libvstruct2 2.0.5

YAML-like structured binary data representation language (partially based on Python).

libvstruct2

YAML-like structured binary data representation language (partially based on Python). Goals:

• brief
• expressive (capable to describe most contemporary file/data formats)
• human-readable
• fast (enough)
• easy to parse
• easy to translate into Python parsers
• WARNING: very alpha release, many things are still broken / can change.

Note: some automagical conversions happen when translating .vs2 sources to .py sources to simplify writing the definitions (to-be-documented). See the included file formats for examples.

Vlad Topan (vtopan/gmail), Feb. 2020

Format

• YAML-like, mapping structures to - field:type lists or detailed field descriptions.

- field:
  - type
  - key1: value1
  - key2: value2

• example:

StructName:
  - field1: I4        # 4-byte integer - this is ignored
  - field2:
    - a[100]
    - desc: some 4-byte integer field
    - offset: 1234

• shorthands exist (see PFX_MAP in libvstruct2/defparser.py for a full mapping), the [Fields][] section below for details:
  • @ ... is equivalent to - offset: ...
  • = ... is equivalent to - validator: ... (dynamic expression, exact value or collection)
  • ? ... is equivalent to - lookahead: ... (preview data, don't consume buffer)

VStruct objects

Each VStruct object (structure or field) has the obvious attributes (.offset, .size, .value, .parent, etc.) and some less obvious attributes and methods:

• .root: the top-level VStruct which initiated the parsing process
• .first_parent(type_or_typename): returns the first (grand)parent of the given type

Fields

• syntax: <indent>- <fieldname>: <fieldtype> followed optionally by additional modifiers
  • most modifiers also have a short syntax, either as a modifier prefix or as a suffix to the <fieldtype>
    • prefix example: - dyn_offset: <offset> is the same as @ <offset>
    • suffix example: - field1: R[<length>] is the same as - field1: R followed by - length: <length>
  • modifiers (with prefixes/suffixes in parenthesis where available):
    • prefixes:
      • validator (=): after evaluation, test the resulting value with this expression
        • can be a list / tuple, dict, callable or exact (immediate) value
      • should_be (?=): same as validator, but instead of stopping the parser, only a warning is issued
      • dyn_offset (@): dynamic offset - evaluated at runtime (see DynExpr)
      • formatter (~): used to format the value for display - a callable or a dict (if value is not in dict, ? is returned)
      • hidden (.): don't display when displaying the structure (flag used for internal / irrelevant fields)
      • description ("..."): field description
      • bit_map ({...}): masks mapping bits to names
      • lookahead (?): parsing the field won't consume from the buffer (the current offset is not changed)
      • out_of_struct (*): the field does not follow from the current offset (this is set automatically by dyn_offset)
      • required (!): flag which marks a conditional field as required (raises ParseError if missing)
      • post_parse (;): function to be called after parsing for additional processing (receives an object instance)
      • post_parse_value (:): function to be called after parsing to further process the value (receives the object instance, must return the new value)
        • can also be a list of functions if the value is a sequence (only the values will be passed to the functions)
    • suffixes:
      • length ([...]): number of elements (field becomes an array, i.e. list of fields)
        • exception: for string and regex types, the length means the number of characters!
        • if the value starts with <, it is interpreted as maxlen (maximum length), e.g. for NULL-terminated strings
      • condition (<...>): DynExpr which, if evaluates to False, the field is considered "not present"
    • no shortcut syntax (yet):
      • update_offset: flag which causes an out-of-struct field to still update its parent's .offset
      • endianness: little ('<') or big ('>'), default: little
        • note: this is inherited from parent structures if not defined in fields
      • stop: alternative stop condition (DynExpr) for arrays (in this case, length may be simply True)
      • second_pass: (only for out_of_struct nodes) parse only on a second pass
  • virtual fields can be created with the syntax: - <fieldname> := <expression> (their .size will be 0, but the .offset will be correct)
    • these are instances of the Eval basic type

Expressions

DynExpr

• most values can be defined as dynamic expressions (to reference other fields which become available during parsing)
• automagically identified by trying to parse each expression as an immediate; on failure, a DynExpr is created
• syntax:
  • $<field> extracts the value of <field> in the current (VStruct) structure (equivalent to self.<field>.value)
  • @<field> the offset of <field> (self.<field>.offset)
  • :<field> the size of <field> (self.<field>.size)
  • &<attr> extracts the value of an attribute of the current VStruct (equivalent to self.<attr>)
  • parent objects can be referenced using ^, e.g.:
    • &^^ == self.parent.parent
    • $^Field1 == self.parent.Field1.value
• notes:
  • depending on the context, self is usually the current VStruct (e.g. when evaluating conditions, lengths, etc.); an exception exist though - self is the current field when validating (validator expressions)

Regex expressions

• the match is attempted from the current position
• format: <op>/<regex>/<flags>
  • <op>: what result to return
    • default (no <op> field): bool (True if matched)
    • @: match offset or -1
    • :: match length
  • <flags>: sequence of classic regex flags (s dotall, m multiline, i case insensitive) and custom flags:
    • f: attempt match in full file (default: 8k from current offset)

Datatypes

• see libvstruct2/basefields.py for the implementation of all the basic types

Numbers

Integers

• I1 / I2 / I4 / I8: signed 1/2/4/8-byte integer (default endianness, little if none set)
• PK1..8: packed integer (DWARF3 LEB128) - TBD
• signedness prefix: S / U (default: unsigned)
• endianness suffix:
  • B: big endian
  • L: little endian
  • E: dynamic endianness (set by a conditional expression in the struct)
  • default: little endian

Real numbers

• F2 / F4: floating-point 2/4-byte real numbers (float / double)

Bit masks (flags)

• BM# (# is the number of bytes, e.g. BM2): flags
  • accepts a bit_map ({ ... }) key which maps bits/bit groups to names

Text & binary blobs

• a / u8/16/32 / w / r: null-terminated ASCII / UTF 8/16/32 / widechar / raw (binary) string (C strings) - TBD
• AS[len] / WS[len] / R[len]: fixed/maximum-length ASCII / widechar / raw (binary) string (LPSTR / PWSTR)

RegEx-based fields

• RX: basic (binary) regex field (the actual regex must be passed as the condition, e.g. - MyField: RX <^abc>)
  • .value will contain the groups tuple if more than one, a single bytes otherwise
  • .raw_match will contain the full (binary) match
• T: string token (ignores whitespace) - multiple values separated by a comma (e.g. - MyField: T <a, b, cde>)
• SRX: string regex (UTF-8 encoded)
• IS: integer string (textual integer); .value will be the actual number

Keys

• any type can be followed by any number of "keys" (indented - name: value fields) with supplemental rules / information

Feedback

Feedback is welcome via email or as issues on the gitlab project.