mock-bank

A mock bank. Not a payments library and not a bank API client — the thing on the other end. Send it a pain.001 and it sends back a pain.002 that accepts or rejects each payment, then a camt.054 debit notification on the settlement date, then a camt.053 statement at the end of the business day, and, if you ask it to, a pacs.004 that returns a payment three days after it settled.

   you ──pain.001──▶  mock-bank
       ◀──pain.002──  PART: 2 accepted, 1 AC04 (account closed), 1 RC01 (bank not found)
       ◀──camt.054──  2 debits on the settlement date
       ◀──camt.053──  end of day: opening, 2 entries, closing
       ◀──pacs.004──  (with a return behaviour) one payment comes back, 3 days later

Banks are harder to test against than trading partners. A bank sandbox takes weeks of onboarding, returns only the happy path, and cannot be asked to bounce a payment three days after accepting it. The failures that cost money — a rejected file nobody noticed, a return after the invoice was closed, a statement line that never reconciles — are exactly the ones nobody can rehearse. This is the counterparty that does them on demand.

• Zero dependencies. Python 3.8+ standard library and SQLite, nothing else. ISO 20022 XML through xml.etree, NACHA as fixed-width text. It installs in a locked-down CI image.
• Real wire shapes. Namespaced ISO 20022 messages that validate against the published schemas, real reason codes, balances that add up.
• Failure on demand. A closed account, insufficient funds, a rejected file, a duplicate, a late return, a silent bank, a statement with a hole in it — each one PATCH away, never a code change.
• It validates its own output. Every message the mock writes is checked against the same rules it checks yours against, for every account behaviour: that is GeneratedMessagesAreValid in tests/test_dictionary.py. And because those rules could be wrong in the same way the writers are, the dictionary is held to files from outside the project and, by tools/check_xsd.py, to the published XSDs.
• No sleeping. Settlement dates, cutoffs and returns move on a clock that POST /_mock/advance moves, so a three-day return is a test line, not a wait.

It is not a bank. It holds no real money, runs no fraud or sanctions screening, and imitates publicly documented formats for testing only.

MIT licensed. ISO 20022 is a standard of ISO maintained by SWIFT as Registration Authority; NACHA and BAI2 formats are published by Nacha and BAI respectively. This project implements publicly documented wire formats for testing purposes and is not affiliated with or endorsed by any standards body, bank or vendor.

By Rick Seufert. The projects page has this mock, mock-sap, mock-edi and the worked examples that use them together. mock-bank is the third leg: po_bridge sends the order, invoice_check approves the invoice, and payment_run moves the money and posts the statement back to SAP. pay_invoices pays mock-edi's invoices through this mock directly. All of them are in mock-acme, the integration between the mocks.

Quick start

Install it and start a bank:

pip install mock-bank
mock-bank --port 8090

8090 is the default, so plain mock-bank listens there too. The three mocks default to different ports on purpose - mock-sap on 8000, mock-edi on 8080, mock-bank on 8090 - so all three run side by side with no flag to pass and no bind error on the second one.

Then, in another terminal:

curl http://127.0.0.1:8090/_mock/health
curl http://127.0.0.1:8090/_mock/accounts

The guided tour lives in the repository rather than in the installed package, so it needs a checkout — which needs nothing installed either:

git clone https://github.com/rseufert/mock-bank && cd mock-bank
python3 -m mockbank --port 8090 &
bash examples/demo.sh          # the whole choreography, in curl
python3 examples/client.py     # the same thing, as a client you would copy
python3 -m unittest discover -s tests -v

demo.sh sends one payment file and shows you every message the bank sends back, then breaks it on purpose so you see a rejection and a duplicate too. client.py does the same in Python and matches each answer to the payment it is about by EndToEndId, which is what your own integration has to do. Both take BANK_AUTH=user:password for a mock started with --auth, and both ask the mock what it supports rather than assuming.

Formats and choreography

ISO 20022 came first, and NACHA and BAI2 joined it in 0.3. You send one payment file and the mock answers with the messages a real bank sends, in the order it sends them.

Versions: pain.001.001.09 is read, and the older pain.001.001.03 is accepted as well and read into the same model; pain.008.001.08, from the same 2019 set, is read, validated and decided. The mock writes pain.002.001.10, camt.054.001.08, camt.053.001.08, camt.052.001.08 and pacs.004.001.09, the versions that go with pain.001.001.09 and that most banks accept today. That is a choice, not the only right answer; so are the others the standard leaves open, and the mock says which it made:

• Returns. A return reaches the client as a pacs.004, whose OrgnlGrpInf names the client's own pain.001 - standing in for the interbank message a real bank would pass on - with SttlmMtd INDA, settled on the bank's own books. The credit it books carries PMNT/ICDT/RRTN. One pacs.004 per account, day and original file; one camt.054 credit per account and day.
• Bank transaction code. Every debit the mock books carries PMNT/ICDT/ESCT (payments, issued credit transfer, SEPA credit transfer). Euro credit transfers are what this release speaks; other rails are listed under what is out of scope. The credit a collection books carries PMNT/IDDT/ESDD (payments, issued direct debit, SEPA Core direct debit), which is what banks' own example statements write for it: test/assets/ing/example_camt.xml in svapnil/iso20022.js @ 68ce4fb and spec/examples/camt053/mixed_examples_08.xml in MeinGrundeinkommen/konfipay @ c337e64, each a CRDT. The mock writes ESDD whatever the file's local instrument; a B2B collection would be BBDD at a real bank. A collection going back is a DBIT under PMNT/IDDT/UPDD (reversal due to a returned or unpaid direct debit), which the same two files write for it; its RtrInf carries the reason and the code the credit was booked under.
• Coverage. The dictionary declares the elements the mock reads and writes and those a real bank's file commonly carries, not every optional element of the XSD. An element the standard allows but the dictionary does not declare is reported as a warning naming its path, never silently dropped.
• Minor units. Amounts are integers in the currency's ISO 4217 minor units everywhere but the wire; a currency the mock has no exponent for is taken to have two.

Every element of every message is declared once in mockbank/schema.py, and GET /_mock/dictionary serves those declarations, with the code sets and the choices above, as JSON.

Validating a file

POST /_mock/validate reads a pain.001 the way the pipeline will and says what it finds, one line each, without changing anything. The sample below asks for execution on 2026-10-01, so the mock is started with bank time before that date — otherwise the answer gains a DT01 warning and this example stops matching what you see:

$ python3 -m mockbank --port 8090 --clock 2026-09-30T09:00 &
$ curl -s --data-binary @tests/samples/pain001_broken_iban.xml http://127.0.0.1:8090/_mock/validate
pain.001.001.09 ACME-20261001-0001: 1 batch, 4 payments, 1 finding
error AC01 at /Document/CstmrCdtTrfInitn/PmtInf[1]/CdtTrfTxInf[2]/CdtrAcct/Id/IBAN: NL85MOCK0000000003 fails its check digits

Run it without --clock after that date and you get the warning as well, which is the mock being right rather than the example being wrong:

warning DT01 at /Document/CstmrCdtTrfInitn/PmtInf[1]/ReqdExctnDt: the requested execution date 2026-10-01 is in the past; the bank executes on the next business day instead

Each finding names the element and carries the reason code the pain.002 will report it with: FF01 for anything structural or a file the mock cannot read (it names what it does read), AM10 for a wrong CtrlSum, AM18 for a wrong NbOfTxs, AC01 for an IBAN that fails its check digits, AM03 for a currency that is not the debtor account's (or a request to convert one), AM05 for an EndToEndId used twice in one file. Signed and encrypted files and DTDs are refused by name. A requested execution date in the past is a DT01 warning, not a rejection: banks differ, and the mock follows the common SEPA profile of executing on the next business day.

A NACHA file is read by the same endpoint. The mock recognises one by its first line, a file header starting 101, and reads it into the same payments a pain.001 becomes:

$ curl -s --data-binary @tests/samples/nacha_broken_entry_hash.ach http://127.0.0.1:8090/_mock/validate
NACHA 1234567890-2610010900A: 1 batch, 4 payments, 1 finding
error FF01 at /line 8 (batch control)/entry hash (columns 11-20): the entry hash says 265100431, but the batch's receiving DFI identifications sum to 26400041, to ten digits

A finding names the line, the record and the field with its columns. The file checks are a line that is not 94 characters, a byte that is not a NACHA character, a routing number that fails its check digit (RC01), an entry hash, block count, count (AM18) or credit total (AM10) that disagrees with the entries, and lines of nines that do not fill the last block:

• A record is ASCII, space (0x20) to tilde (0x7E), one byte a character. Any other byte is an error, FF01, naming the line, the column and the field it falls in: byte 0xE9 at column 59 (individual name). So é is refused whether the file is Latin-1 (one byte) or UTF-8 (two, which also makes the line 95 long), and so is a tab. Nacha's table of valid characters gives "ASCII values greater than hexadecimal 1F", and ASCII stops at 7F. moov-io/ach is more lenient and takes 0xC0-0xFF as Latin-1 letters; the mock does not, because nothing in the file says which encoding a byte above 7F is in.
• A file is whole blocks of ten. After the file control come as many lines of nines as fill the last block, no fewer and no more: 8 records are followed by 2, 10 by none. Anything else is an error, FF01, at /, saying how many lines the file has and how many it needs. An error and not a warning because a wrong block count already is one and this is the other half of the same rule, and because a mock that lets a file through is no help with the bank that will not. Line ends (LF or CRLF) and blank lines are not counted.
• What the bank writes is held to the same. Every record of a return file is 94 bytes. A name that is not ASCII - an account's, or a creditor's from a pain.001 - is written without its accents (Müller as Muller), and any other character the bank cannot write as ?, one for one.

Sources: Nacha's "Valid Characters for ACH Records" (https://www.nacha.org/system/files/2025-03/Valid%20Characters%20for%20ACH%20Records%20-%20Technical%20Tab%20----%20picture.docx); Nicolet National Bank's specification, linked below, for "fixed length, ASCII, record length 94, Block 10" and a block count of "physical blocks"; and JPMorgan Chase's (https://www.chase.com/content/dam/chaseonline/en/demos/cbo/pdfs/cbo_nacha_filespecs.pdf) for "10 lines of data equal 1 block". The Nacha Operating Rules themselves are sold, not published, and were not read.

Two checks come from the pain.001 side, where NACHA has no rule of its own: a past effective entry date is a DT01 warning, and an individual identification number used twice is AM05. A blank file creation time is allowed, as NACHA allows it. Where NACHA has no ISO 20022 equivalent, the mock makes these choices:

• EndToEndId is the individual identification number, the originator's own reference for the payment (an invoice number, say), which the receiver also sees. NOTPROVIDED when it is blank. The trace number is assigned by the originating bank, so it becomes the InstrId instead.
• The debtor account is the company identification. A NACHA file carries no originator account: the originating bank knows its customer by that id.
• The file's identity, where a pain.001 has a MsgId, is the immediate origin with the creation date, time and file ID modifier. Those are the fields a bank tells two files apart by.
• A credit entry is a payment and a debit entry is a collection (#176): transaction codes 22, 32, 42 and 52 on one side, 27, 37 and 47 on the other. The entry's own code decides, whatever service class the batch states.
• A file is of payments or of collections, not both. A real originating bank takes a batch that mixes them (service class 200); the mock's pipeline takes one kind of file, as a pain.001 and a pain.008 are two files. A mixed file is an FF01 finding that counts both sides and says to send the debits in a file of their own.
• What moves no money is not read. A prenote (23, 28 and their savings and ledger twins), a zero-dollar entry and a loan debit (55, which NACHA allows for reversals only) are each an FF01 finding that says which it is.

A NACHA file of debit entries is a file of collections, decided, recorded and booked as a pain.008 is (the table under For a direct debit below says what the bank decides):

• the creditor account is the company identification, as the debtor account of a credit file is, and has to be an account the bank holds;
• the debtor is the receiver: the DFI account number and individual name, at the receiving bank's routing number. One at this bank's routing number whose account number the bank holds is a held debtor, and decides the collection by its own state and behaviour;
• the requested collection date is the effective entry date;
• there is no mandate. A NACHA file carries none: the receiver's authorization is held by the originator, outside the file. So a collection from one has no mandate id and no date of signature and is not held to MD02. The one thing the file does say is whether a WEB or TEL debit is recurring or single (its payment type code, R or S), which is recorded as the sequence type RCUR or OOFF. Any SEC code may carry a debit; the mock records it and polices none.

Sources, both outside the project: Nicolet National Bank's NACHA file format specification (https://www.nicoletbank.com/nacha-file-format-specifications, read 2026-10-01) for the service class codes, the debit transaction codes and the absence of any authorization field; and moov-io/ach @ 7ee7ad0 for the ledger debit, the prenotes and the payment type code. tests/samples/external/nacha-gl-debit.ach is a debit file from the second.

What a collection is answered with is the creditor account's format, not the file's. An ISO 20022 account in dollars that sends a NACHA file of debits gets a pain.002, a camt.054 and, for one that comes back, a pacs.004. A NACHA account gets what it gets for a payment, whichever way the money moves:

A collection comes back as a returned debit. The return file carries one entry per collection - transaction code 26, 36 or 46, the return of a 27, 37 or 47 - with an addenda 99 giving the R code, the original trace number and the receiver's bank, in the debit totals. Three things send one back:

• POST /_mock/collections/<EndToEndId>/refuse, the receiver's bank saying no, with an R code on a NACHA account: R01, R02, R03, and the ones about the authorization, R05, R07, R08, R10 and R29. After the collection settled the money goes back, as for a pain.008. Before it settled NACHA has no message that rejects one entry of a file the bank accepted, so the collection is rejected, nothing ever books, and the return entry goes out on the day it would have settled.
• A rejection when the file arrived, where the reason has an R code (AM04 is R01, AC04 is R02): the acknowledgement says rejected, and the entry comes back in a return file the next business day too, as a rejected payment does. Nothing was credited, so nothing is debited.
• return-later on a debtor account this bank holds, after its days. The debtor's reason is said as an R code: its own if it has one, the one for its ISO 20022 reason if there is one, and R02 otherwise.

On the camt.054 the reason is in ISO 20022's words: R05 is AG01, R07, R10 and R29 are MD01, and R08 is MS02. That mapping is the mock's own: no outside source pairs NACHA's return codes with ISO 20022's, so it is the nearest meaning, chosen here, and a real bank may say it differently. The R code in the return file is the one to rely on. The R codes are moov-io/ach's table (addenda99.go @ 7ee7ad0); tests/samples/external/nacha-return-WEB.ach is a returned debit from outside, which the mock's reader has taken since #55.

Both doors take a NACHA file, POST /payments and the drop directory, and it is decided by the same engine as a pain.001; the JSON answer's format says which it saw. A NACHA file names accounts by number, never by IBAN, so the bank finds the ones it holds before deciding:

• The bank's routing number is 999999992. It is fictional on purpose: it passes the check digit, and no Federal Reserve district starts with 99.
• Each account has an account_number, its domestic account number, up to 17 digits and unique. The seed gives the four accounts the account part of their IBANs, 0000000001 to 0000000004; an account you create or PATCH has one only if you give it one. A --db file from before 0.3 has no account numbers at all after the upgrade, seeded accounts included: set them by PATCH before sending a NACHA file that names them.
• A creditor at 999999992 whose account number is a held account's is that account; so is a debtor whose company identification is one. Anything else is an account at another bank, or a debtor the bank does not hold (AC02). A pain.001 naming accounts by Othr/Id and ClrSysMmbId is found the same way. GET /_mock/payments/<EndToEndId> shows a held creditor by its IBAN whatever the file named it by, one at another bank by what the file gave (a NACHA entry's account number), and the creditor's bank as creditor_clearing_id.

A NACHA file is in dollars, so an account that sends one is set up for it:

curl -s -X PATCH http://127.0.0.1:8090/_mock/accounts/ACME \
     -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"format": "nacha", "currency": "USD"}'
curl -s --data-binary @tests/samples/nacha_four_payments_to_the_seed.ach http://127.0.0.1:8090/payments

A NACHA account held in euros is not refused: each payment is rejected AM03, the currency mismatch rule that already exists, and says so.

A NACHA account is sent an acknowledgement, not a pain.002. Real banks acknowledge an ACH file in shapes that differ from bank to bank, and NACHA specifies none, so this one is the mock's choice: plain text, one fact to a line, each line starting with what it is. For the file above it begins:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT MB-ACK-000001
CREATED 2026-10-01T09:00:00+00:00
FILE 0000000001-2609300930A
STATUS PART
ENTRY 999999990000001 INV-2026-0101 1250.00 ACCEPTED 2026-10-01
ENTRY 999999990000002 INV-2026-0102 3400.50 REJECTED R02 the creditor account NL84MOCK0000000003 is closed

What comes back is a NACHA return file. A payment the bank rejects for one of three behaviours is rejected with its NACHA return code - R01 for insufficient-funds, R02 for closed-account, R03 for bad-bank-id - and the acknowledgement says so. It also comes back the next business day as a return entry, the way ACH answers it: nothing was debited, so nothing is credited, and the return file is the whole answer - it is on no statement and no camt.052, and it moves no balance on any day. A payment that settles and then comes back under return-later is a return entry too, where an ISO 20022 account gets a pacs.004; its reason is an R code on a NACHA account, R02 by default, and anything else is refused at PATCH. A return file is a real NACHA file, nacha.return, with one return entry per payment - the original's return transaction code (22 becomes 21), amount, account number and identification - and its addenda 99: the reason, the original trace number and the original receiving bank. Its counts, entry hash, totals and padding are computed, and it reads back through the same reader with no finding. Sent to POST /payments it is refused by name: the bank sends return files, it does not take them.

A NACHA account's end-of-day statement is a BAI2 file, where every other account's is a camt.053: the same clock, the same balances and entries, and one counter shared between the two, so an account that changes format keeps counting. The choice is per account, so one payment file can produce both. Notifications stay camt.054, so a NACHA return shows there with the same reason in ISO 20022's words (R01 is AM04, R02 is AC04, R03 is AC01). A BAI2 statement carries no reason at all; the R code is in the return file.

What the BAI2 statement is held to. It is held to files from outside the project, which fixed who the 02 names as originator, what a record count covers, and that a balance or a control total may state its sign - though most real files do not, so signing is this mock's choice rather than the format's requirement. They also settled the transaction type codes on the 16 records (#127): 447 for a payment sent (ACH Disbursement Funding Debit, which is what a bank writes for an ACH credit payment), 257 for one coming back (Individual ACH Return Item), 142 for money arriving (ACH Credit Received), 165 for a collection that settled (Preauthorized ACH Credit, which the same bank's export writes for the proceeds of an ACH Debit Collection) and 557 for one that went back (Individual ACH Return Item on the debit side; the code table is the evidence, since no export here shows a collection returned). Before 0.5 these were 495, 165 and 195, which a real bank writes for an outgoing wire, the proceeds of a debit collection and an incoming wire. A reader that takes a movement's direction from the code's range, 100 to 399 a credit and 400 to 699 a debit, as mock-acme's payment_run does, reads both the same.

mockbank.bai2.read reads a real bank's file as well as the mock's own (#114). A 88 continuation is folded into the record it continues, because it continues that record's comma-separated field stream rather than carrying fields of its own; a funds type occupies one field, or three when it is value-dated, or four when availability is distributed over three periods, or 2 + 2n when it is distributed over named days; and an amount may carry an explicit sign or not. It also knows where a record ends (#128): a 16's text runs to the terminator with its commas, several records may share one line, and a record with no / ends at the newline when the next line starts a new one. One rule covers the terminator (#150): a / ends a record only when a record code and a separator follow it - on that line or on the next non-blank one - or when nothing follows at all. Anywhere else it is the field's own content, so a reference written AB/ and continued by GS/RP0001 reads AB/GS/RP0001 and not ABGS/RP0001. A line that does not begin with a record code continues the one above it, joined with nothing (#142) - so a field a fixed-width producer wrapped across two lines reads as one value. Nothing is inserted and nothing is dropped: a space or a column of padding on a line that is continued is the field's own content and survives the wrap, while trailing whitespace on a line that ends its record is padding around the record and comes off. Five files from moov-io/bai2 are held to that. Three of them reconcile, and the check worth naming is that every control total and record count in those, recomputed from the records it covers, comes out as stated. The other two state totals that contradict themselves, which is those files and not the reader. One limit remains, because BAI2 has no escape character: a text that itself contains /16, cannot be told from the start of a record.

In the mailbox an acknowledgement's type is nacha.ack, a return file's nacha.return and a BAI2 statement's bai2.statement; GET /_mock/mailbox/<id> serves each as text/plain, and in --pickup-dir they are .txt, .ach and .bai2 files. ?raw is a sequence of XML documents, so it refuses with 409 to mix text into one and says how to ask for each: ?raw&type=nacha.ack, ?raw&type=nacha.return, ?raw&type=bai2 and ?raw&type=camt., say.

A camt.053 closes each business day for every open account the bank holds, in order, as the clock passes the day's end - a day with no entries still gets one, because a real bank sends it and a client that only handles days with activity has a bug. The closing balance (CLBD) is the opening (OPBD) less the day's entries, to the cent, and the next statement opens where this one closed. Statement numbers never repeat, across restarts too. Under statement-gap the last entry of a statement is left off and the balances stay true, so the difference is exactly the missing payment - which is what a reconciliation has to notice. A balance changed by PATCH is a change no entry explains, and the next statement's opening shows the jump. A closed account gets no statements.

The clock passes a day's end in two ways, and both count. POST /_mock/advance issues the statements of the days it crosses as it answers. Bank time also runs by itself, so a mock left up over midnight has a day end with nobody asking: its statements are issued at the next release - the next mailbox read, file received or advance - and are stamped then, not at midnight. Asking for the statements is one of those releases: GET /_mock/accounts/<id>/statements books what is due before it answers, so a day that ended overnight is in the listing on the first read after midnight and not only once something else has asked (#213). A mock on --db issues nothing for the days it was not running.

The camt.054 profile is a choice too: the mock sends one debit notification per account each time payments book - on receipt when the settlement date is today, or when the clock crosses it - with an entry per payment, rather than one notification per payment. Both are common; this is the one it follows. A body the mock cannot read far enough to find a MsgId still gets a pain.002, RJCT with the reason, and names the original as NOTPROVIDED: the ISO 20022 convention for a mandatory identifier the sender did not give. The bank does not invent one. A dropped file's name goes in StsRsnInf/AddtlInf, since that is all a folder client has to match the refusal to.

Each payment keeps its EndToEndId through every message, so a client can match a status, a statement line and a return to the invoice it paid.

What the bank refuses because it could not answer for it. A value can be readable and still be one no later message can hold, and taking it in is worse than refusing it: the file is booked, and the failure arrives later, on the release path, where it made every POST /_mock/advance and every mailbox read answer 500 until the mock was reset (#166). So each of these is settled at the door, before anything is written:

And what happens when a message cannot be written anyway. The doors above cannot be complete: a --db file carries rows an older mock wrote, before a guard existed. So the bank copes rather than stopping. The booking stands — a payment that booked has booked, a return that came back has come back — and the message it owed you is given up on, with the writer's own complaint kept:

curl -s http://127.0.0.1:8090/_mock/unsent
[{"id": 1, "type": "camt.053.001.08", "account": "OLD", "file_id": null,
  "day": "2026-10-01", "at": "2026-10-01T09:00:00Z",
  "problem": "/Document/BkToCstmrStmt/Stmt[1]/Acct/Ownr/Nm: Nm is empty"}]

GET /_mock/state counts them under messages.unsent, so a tester sees that something is missing without having to know to look. Three things follow, and all three are deliberate:

• Every other message of that release is still written. One account's unwritable statement does not stop another account's, and does not stop the day's bookings.
• Nothing retries it. The value it could not carry will not fix itself, so a retry would add a row for every advance for ever. A statement given up on is recorded as issued with no message, so GET /_mock/accounts/<id>/statements shows it with "message_id": null. That null means only "no message to fetch", not "the bank could not write it": --retention-days nulls it too when a camt.053 that was sent and collected ages out. GET /_mock/unsent is what says the bank could not write one, by type, account and day.
• A reset forgets it, because a reset is a new bank. On --db it survives a restart, because the row that caused it does - and --retention-days ages it out like anything else the bank only remembers, which it has to, because an account the writer refuses earns one of these every business day for as long as the mock runs (#214).

POST /_mock/accounts/<id>/report is not part of this: it answers one request, so a report it cannot write fails that call and blocks nothing.

A creditor or debtor account that is not an IBAN is none of these: it is valid input, and the bank writes it back the way it came — in Id/IBAN when it strictly is an IBAN, and in Id/Othr/Id when it is not. NL30 MOCK 0000 0000 05 is accepted, matched to the account it names, and reported as Othr/Id, because the IBAN element holds no spaces.

Money arriving

Everything above is money leaving, or coming back. POST /_mock/credits makes money arrive: a customer paying your invoice, which is the whole receivable side of a business and where cash application quietly goes wrong, because the payer controls the reference. You describe what the payer sent; the bank books it and reports it the way it reports anything else.

curl -s -X POST http://127.0.0.1:8090/_mock/credits -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
     -d '{"account": "ACME", "amount": 118000, "note": "INV-1001 less 70.00 damaged goods",
          "debtor": {"name": "Customer Ltd", "iban": "NL14MOCK0000000002"}}'

• It books on its value date (value_date, bank today by default), or on the next business day if that is a weekend, a holiday or today after the cutoff - the rule a payment's settlement follows - so POST /_mock/advance drives it. Booking sends a camt.054 credit notification, and the day's camt.053 shows it and still reconciles, to the cent.
• On the statement it is a received transfer: CRDT under PMNT/RCDT/ESCT, not a return, with the payer in Dbtr, DbtrAcct and DbtrAgt, the payer's value date in ValDt, the note to payee in RmtInf/Ustrd and a structured reference apart from it in RmtInf/Strd/CdtrRefInf/Ref. A receiving system that reads the structured field can be tested against one that has to parse the prose.
• For an account that banks in NACHA the statement is BAI2, as it is for that account's debits, and money arriving is a 16 of type code 142, an ACH credit received: the EndToEndId as the bank reference, the structured reference as the customer reference and the payer's name as the text. The camt.054 goes to every account, whatever its format.
• Amounts are minor units and the currency is the account's; a credit in another is refused, as the mock does no FX, and so is one to a closed or unknown account, or for a value date already past.
• What the bank could not report is refused when it is sent, never stored. That covers a blank name, reference or line of note, a control character or line break, a BIC that is not one, and an amount that would take the balance past a statement's 18 digits. The credit's camt.054 is written once before the credit is kept, so nothing waiting can stop a later release.
• An account closed while a credit waits does not book it. A closed account gets no statement, so the money would arrive unreported. The credit stays unbooked in GET /_mock/credits, and the mock does not send it back to the payer. Reopened, the account books it on the next business day, which is on a statement, and keeps the payer's value date.
• On a statement-gap account the entry left off is the day's last, and credits come after the day's debits. So on a day money arrives, it is a credit that goes missing rather than a debit.

The failures worth testing are four requests:

The first three are what the payer sent, which is why they are fields and not account behaviours; the fourth is the bank's doing, and the only one the mock adds. Whether a deduction is justified is the receiving system's to judge.

Account behaviours

Each seeded account has a behaviour, changed at runtime with PATCH /_mock/accounts/<id>, the same way mock-edi changes a partner. The reason codes are the ISO 20022 external codes a real bank uses.

For a direct debit (#131) the account holder is the creditor: a pain.008 asks the bank to collect from debtors under their mandates. A behaviour still describes the account it is set on, so the table reads from the other side:

A debtor's balance is read and never changed: the mock books only the account holder's side, so two files are each held to the same balance. A debtor at another bank is accepted, because nothing about it can be known. A creditor account the bank does not hold is AC03, and a collection that states no mandate or no date of signature is MD02. An accepted collection is to settle on its requested collection date, rolled to a business day, and never before the business day after the bank can start on the file.

The file the repository ships collects for ACME from the four accounts the seed starts with, so it needs nothing set up first:

curl -s --data-binary @tests/samples/pain008_four_collections.xml \
     http://127.0.0.1:8090/payments

Two of its four collections are accepted - DD-2026-0101, whose debtor is at another bank, and DD-2026-0104, a debtor this bank holds - and two are rejected on receipt: DD-2026-0102 is AM04, because GLOBEX has 12.50 to its name, and DD-2026-0103 is AC04, because INITECH is closed. So the file's status is PART, and the two that were accepted credit ACME together on their settlement date.

On that day the creditor account is credited. The bank sends a camt.054 with a CRDT entry for each collection - one notification per account and settlement date - and the day's camt.053, or BAI2 statement for a NACHA-format account, carries the same entries, as does a camt.052 asked for that day. Each entry names the debtor, the EndToEndId, the file's MsgId and the mandate (Refs/MndtId). Until then the notification is listed in GET /_mock/queue. What already covers money arriving covers this:

• The balance ceiling. A collection that would take the creditor account past the 18 digits a statement can write, counting everything already on its way to that account, is rejected AM02.
• Holidays. A day that becomes a holiday moves the collections still to settle on it to the next business day, and a day one has settled on cannot become one.
• An account closed while a collection waited is not credited: the settlement date moves on a business day each time it comes due, so a reopened account books it on a day that has a statement.

GET /_mock/collections shows booked_at and the file's received_at, both on the bank clock.

The debtor's bank can say no. For a debtor at another bank, POST /_mock/collections/<EndToEndId>/refuse with {"reason": "MD01"} is that bank's answer, and what it does depends on when it arrives:

• Before the collection settles it is rejected with the reason. The bank sends a further pain.002 naming the original file and batch with that one transaction RJCT, and nothing books.
• After it settled the money goes back: the creditor account is debited on the first day the bank can book it - today, on a business day before the cutoff - and the bank sends a pacs.004 naming the pain.008 and a camt.054 debit, one of each as for a payment's return. The statement for that day carries the debit. When the bank can book the return today both are released at once and are never queued; when it cannot - a weekend or a holiday, or after the cutoff - both are listed in GET /_mock/queue until the day it books.

The reason is an ISO 20022 return reason the status report can also carry: AC04, AM04, MD01 (no mandate), MD06 (the debtor asked for it back), MS02 and the others the error lists. On a NACHA-format account it is an R code instead, and the answer is a return file; see the NACHA section above. With the same EndToEndId in several files, the newest is the one refused. A collection already rejected, already on its way back or already returned is 409, and so is a return that would overdraw the account past what a statement can write.

A debtor this bank holds is not refused by hand: that is 409, because its own state and behaviour decide. return-later on that account sends a settled collection back by itself, through the same pacs.004 and debit. Either way only the account holder's side books, and a return is not debited from an account closed meanwhile until it reopens.

The accounts it starts with

Four, the same four every time, one per failure you are likely to want. The IBANs carry real mod-97 check digits and MOCK is not an assigned bank code, so they are valid to parse and belong to nobody. They are the same accounts tests/samples/pain001_four_payments.xml names, so the sample file works against the mock out of the box, as does tests/samples/pain008_four_collections.xml, which collects from them.

Balances are whole numbers of minor units everywhere the mock talks about money: 12.50 EUR is 1250, and PATCHing 12.50 is a 400 rather than a rounding. POST /_mock/reset brings these four back exactly as they are here.

There is no debtor/creditor field: which side an account stands on belongs to a payment, not to the account. The sample pays GLOBEX, and a test that wants insufficient funds sends from GLOBEX. The sample's fifth party, NL30MOCK0000000005, is deliberately not seeded - a creditor at another bank is not an account this bank holds, and a payment to one simply settles.

An account you add needs an id of its own in the first 18 characters. An id may use letters, digits and ., - or _, because it becomes a path in the control plane's URLs. Every MsgId the bank writes for an account - MB-C053-ACME-1 and the rest - is built from the first 18 characters of its id, which is what keeps the whole MsgId inside ISO's 35. So two accounts whose ids are identical over that much of them would be sent their statements and notifications under one MsgId, and a client that de-duplicates on it would drop one of the two: the second account is refused at creation, naming the first.

A behaviour describes the account it is set on. closed-account and bad-bank-id describe a creditor: they are read from the account a payment pays into, when the bank holds it. The other seven describe a debtor and are read from the account a batch pays from. When a file arrives, the first rule that applies wins:

1. A finding about the file as a whole - it cannot be read, it breaks the structure (FF01), or a header total is wrong (AM10, AM18) - rejects it outright (422), whatever the behaviour.
2. A MsgId the bank has received before is DUPL, as at a real bank; --allow-duplicates turns that off. (So duplicate-file is the default already.)
3. A debtor account with reject-file rejects the file: RJCT, FF01.
4. Then each payment, in file order: a debtor account the bank does not hold is AC02 and a closed one AC04; a finding about the payment rejects it with its code; a currency other than the debtor account's is AM03; a held creditor account that is closed or closed-account is AC04, and one that is bad-bank-id is RC01; under insufficient-funds, a payment that would take the available balance below zero is AM04, and later smaller ones that fit are still accepted.
5. silent decides and books, and reports nothing.

Only insufficient-funds looks at the balance: under every other behaviour a payment books even below zero, as on an account with an overdraft - down to the limit every account has, whatever its behaviour. A balance is at most 18 digits of minor units either side of zero, because that is what a statement can write. A payment that would overdraw past it is AM02. A PATCH or a new account past it is refused. So is a PATCH or a credit that would leave no room for the returns due back and the credits waiting to book (#106). A creditor at another bank - a well-formed IBAN the mock does not hold - is not something a bank can check at acceptance, so a payment to it settles.

An account closed while a payment waits to settle. Acceptance is not the bank's last look. A payment accepted for a later day is checked again on that day, and if its debtor account has been closed meanwhile it is rejected, AC04: nothing books, there is no camt.054, and a further pain.002 for the file says so - the original MsgId, and each such payment RJCT under its batch, with no group or batch status, since the file's first report gave those. Its MsgId is MB-P002-S and a number. The payment reads rejected in GET /_mock/payments, with no settlement date, and reopening the account later does not bring it back. A NACHA account has no message that rejects one entry of a file it accepted, so it is told as it is told about any rejection: a return entry, R02, on the day the payment would have settled (#158).

GET /_mock/queue follows the account. Before it closes, the payment is in the camt.054 entry for its account and day, payments settling. While it is closed that entry is gone, and there is a pain.002 entry per file instead, payments rejected at settlement, due at the start of the same day - a NACHA return file, payments returned, on a NACHA account. Reopen the account before the day and the camt.054 entry is back, and the payment settles. After the day the entry is the message in the mailbox, under the same key.

Money due back to a closed account is not rejected, because there is nobody to reject it to. A return-later payment's credit is put off a business day each time it comes due, with its pacs.004 and camt.054, and is not in the queue until the account reopens - what a credit and a collection already did.

An accepted payment debits its account on its settlement date, not on receipt. The mock books the debit side only: a payment into an account it holds does not credit that account, and a collection from one does not debit it, so every balance change has a statement entry to explain it. That is a choice, and it is stated here. The credits it books are a return, which puts the money back where it came from, and money arriving from somebody else through POST /_mock/credits (#91). Each has a CRDT entry on that day's statement to explain it.

Two rules hold whatever the behaviour, because real banks apply them:

• A payment's settlement date is the later of the requested execution date and the day the bank can start on — which is the day of receipt before the cutoff and the next business day at or after it — rolled forward past weekends and holidays. The cutoff is 15:00 bank time by default (--cutoff), and at 15:00 exactly it is already too late, because a bank that stops taking today's work at 15:00 has stopped at 15:00:00.
• Weekends and the holiday list at GET/PUT /_mock/holidays are not business days. Bank time is one zone, --timezone, UTC by default.
• A day that becomes a holiday takes nothing with it (#107). Whatever was already due on it moves to the next business day when the holiday is declared: a payment's settlement, a return, and money arriving, all by the same rule. Every statement still opens where the one before it closed. Something that has already booked cannot move, so declaring today a holiday is refused with a 409 naming what booked. A day already past moves nothing, and its statement is already out.

Nothing waits for any of this. POST /_mock/advance?days=N moves bank time by N whole calendar days (0 to 3650; a fraction is refused rather than rounded, because ?to= says what you mean about the cutoff) and ?to=YYYY-MM-DD moves it to midnight on that date; either way the answer lists the business days the move passed through, because three days from a Thursday is Sunday to a calendar and Tuesday to a bank and you should not have to find out which one you got by experiment. The clock never goes backwards — though ?to= a date it has already reached today is a no-op rather than an error, so "advance to the settlement date" means what a test thinks it means when that date is today. --clock YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM pins where it starts, and POST /_mock/reset puts it back there.

Which timestamps are bank time and which are real time. A stamp that records a moment the bank clock decided is on the bank clock; a stamp that records when this process did something is on the real one. So a payment due on the bank's Friday that POST /_mock/advance?days=3 books on the Sunday says Sunday, and the request log still says when the call actually arrived. Ordering events from the control plane therefore works within either clock, and the two are not comparable.

A payment's booked_at and a credit's were real time through 0.5.0, which a reader could see in three places: booked_at on a payment and on a credit, and returned_at (#147).

Two things a bank-clock stamp is not. It is the moment the bank processed the thing, not the date it settles on: a payment due on the Friday that the clock only reaches on the Sunday has booked_at 2026-09-27T11:30:00Z and settlement_date 2026-09-25, and it is settlement_date a statement books it under. It is also the bank's moment written in UTC: under --timezone Pacific/Auckland --clock 2026-09-24T00:30 a payment settling on the bank's 24th has booked_at 2026-09-23T12:30:00Z, so the date part of a stamp is not the bank's own date outside UTC.

A file's received_at is reported beside its msg_id on each of its payments, at GET /_mock/payments and GET /_mock/payments/<EndToEndId>: the moment the bank took the file in, which is the moment the cutoff was judged on. It was stored and served nowhere before, so the nearest thing a client had was the pain.002's releasedAt, which is the same moment only when --status-delay-ms is zero. A file of collections is stamped by the same rule and the same code; reporting it on GET /_mock/collections belongs to that feature's own step.

When a message was queued

dueAt says when the bank will send a message. queuedAt says when the bank came to owe it: the bank-clock moment its entry entered GET /_mock/queue, whatever caused that. It does not depend on when anybody read the queue, so two captures of one run agree, and the message carries the same queuedAt into the mailbox, where a single read at the end can pair it on key (#185).

An entry's queuedAt is never later than the bank clock at the first read that shows it. A message that was never in the queue because it was due at once - a return refused and sent back on the same business day, a status report with no delay - was queued as it was sent, and says so.

Two things have none, and read null:

• A statement and an intraday report. Neither is in the queue: a statement is written for every open account as a business day ends, owed for nothing that happened.
• A message written before 0.7. Nothing recorded when it was queued, and none is made up. An entry still waiting in a --db file from an older version does have one, because what queued it was always kept.

One falls back. A collection refused by hand before 0.7 whose return is still waiting has no refused_at, so that return reads as queued when the collection booked, or when its file arrived if it never did.

One case moves. A camt.054 for collections not yet settled reads as queued when the earliest collection it still reports arrived. If two files collect into one account on one day and every collection of the earlier file is refused before it settles, the entry stays, for the later file, and its queuedAt becomes that file's arrival.

Endpoints

Two ways in, both feeding one pipeline, plus a /_mock control plane shaped like mock-edi's so the two feel the same.

GET /_mock/mailbox?raw returns the message bodies one after another, each with its own XML declaration — what a bank's drop directory looks like to a client that cats the files. It is deliberately not one document: wrapping several ISO 20022 messages in an invented root element would put an element on the wire that no schema has, and a client that learnt to expect it would have learnt something no real bank sends. Parse one message at a time, or use GET /_mock/mailbox/<id>.

Anything not built yet answers 404 with a body that names what is supported and what is planned, rather than pretending. With the mailbox and the request log, every endpoint this release promised answers, so that list is empty.

Configuration

Every flag mock-bank --help lists:

Trading through a folder

Most bank connections are not an HTTP endpoint: they are two directories on an SFTP host, and a scheduler that polls them. So the bank has a second door.

mkdir -p bank/in bank/out
python3 -m mockbank --port 8090 --drop-dir bank/in --pickup-dir bank/out \
        --drop-settle-ms 0

Then, in another terminal:

cp tests/samples/pain001_four_payments.xml bank/in/
curl -s -X POST http://127.0.0.1:8090/_mock/drop/scan
ls bank/in/processed bank/out

--drop-settle-ms 0 is there so that the scan reads the file you just copied instead of leaving it for the next pass — the default waits 250ms for a file to stop changing, which is right for a real drop and wrong for the line after a cp. Without it the scan reports "scanned": 0 and the poller picks the file up a second later, which looks like the scan not working.

A file dropped into --drop-dir goes through the same pipeline as a file posted to /payments — the same decisions, the same pain.002, the same mailbox — and then moves out of the way: into processed/ when the bank put it through, or into failed/ when it could not (a file it cannot read, or one rejected at group level for DUPL or FF01). A PART counts as processed: the file was handled, and the rejections are in the pain.002, which is what a real bank's processed folder holds. Either way, the answer is written beside the file as <name>.findings.txt: the group status and MsgId, how many were accepted and rejected, and a line per payment with its EndToEndId, outcome and reason code. Where there are findings, those lines are the prose POST /_mock/validate prints. So you do not have to ask the mock what became of the file. The pain.002 lands in --pickup-dir as well, even for a file the bank could not read at all, named pain.002.001.10-bank-<n>.xml when no debtor account could be read from it.

Two things every folder integration gets wrong, which this handles rather than leaves to bite you:

• A file still being written is not read. One modified within --drop-settle-ms is left for the next pass, and .tmp, .part and dotfiles are never read at all. The mock writes its own files to a temporary name and renames them, because a mock that will not follow the convention it recommends is not much of an example.
• A file is read once. It is claimed by renaming before it is read, so the poller and a scan cannot both take it; and a file that could not be moved out of the way afterwards is remembered and left alone until it changes, rather than read again on every pass. GET /_mock/drop reports those, and anything waiting.

POST /_mock/drop/scan reads the directory now and says what it found, for the same reason POST /_mock/advance exists: a test that waits for a poll interval is slow and flaky, and one that asks is neither.

The folder door is outside --auth. Credentials guard HTTP requests; a file in the drop directory is processed on its own, because a directory is guarded by the filesystem and not by the bank. That is how a real SFTP drop works too — the credentials are the SSH account, not the payment file — but it means --auth alone does not close the second door. If you run with both, the drop directory's permissions are the control, and anyone who can write into it can move money in this mock.

Everything the bank releases lands in --pickup-dir, not only what a dropped file produced — a camt.054 or a camt.053 released days later by the clock is written when it is released, and so is a pain.002 for a file you posted over HTTP. The pickup directory is the bank's outbound side, not the drop directory's reply.

Each file is named <type>-<account>-<id>.xml, with the full versioned type: pain.002.001.10-ACME-1.xml is the first message the bank wrote and it is about ACME, and camt.053.001.08-GLOBEX-5.xml is a statement for GLOBEX. The id is the message's own and it is what makes the name unique; it is not a sort key, since -11 sorts before -3 and the type comes first anyway. Read the order off GET /_mock/mailbox?leave, which is oldest first, or off the ids as numbers. Nothing already there is overwritten — POST /_mock/reset empties the message table and the ids start again, so a name can recur while the earlier file is still waiting to be collected, and the new one is suffixed.

A restart delivers nothing twice. Whether a message has been written is a column on its row, not a set in memory, so a mock stopped and started on the same --db picks up where it left off instead of writing out every message it ever released. This is worth stating because the first version did keep a set, and restarting it filled the pickup directory with months of files the client had collected long before.

Worked examples: in mock-acme

Three worked integrations lived in examples/ here. They are code that sits between this mock and the other two, so they have moved to mock-acme, which holds one copy of each and tests it against all three mocks:

Their tests moved with them, and so did tests/test_payment_run_readers.py, which holds payment_run's hand-written statement readers to this mock's own writers. examples/README.md says which file became which.

from mockbank.examples import payment_run no longer works. It did from 0.6.0 to 0.7.0, and it now raises an ImportError naming mock-acme and the command that installs it. mockbank.examples.client and mockbank.examples.statement, which need nothing but this mock, are still in the wheel. mock-acme is on PyPI: pip install mock-acme. Its own tests are not in that wheel, which holds the package alone, so running them means a clone of its repository.

Docker

docker build -t mock-bank .
docker run -p 8090:8090 mock-bank --auth tester:s3cret

The image binds 0.0.0.0, because 127.0.0.1 inside a container cannot be reached from outside it. That means anyone who can reach the port can POST /_mock/reset, rewrite every account's balance and behaviour, and read every message the bank has written — so pass --auth, and the mock says so on stderr at startup if you do not. -q does not silence that warning.

Layout

mockbank/accounts.py           the account behaviours, and what a valid account is
mockbank/clock.py              bank time: the cutoff, business days, holidays, and advancing
mockbank/credits.py            money arriving: a credit the test describes, booked on its value date (#91)
mockbank/direct_debit.py       direct debits: what the bank decides about a pain.008, and the collections it records (#131)
mockbank/drop.py               the second door: a directory watched, and one written
mockbank/db.py                 the schema, the upgrade, and the seeded accounts
mockbank/handler.py            the request handler: authentication, the body, the request log, and the lookup in the route table
mockbank/messages.py           reading a pain.001 into a PaymentFile, and writing the pain.002, camt.054 and camt.053 the bank sends back
mockbank/bai2.py               BAI2: the record declarations, and a writer for the statement a camt.053 reports
mockbank/nacha.py              NACHA: the record declarations, and a reader into the same payments as a pain.001
mockbank/outbox.py             what the bank sends and when: the message queue, release as the clock moves, the mailbox
mockbank/routes/__init__.py    the route table: each surface registers method, path pattern and function
mockbank/routes/control.py     health, state, reset, behaviours, the dictionary and the index page
mockbank/routes/accounts.py    the accounts and their statements
mockbank/routes/clock.py       advancing bank time, and the holidays
mockbank/routes/credits.py     POST and GET /_mock/credits
mockbank/routes/collections.py GET /_mock/collections, and the debtor's bank refusing one
mockbank/routes/payments.py    POST /payments, and /_mock/payments
mockbank/routes/mailbox.py     the mailbox, what is queued, and the request log
mockbank/routes/validate.py    POST /_mock/validate
mockbank/routes/transport.py   the folder transport's state, and a scan on demand
mockbank/schema.py             the ISO 20022 dictionary: every message, element and code set, and the walker and builder derived from it
mockbank/server.py             Config, and make_server, which puts the state, the handler and the routes together
mockbank/state.py              what survives between requests: the database, the clock, the lock, and the pipeline both doors feed
mockbank/validate.py           findings about a payment file: refusals, structure, and the mock's own checks

python -m mockbank is the entry point; tests/ drives a real server over HTTP; tools/ holds the checks CI runs; examples/demo.sh is the curl tour. The worked integrations with mock-edi and mock-sap are in mock-acme. docs/ARCHITECTURE.md says how the pieces are meant to fit, and docs/FILES.md describes every file.

Out of scope

Each of these is left out on purpose, and the mock says so by name rather than half-supporting it.

Roadmap

Contributing

See CONTRIBUTING.md: what the project values, where things live, what a good pull request looks like, and how the team works the issue queue.