, and routes optimizer updates through configurable --lora_rank and --lora_alpha controls while the frozen-backbone mode is enabled.

Speculative Decoding and INT8 Activation Packing

Inference supports a greedy speculative decoding MVP with sl-llm --draft-model <draft.sllm> --speculative-steps N. Training supports --int8-amp, which stores selected cached activations as INT8 plus scale metadata while keeping logits, gradients, optimizer moments, and master weights in FP32.

Production Observability

Training can emit JSON lifecycle events with --json_logs, report validation perplexity (val_ppl), track peak RSS, and write a provenance sidecar at <output>.meta.json containing config, step, dataset hash, corpus/token counts, key training arguments, and memory metadata.

Build

make            # builds build/bin/{sl-llm, create_tiny_model, bench}
make test       # builds and runs the smoke test
make bench      # runs the benchmark
make clean

Requirements: g++ ≥ 9, AVX2 + FMA support. Override SIMD flags with make CFLAGS="-O3 -march=native" to autodetect, or make CFLAGS="-O3 -msse4.2" to disable AVX2.

Optional: PDF Extraction (Poppler)

To train directly from .pdf files, install the Poppler C++ development library:

# Ubuntu / Debian
sudo apt install libpoppler-cpp-dev

# macOS
brew install poppler

Poppler is detected automatically during CMake configuration:

-- Found Poppler 24.02.0 — PDF extraction enabled

Optional: Image OCR Extraction (Tesseract)

To read text directly from images (.png, .jpg), install Tesseract and Leptonica development headers, along with whichever language packs you need (e.g., tesseract-ocr-eng):

# Ubuntu / Debian
sudo apt install libtesseract-dev libleptonica-dev tesseract-ocr-eng

# macOS
brew install tesseract

Tesseract is detected automatically during CMake configuration:

-- Found Tesseract — Image OCR extraction enabled

Optional: OpenBLAS Math Acceleration

To replace the $O(N^3)$ C++ AVX2 linear algebra bounds natively with highly accelerated BLAS routines, install libopenblas-dev:

# Ubuntu / Debian
sudo apt install libopenblas-dev

# macOS
brew install openblas

OpenBLAS is detected automatically during CMake configuration:

-- Found OpenBLAS — Mathematics acceleration enabled natively

If these libraries are not present, .txt, .json, and .jsonl extraction continues to work with zero additional dependencies, and math operations default safely to standard C++ AVX2 loops.

Quick start (Inference CLI)

# 1) Generate a tiny model + tokenizer (~110 KB total)
./build/bin/create_tiny_model --out build

# 2) Run it
./build/bin/sl-llm \
    --model build/tiny.sllm \
    --tokenizer build/tiny.tok.txt \
    --prompt "hi" \
    --max-new 16 \
    --temperature 0.8

# 3) Show timing
./build/bin/sl-llm \
    --model build/tiny.sllm \
    --tokenizer build/tiny.tok.txt \
    --prompt "" \
    --max-new 64 --temperature 0 --timing

Quick start (Trainer CLI)

The cpp_train_infer binary exposes dedicated --train and --infer subcommands. During training, a real-time ASCII sparkline UI streams live loss curves in your terminal.

# 1) Train from a plain-text file
./build/cpp_train_infer --train --doc my_corpus.txt \
    --output my_model --batch 1 --accum_steps 4 --steps 4000 --lr 4e-4

# 2) Pre-formatted ChatML .txt corpus  (recommended for instruction tuning)
./build/cpp_train_infer --train \
    --doc stg_chatml_finetune.txt \
    --config chatml_config.json \
    --vocab_size 8000 --dim 192 --n_layers 6 --n_heads 6 \
    --n_kv_heads 3 --hidden_dim 512 --max_seq_len 256 \
    --chunk_size 256 --chunk_overlap 32 \
    --steps 6000 --batch 1 --accum_steps 4 \
    --lr 4e-4 --min_lr 4e-5 --warmup 400 \
    --clip_norm 1.0 --dedup exact --swa_window 128 \
    --save_every 200 --output health_model

# 3) Merge multiple ChatML corpora then train (3x more data = better convergence)
cat corpus_a.txt corpus_b.txt > combined.txt
./build/cpp_train_infer --train --doc combined.txt \
    --config chatml_config.json \
    --vocab_size 8000 --dim 192 --n_layers 6 --n_heads 6 --n_kv_heads 3 --hidden_dim 512 \
    --max_seq_len 256 --chunk_size 256 --chunk_overlap 32 \
    --steps 10000 --batch 1 --accum_steps 4 \
    --lr 4e-4 --min_lr 4e-5 --warmup 600 \
    --dedup exact --save_every 200 --output combined_model

# 4) Train directly from a PDF (requires Poppler)
./build/cpp_train_infer --train \
    --doc guide.pdf \
    --vocab_size 8000 --dim 512 --n_layers 8 --n_heads 8 --hidden_dim 2048 \
    --steps 1000 --output stg_model --lr 4e-4 --warmup 100

# 5) LoRA adapter fine-tuning
./build/cpp_train_infer --finetune --doc my_corpus.txt \
    --vocab_size 4000 --dim 256 --n_layers 6 --n_heads 8 --hidden_dim 1024 \
    --steps 500 --lora_rank 8 --lora_alpha 16 --output adapter_model

# 6) Run inference
./build/cpp_train_infer --infer --output my_model --prompt "hello" --max_new 64

ChatML Pre-Formatted Corpus

For instruction-tuning or Q&A models, pre-format your corpus as a .txt file using ChatML delimiters. The engine applies role-aware loss masking: only tokens inside <|assistant|>...<|end|> blocks contribute to the cross-entropy loss, so the model learns answers rather than memorising prompt structure.

Token format:

<|system|>
You are a helpful medical assistant.
<|end|>
<|user|>
What are the symptoms of malaria?
<|end|>
<|assistant|>
Malaria symptoms include fever, chills, headache, and nausea...
<|end|>

Config file (chatml_config.json):

{
  "system_open":     "<|system|>" ,
  "system_close":    "<|end|>",
  "user_open":       "<|user|>" ,
  "user_close":      "<|end|>",
  "assistant_open":  "<|assistant|>" ,
  "assistant_close": "<|end|>",
  "field_map": {}
}

Convert a CSV Q&A dataset (e.g. MedQuAD) to ChatML format:

import csv

SYSTEM = "You are a clinical information assistant."

with open("qa.csv") as fin, open("out_chatml.txt", "w") as fout:
    for row in csv.DictReader(fin):
        q, a = row.get("question","").strip(), row.get("answer","").strip()
        if not q or not a:
            continue
        fout.write(f"<|system|>\n{SYSTEM}\n<|end|>\n")
        fout.write(f"<|user|>\n{q}\n<|end|>\n")
        fout.write(f"<|assistant|>\n{a}\n<|end|>\n\n")

Recommended Hyperparameters (small/clinical models, ~4M params)

Param	Value	Rationale
--dim	192	Compact embedding — fast on CPU
--n_layers	6	Sufficient depth for clinical QA
--n_kv_heads	3	GQA halves KV memory vs MHA
--lr	4e-4	Best val ppl empirically vs 2e-4
--min_lr	4e-5	10 %% of peak (cosine floor)
--warmup	400	Prevents post-warmup spike
--accum_steps	4	Effective batch 4 — smooth updates
--dedup	exact	Exact-match paragraph deduplication

Quick start (Inference CLI)

# 1) Generate a tiny model + tokenizer (~110 KB total)
./build/bin/create_tiny_model --out build

# 2) Run it
./build/bin/sl-llm \
    --model build/tiny.sllm \
    --tokenizer build/tiny.tok.txt \
    --prompt "hi" \
    --max-new 16 \
    --temperature 0.8

# 3) Show timing
./build/bin/sl-llm \
    --model build/tiny.sllm \
    --tokenizer build/tiny.tok.txt \
    --prompt "" \
    --max-new 64 --temperature 0 --timing

Quick start (Trainer CLI)

The cpp_train_infer binary exposes dedicated --train and --infer subcommands to encapsulate distinct pipelines safely. During training, a real-time ASCII Sparkline UI calculates dynamic loss curves in your terminal!

# 1) Train from a plain-text file
./build/cpp_train_infer --train --doc my_corpus.txt \
    --output my_model --batch 16 --epochs 5 --lr 5e-4

# 2) Train directly from a PDF (requires Poppler)
./build/cpp_train_infer --train \
    --doc examples/trainingdocs/health/Standard-Treatment-Guideline-2010.pdf \
    --vocab_size 8000 --dim 512 --n_layers 8 --n_heads 8 --hidden_dim 2048 \
    --steps 1000 --output stg_model --lr 5e-4 --warmup 100

# 3) Train from a JSONL ChatML dataset
./build/cpp_train_infer --train --doc dataset.jsonl \
    --vocab_size 4000 --dim 256 --n_layers 6 --n_heads 8 --hidden_dim 1024 \
    --steps 500 --output chatml_model --lr 3e-4 --warmup 50

# 4) Train from a pre-computed HuggingFace vocabulary (Bypass BPE generation)
./build/cpp_train_infer --train --doc my_corpus.txt \
    --vocab tokenizer.json --dim 512 --n_layers 8 --n_heads 8 --hidden_dim 2048 \
    --steps 1000 --output custom_model
    
# 5) LoRA adapter fine-tuning
./build/cpp_train_infer --finetune --doc my_corpus.txt \
    --vocab_size 4000 --dim 256 --n_layers 6 --n_heads 8 --hidden_dim 1024 \
    --steps 500 --lora_rank 8 --lora_alpha 16 --output adapter_model

# 6) Run inference
./build/cpp_train_infer --infer --output my_model --prompt "hello" --max_new 64

Supported --doc Input Formats

Extension	Extractor	Notes
.txt, .md, .csv	TextExtractor	Default; zero-dependency
.json	JsonExtractor	Recursively extracts all string values
.jsonl	JsonExtractor	Parses one JSON object per line; ChatML-aware
.pdf	PdfExtractor	Requires libpoppler-cpp-dev
.xls, .xlsx	(Phase 2)	xlnt integration planned
.png, .jpg	ImageExtractor	Requires libtesseract-dev & libleptonica-dev
.mp3, .wav	(Phase 2)	whisper.cpp ASR integration planned
.mp4, .mkv	(Phase 2)	FFmpeg demux + ASR integration planned

CLI flags

Note: For a fully maintained reference of all C++ CLI flags available on sl-llm and cpp_train_infer, see docs/cli_reference.md.

--model <file.sllm>        model file
--tokenizer <file.txt>     tokenizer file
--prompt <text>            input text
--max-new <n>              number of tokens to generate (default 32)
--temperature <f>          sampling temperature, 0 = greedy (default 0.8)
--draft-model <file.sllm>  enable greedy speculative decoding with a draft model
--speculative-steps <n>    draft tokens per verifier pass (default 4)
--top-k <n>                top-k filtering (default 40)
--top-p <f>                top-p filtering (default 0.95)
--seed <n>                 PRNG seed (0 = random)
--show-config              print model config and exit
--no-print-prompt          don't echo the prompt before the generated tail
--timing                   print per-step timing to stderr
--stream                   flush stdout after each generated token
--help                     this message

Python binding

The engine is pip install-able as kasahare (on PyPI) or installable from source:

pip install kasahare

# From source (development):
pip install -e .

Inference API

import simplellm

m = simplellm.Model.load("model.sllm", "model.tok.txt")

# Tokenize
ids = m.tokenizer.encode("hello world", add_bos=True)

# Single-token forward (returns np.ndarray of shape (vocab_size,))
logits = m.forward(ids[0], reset_kv=True)

# Generate using probability sampling
out = m.generate(ids, max_new=32,
                  options=simplellm.SampleOptions(temperature=0.7, top_k=40))
print(m.tokenizer.decode(out))

# Generate using Beam Search
out_beam = m.generate_beam(ids, max_new=32, beam_width=3)
print(m.tokenizer.decode(out_beam))

# Streaming
def on_token(tid): print(m.tokenizer.decode_token(tid), end="", flush=True)
m.reset_kv()
m.generate(ids, max_new=64, options=simplellm.SampleOptions(temperature=0.8), stream=on_token)

# In-memory (no file paths)
m2 = simplellm.Model.from_bytes(open("model.sllm","rb").read(),
                                 open("model.tok.txt","rb").read())

# Tracing — per-layer stats at zero overhead normally
trace = m.forward_traced(ids[0], reset_kv=True)
print("Max logit:", trace["logit_max"], "Entropy:", trace["logit_entropy"])
print("RMS values, layer 0:", trace["layers"][0]["attn_norm_rms"])

Training API (Native C++ Engine)

The training API bypasses PyTorch entirely. Gradients are computed by the native reverse-mode differentiation engine in C++.

import simplellm

# Load model weights
m = simplellm.Model.load("model.sllm", "model.tok.txt")

# Create trainer + optimizer bound to the same weights
trainer = simplellm.TrainModel(m.weights)
optimizer = simplellm.AdamW(m.weights, simplellm.OptimizerConfig(
    lr=1e-3,
    beta1=0.9,
    beta2=0.999,
    eps=1e-8,
    weight_decay=0.01,
))

# Training loop
tokens = m.tokenizer.encode("The quick brown fox", add_bos=True)
targets = tokens[1:]       # next-token targets
inputs  = tokens[:-1]

ctx = simplellm.TrainContext()
trainer.forward(inputs, ctx)          # full-sequence forward + cache activations
loss = trainer.backward(ctx, targets) # reverse-mode diff, accumulate gradients
optimizer.step()                       # AdamW parameter update
optimizer.zero_grad()                  # reset gradient accumulators

print(f"Loss: {loss:.4f}")

What the C++ engine handles:

• Full-sequence forward pass storing all intermediate activations
• Numerical cross-entropy loss with log-softmax stability
• Exact gradients for: SwiGLU W1/W2/W3, RMSNorm (attn + FFN), Attention Q/K/V/O, inverse RoPE rotation
• AdamW with momentum, variance, weight decay, and bias correction
• Zero-allocation hot path (no heap alloc per training step after warm-up)

On-disk model format (.sllm)

+---------------------------------------------------+
| magic   (u32 LE, 0x534C4C4D == "SLLM")             |
| version (u32 LE, currently 1)                      |
| blen    (u32 LE)                                   |
| config blob  (blen bytes, key=value text)          |
| weights blob (u32 × N floats, little-endian)       |
+---------------------------------------------------+

Weights are stored in a single contiguous float32 array:

token_emb                (vocab_size * dim)
for each block:
    attn_norm            (dim)
    wq                   (dim * dim)
    wk                   (kv_dim * dim)
    wv                   (kv_dim * dim)
    wo                   (dim * dim)
    ffn_norm             (dim)
    w1                   (hidden * dim)   # SwiGLU gate
    w3                   (hidden * dim)   # SwiGLU up
    w2                   (dim * hidden)   # SwiGLU down
output_norm              (dim)

If dtype=1 (Q4_0), the weights blob contains BlockQ4_0 structures (20 bytes per 32 floats) rather than raw float32 values. Both Model::load and MMapLoader support seamless automatic conversion of these structures back to the float32 formats required by the math pipeline natively on load.

tied_embeddings=1 reuses token_emb for the output projection (LLaMA style).

Tokenizer format

# simple-llm tokenizer
vocab_size <N>
bos <id>
eos <id>
token <id> "<csv-escaped-payload>"
merge <rank> "<csv-escaped-left>" "<csv-escaped-right>"

Payloads are byte strings. The CSV-escape parser handles ", \, control chars, embedded spaces, and arbitrary bytes via \xHH. The BPE merge rank determines priority. A tokenizer with zero merges falls back to longest-match — sufficient for byte-level pre-tokenization.

Performance

Inference

(single CPU core, g++ 12.2, FP32)

config	Hardware / Runtime	tokens/s
dim=256, layers=4, heads=4, hidden=512, seq=128	Pure AVX2	~380
dim=256, layers=4, heads=4, hidden=512, seq=128	OpenBLAS (Multi-Threaded)	~185
dim=256, layers=4, heads=4, hidden=512, seq=128	OpenBLAS (OPENBLAS_NUM_THREADS=1)	~914
dim=384, layers=6, heads=6, hidden=1024, seq=256	Pure AVX2	~60
dim=512, layers=8, heads=8, hidden=1536, seq=256	Pure AVX2	~24

Note: Due to severe threading contention delays during recursive vector multiplication steps ($M=1$), --infer explicitly hardcodes OPENBLAS_NUM_THREADS = 1 internally during generation phases to secure peak speed limits.

The decode loop is O(seq_len) per token. Most time is in linear() calls for Q/K/V and FFN.

Training Benchmark

Wall-clock step time measured via test_backward.py comparing the native C++ engine against PyTorch loss.backward() + AdamW (dim=64, layers=2, SEQ=16).

Engine	Mean (ms)	Min (ms)	Max (ms)
PyTorch CPU	2.32	2.20	3.47
Native C++	1.70	1.62	1.93

Result: The C++ engine shows a ~1.37× speedup over PyTorch natively on the CPU, benefiting from zero per-step allocation in the hot path. (Note: The forward pass cache is currently incomplete; fully projecting Q/K/V will slightly reduce this speedup).

Limitations

• Engine compute is FP32 natively. Models can be loaded aggressively out of space-saving INT4 (Q4_0) or flat FP32 configurations securely.
• GPU training is not supported. All compute defaults purely to the CPU backend, scaling horizontally across available cores effortlessly via OpenMP limits.
• On-disk format is little-endian only.

Roadmap

Completed Features

Feature	Status
Checkpoint resumption	AdamW state (m, v, step_) persisted; exact-step resume via --resume
Gradient accumulation	--accum_steps N decouples optimizer update from micro-batch memory
Mixed-precision training	--fp16-amp stores backward activations as FP16; master weights stay FP32
Loss spike rollback	--rollback_factor F tracks EMA loss; rewinds checkpoint and halves LR on spike
Curriculum learning	--curriculum easy_first/hard_first/random_weighted with unigram surprisal scoring
Corpus deduplication	--dedup exact blocks duplicate paragraphs before tokenization
ChatML role-masking	Configurable <system>/<user>/<assistant> tokens; loss computed on assistant outputs only
GQA / MQA attention	--n_kv_heads is fully active in both forward and backward passes
LoRA adapter fine-tuning	--finetune with --lora_rank / --lora_alpha; backbone weights frozen
Speculative decoding (MVP)	sl-llm --draft-model greedy verifier; full benchmark optimization pending
INT8 activation packing (MVP)	--int8-amp packs selected activations; per-row scale tuning pending
Model provenance metadata	<output>.meta.json sidecar: config, step, dataset hash, corpus stats, args, peak RSS
JSON structured logging	--json_logs JSONL events for load / tokenize / train / eval / checkpoint
Python type stubs	.pyi + py.typed packaged for IDE / LSP support
Validation perplexity	val_ppl tracked at every eval step and emitted in logs and metrics CSV
HuggingFace vocabulary passthrough	--vocab tokenizer.json bypasses BPE training with a pre-built token table

In Progress / Next

Item	Priority	Notes
Speculative decoding optimization	High	Avoid full draft-KV resync after each verifier pass; benchmark with a genuinely smaller draft model
INT8 activation tuning	High	Move sensitive tensors to per-row scales; quantify memory savings vs FP16/FP32 runs
Dataset sharding	Medium	Multi-node training requires reproducibly seeded, sharded data loaders
Batched inference	Medium	generate() is single-request; continuous batching needed for concurrent production use
CUDA / Metal backend	Medium	cuBLAS or GGML backend for GPU training and inference
Phase 2 extractors	Low	.xls/.xlsx (xlnt), configurable --whisper_model path for audio, FFmpeg video demux
Inference HTTP server	Low	REST/gRPC endpoint similar to llama.cpp --server
CI/CD wheel matrix	Low	GitHub Actions cibuildwheel build + auditwheel across Linux / macOS / Windows + CUDA

License

Do whatever you want with it. No warranty — see "Limitations" above.