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leptris (Python) — lxml-shaped bindings for libleptris

leptris wraps the libleptris C API (XML 1.0 parsing, XPath 1.0) using cffi in ABI mode, with a required C accelerator for Element allocation and the hot accessors (tag, text, attrib, get, indexing, sibling navigation and plain-path XPath evaluation). Wheels ship it compiled; sdist builds require a C compiler.

The pinned libleptris version lives in libleptris-version.txt (lockstep releases); CI builds it from the release tarball. Platform wheels bundle the compiled engine — pip install leptris works with no extra setup on macOS (x86_64/arm64), Linux (manylinux + musllinux, x86_64/aarch64) and Windows (amd64/arm64).

Requirements

  • Python 3.9+
  • cffi (installed automatically)
  • nothing else for wheel installs — the pinned libleptris is vendored into leptris/_vendor/ by the wheel build (scripts/vendor_libleptris.sh)

For a development checkout (or to use your own libleptris build), the loader also accepts a shared library (libleptris.dylib / .so / .dll) on the loader path, or one named by LEPTRIS_LIB_PATH (which must name the library file — the loader dlopens it verbatim; it takes precedence over the vendored copy):

cmake -B build -S /path/to/leptris -DLEPTRIS_BUILD_SHARED=ON
cmake --build build --target leptris_shared
export LEPTRIS_LIB_PATH=/path/to/leptris/build/src/libleptris.dylib

Quick start

from leptris import fromstring, tostring

root = fromstring("<library><book id='1' lang='en'>Ulysses</book></library>")

root.tag                                # "library"
root[0].get("id")                       # "1"
root[0].attrib                          # {"id": "1", "lang": "en"}
root[0].text                            # "Ulysses"

root.xpath("count(//book)")             # 1.0
[b.text for b in root.findall("book")]  # ["Ulysses"]

tostring(root[0], encoding="unicode")   # "<book id=\"1\" lang=\"en\">Ulysses</book>"

Documents own the tree; use the context manager or close():

from leptris import parse

with parse("catalog.xml") as doc:
    doc.xpath("//book[@lang='en']")

Namespaces, variables, canonical XML and streaming:

root.xpath("//x:item", namespaces={"x": "urn:ex"})
root.xpath("//book[@id=$id]", variables={"id": "2"})
c14n(root, exclusive=True)

from leptris import sax
sax.parse(xml, handler)                       # one-shot
with sax.StreamingParser(handler) as parser:  # push, constant memory
    parser.feed(chunk, final=last)

XSLT and XPath version support

leptris.XSLT(stylesheet) compiles once, applies to any Document, and returns a Document; leptris.XPath(expression) compiles an XPath for repeated evaluation. Which language constructs work is decided by the engine — the matrix below is measured against libleptris 1.9.32 (audited through this binding; the upstream gap ledger is leptris/leptris#685).

language status notes
XSLT 1.0 full libxslt conformance suite 205/205 upstream; EXSLT math/set/str/date included
XSLT 2.0 partial ✓ for-each-group, analyze-string + regex-group(), xsl:number formats, xsl:assert, xsl:sequence (multi-item), xsl:perform-sort · ✗ xsl:function, tunnel parameters, shadow attributes, xsl:result-document, @separator
XSLT 3.0 increments ✓ try/catch (with $err:description), accumulator (gated by xsl:mode use-accumulators), iterate + break + on-completion, on-empty, evaluate, grouping, modes, where-populated, on-non-empty, next-match, fork, @start-at, composite keys, tunnel params, copy/@select, xsl:namespace, xsl:document, @default, merge, result-document (writes the href target), character maps · ✗ package, xsl:map, xsl:evaluate with-params, next-iteration chaining
XPath 1.0 full complete core function library
XPath 2.0 grammar complete ✓ quantified (some/every), set algebra (union/intersect/except), node comparisons (is, <<, >>), (), ends-with, deep-equal, value comparisons, cast/castable/treat/instance of, function items + HOFs (1.9.73+) · function slices by group (sequences, regex, math:, strings/QNames/URIs, dates, xs: constructors); remaining: format-date/format-time, JSON, map:/array: constructors · format-number works in plain XPath since 1.9.80
XPath 3.1 lane 0 ✓ let, simple map !, arrow =>, string concat || — through both XPath() and XSLT · ✗ function items, inline functions, maps, arrays, string constructors
RELAX NG core subset leptris.RelaxNG(schema) / .from_file(path) — compile once, .validate(doc) → bool with Jing-shaped .error_log; element/attribute/text/data/value/choice/group/interleave/repeats/ref — libleptris 1.9.115+ (#878)
XML diff native leptris.diff(a, b[, ignore_ws_text]) — digest-pruned ordered edit script (iterate DiffOp(type, path, name, before, after); serialize() line-per-op) — libleptris 1.9.144+
XQuery 1.0 core + 3.x increments leptris.XQuery(query) — FLWOR (for/let/where/order by/return/group by, positional at, tumbling/sliding windows), prolog (declare variable/namespace/function local:* incl. external variables with QT3-style select bindings via variables=),, constructors, doc()/collection(), try/catch, typeswitch — libleptris 1.9.68+; 3.1 remainder (maps/arrays, modules) tracked in #684

XQuery 1.0 core is a first-class API since libleptris 1.9.64:

from leptris import Document, XQuery

with Document.parse("<r><item v='1'>alpha</item><item v='5'>beta</item></r>") as doc:
    XQuery("for $i in //item where $i/@v > 1 return string($i)")(doc)  # ['beta']
    XQuery("declare variable $n := 3; <out>{$n * 2}</out>")(doc)       # '<out>6</out>'
    XQuery("declare function local:dbl($x) { $x * 2 }; local:dbl(4)")(doc)  # 8.0

The default surface is the full XPath 3.1 grammar. To pin the strict XPath 1.0 surface (3.x-only syntax raises XPathError), pass version="1.0" — on Document.xpath, Element.xpath, and the compiled XPath class (XPath(expr, version="1.0")):

root.xpath("count(//book)", version="1.0")          # works — 1.0 grammar
root.xpath("//book ! @id", version="1.0")           # XPathError: 3.x syntax
XPath("//book[1]/@id", version="1.0")(root)         # compiled + strict

XPath 3.1 composition and XSLT 3.0 instructions flow through the existing API with zero binding change:

from leptris import Document, XPath, XSLT, tostring

with Document.parse("<r><item v='1'>alpha</item><item v='5'>beta</item></r>") as doc:
    doc.getroot().xpath("let $n := //item[2] return $n/@v")      # ['5']
    doc.getroot().xpath("(//item ! string(.)) => count()")        # 2.0

    style = XSLT("""<xsl:stylesheet version="3.0"
        xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">
      <xsl:mode use-accumulators="depth"/>
      <xsl:accumulator name="depth" initial-value="0">
        <xsl:accumulator-rule match="*" phase="start" select="$value + 1"/>
        <xsl:accumulator-rule match="*" phase="end" select="$value - 1"/>
      </xsl:accumulator>
      <xsl:template match="/"><o>
        <xsl:iterate select="//item">
          <i d="{accumulator-before('depth')}"/>
        </xsl:iterate>
      </o></xsl:template>
    </xsl:stylesheet>""")
    print(tostring(style(doc), encoding="unicode"))
    # <o><i d="2"/><i d="2"/></o>   # items sit at depth 2 (r → item)

Unsupported constructs fail at XSLT() compile time or at evaluation with LeptrisError — except two instructions that still produce empty output instead of an error (xsl:map/xsl:map-entry, and xsl:value-of/@separator is ignored); tracked in the #685/#690 ledgers above.

HTML parsing

leptris.html (libleptris 1.9.75+) — tolerant HTML in the shape of lxml's etree.HTMLParser: implied end tags, void elements, case-insensitive names, unquoted attributes, the named-entity table, and a synthesized <html>/<head>/<body> wrapper:

from leptris import html

r = html.fromstring("<p>hello <b>world")   # <html><head/><body><p>hello <b>world</b></p></body></html>
with html.document("<td>c") as doc:
    doc.xpath("count(//td)")               # 1.0

Since libleptris 1.9.76 the output is byte-exact with lxml's etree.HTMLParser (minimized attributes are empty strings; no empty <head/> is emitted) — leptris/leptris#813. One known divergence (libleptris 1.9.104+): a leading script/style run stays in body where lxml's libxml2 lifts it to head (leptris/leptris#659).

Two modes (libleptris 1.9.104+): the default html4 keeps this compatibility shape; mode="whatwg" selects the WHATWG-conformant engine (leading script/style/noscript/template runs lift into the implied head — not lxml byte-compatible).

Migrating from lxml

lxml leptris Notes
etree.fromstring / etree.XML fromstring / XML
etree.parse parse paths and file-likes; no URLs
etree.tostring(elem, …) tostring(elem, …) bytes by default, encoding="unicode" for str
elem.tag / .text / .tail same tag uses {uri}local Clark notation; CDATA merges into text (lxml's default parser behavior)
elem.attrib / .get() / .keys() / .items() same attrib is a read-only Mapping
elem.getparent/getnext/getprevious same
elem[i], len(elem), iteration, slices same indexing is child indexing, never attribute lookup
elem.iter() / .iterdescendants() / .itertext() same elements only (ElementTree semantics); lxml's iter() also yields comments/PIs
elem.find/findall/findtext same accepts full XPath 1.0 — a superset of ElementPath — including {uri}local names
elem.xpath(expr, namespaces=…) same plus variables={…} (leptris extension)
etree.c14n / etree.XInclude c14n(…) / doc.process_xinclude()
etree.XMLSyntaxError ParseError XPath failures raise XPathError; XSLT raises XSLTError, XQuery XQueryError — all subclass LeptrisError
etree.Element, SubElement, append, set, remove not exposed libleptris has partial mutation upstream (node content setters, set_root, remove_children) — not surfaced here; build trees elsewhere
document-level comments / PIs doc.toplevel_comments() / doc.toplevel_pis() prolog then epilog; requires libleptris 1.9.3+
etree.iterparse leptris.iterparse(source, full_document=False) bounded by the largest subtree; yields ("end", element); elements borrowed until the next yield; tags resolve namespaces (Clark notation, libleptris 1.9.4+). Truncated or malformed input raises ParseError (both modes, libleptris 1.9.15+). full_document=True yields every element in completion order
smart strings plain str XPath string/attribute results
elem.nsmap absent use elem.namespace / elem.prefix and xpath(namespaces=…)
etree.XPath compiled objects leptris.XPath(expression) compile once, evaluate many; contexts, namespaces, and variables supported
etree.XSLT leptris.XSLT(stylesheet) compile once, apply to any Document — see the version support matrix above
parser options (resolve_entities, …) absent libleptris 1.2.0 has no per-parse options
elem.sourceline same requires libleptris 1.3.0+
undeclared XPath prefix raises in lxml evaluates to an empty nodeset here
ATTLIST default attributes applied by lxml's default parser excluded by default (ElementTree-like; XML 1.0 §5 permits either) — Document.parse(xml, attribute_defaults=True) opts in
declared non-UTF-8 bytes (UTF-16, latin-1, …) auto-detected auto-detected — declared encodings route through the converter, others retry on failure (libleptris 1.9.15+)
parser options (remove_blank_text, …) etree.XMLParser(remove_blank_text=True) Document.parse(xml, remove_blank_text=True) — ~35% faster on pretty-printed input; also attribute_defaults=True, recover=True

Layout

  • leptris/_ffi.py — cdef mirror of the public headers + loader (the only place libleptris is declared)
  • leptris/_engine.py — the compile-once lifecycle base shared by the compiled language objects (XSLT, XQuery, future RelaxNG)
  • leptris/_results.py — the result model: engine results to Python values (nodeset wrapping, scalar conversion), shared by every evaluation surface
  • leptris/_leptrisaccel.c — the C accelerator (abi3): allocates Elements and runs the hot accessors, subtree iteration, the parse and serialization seams, and the per-document element registry; bound to libleptris by the positional protocol in element.py
  • leptris/element.py, document.py, node.py, xpath.py — the Python surface: queries, walks, documents; node.py exposes the full DOM (comments, CDATA, PIs) beneath the ElementTree shape
  • leptris/api.py — fromstring/parse/tostring/c14n/ iterparse
  • leptris/sax.py — SAX one-shot and streaming
  • tests/ — pytest suite (pytest with LEPTRIS_LIB_PATH set)
  • benchmarks/ — matrix vs lxml/ElementTree/minidom (pip install .[bench], then python -m benchmarks.matrix)

Memory model

The Document owns the whole tree and its pool. Accessor strings are copied into Python str at the boundary, so nothing depends on document lifetime after a call returns. Elements keep a reference to their Document, so the pool cannot be freed while any wrapper is alive. Prefer explicit close() / the context manager; __del__ is a refcounting safety net, not a contract. Using an element after its document is closed raises LeptrisError.

Versioning

libleptris-version.txt pins the library release the binding is built and tested against. Since 1.9.76.0 the package version is {c-full-semver}.{patch} — the pinned libleptris version plus a binding-local patch counter: lib 1.9.76 → 1.9.76.0, then 1.9.76.1 for binding-only fixes against the same pin, resetting the patch whenever the pin moves. (1.2.0–1.27.1 were the interim own-semver line.) pyproject.toml and leptris/__init__.py must agree at release time.

Publishing

Releases publish to PyPI via .github/workflows/release.yml, using PyPI trusted publishing (no stored credentials). The workflow runs on manual dispatch (ships the version in pyproject.toml) and is called by the libleptris release flow (publish: true), so every libleptris release ships the wheel.

Local development

python3 -m venv .venv
./.venv/bin/pip install --upgrade build pytest cffi
./.venv/bin/pip install -e .[test,bench]
LEPTRIS_LIB_PATH=/path/to/libleptris.dylib ./.venv/bin/python -m pytest tests/ -q

Release files for leptris 1.9.161.0

For a detailed explanation of source distributions (sdists) and built distributions (wheels), please see the package formats documentation.

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Table of built distributions (wheels) for leptris 1.9.161.0
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leptris-1.9.161.0-cp39-abi3-win_arm64.whl CPython 3.9 abi3 Windows ARM64 Details
leptris-1.9.161.0-cp39-abi3-win_amd64.whl CPython 3.9 abi3 Windows x86-64 Details
leptris-1.9.161.0-cp39-abi3-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl CPython 3.9 abi3 Linux musl 1.2+ x86-64 Details
leptris-1.9.161.0-cp39-abi3-musllinux_1_2_aarch64.whl CPython 3.9 abi3 Linux musl 1.2+ ARM64 Details
leptris-1.9.161.0-cp39-abi3-manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux2014_x86_64.whl CPython 3.9 abi3 Linux glibc 2.17+ x86-64 Details
leptris-1.9.161.0-cp39-abi3-manylinux_2_17_aarch64.manylinux2014_aarch64.whl CPython 3.9 abi3 Linux glibc 2.17+ ARM64 Details
leptris-1.9.161.0-cp39-abi3-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl CPython 3.9 abi3 macOS 11.0+ ARM64 Details
leptris-1.9.161.0-cp39-abi3-macosx_10_9_x86_64.whl CPython 3.9 abi3 macOS 10.9+ x86-64 Details

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1.24.2

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1.24.1

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1.24.0

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1.23.3

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1.23.2

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1.22.2

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1.22.1

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1.22.0

6 release files

1.21.0

6 release files

1.20.0

6 release files

1.19.0

6 release files

1.18.0

6 release files

1.17.1

6 release files

1.17.0

6 release files

1.16.1

6 release files

1.16.0

6 release files

1.15.1

6 release files

1.15.0

6 release files

1.14.3

6 release files

1.14.2

6 release files

1.14.1

6 release files

1.14.0

6 release files

1.13.3

6 release files

1.13.2

6 release files

1.13.1

6 release files

1.13.0

6 release files

1.12.0

6 release files

1.11.1

6 release files

1.11.0

6 release files

1.10.0

6 release files

This release

1.9.161.0 This release

9 release files

1.9.0

6 release files

1.8.0

6 release files

1.7.0

6 release files

1.6.1

6 release files

1.6.0

5 release files

1.5.0

2 release files

1.4.1

2 release files

1.4.0

2 release files

1.3.1

2 release files

1.3.0

2 release files

1.2.0

2 release files

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