NESTED FIT

Nested_fit is a data analysis program based on the Bayesian statistics for the computation of, for a given set of data and chosen model, the complete probability distribution for each parameter and the Bayesian evidence. The evidence calculation is based on the nested algorithm from Skilling 2004 [1,2] with the implementation of specific traversall for the search of new live points. It is written in Fortran/C++/Python and includes complementary routines for visualizing the output results and for doing automatic analysis of series of data. More information on the program can be found in Refs. [A,B,C] here above.

• :hammer: Jump to installation.
• :page_with_curl: Jump to usage.

License

Users are required to accept the license agreement given in LICENSE file. Nested Fit is free for academic usage.

Users are also required to cite the Nested Fit papers here below in their publications (at least (A) and (B)) and their authors.

Reference articles of nested_fit:

• [A] M. Trassinelli, Bayesian data analysis tools for atomic physics, Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 408, 301-312 (2017), doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2017.05.030, arXiv:1611.10189\
• [B] M. Trassinelli, The Nested_fit Data Analysis Program, Proceedings 33, 14 (2019), doi:10.3390/proceedings2019033014\
• [C] M. Trassinelli, P. Ciccodicola Mean Shift Cluster Recognition Method Implementation in the Nested Sampling Algorithm, Entropy 22, 185 (2020), doi:10.3390/e22020185 \
• [D] L. Maillard, F. Finocchi, M. Trassinelli * Assessing Search and Unsupervised Clustering Algorithms in Nested Sampling, Entropy 25, 347 (2023), doi:10.3390/e25020347

Authors

Dr. Martino Trassinelli
CNRS, Institute of NanoSciences of Paris
email: martino.trassinelli AT cnrs.fr
email: m.trassinelli AT gmail.com

Lune Maillard
Institute of NanoSciences of Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS
email: lune.maillard AT insp.upmc.fr

César Godinho
LIBPhys / NOVA University of Lisbon
email: c.godinho AT campus.fct.unl.pt

Quick start examples

Quick start with google colab: Download

Other jupyter notebook examples can be found in examples/jupyter_notebooks.

Installation instructions

:warning: Windows support is deprecated. Compile at own risk.

Using PIP

For most users if you are running on Linux or MacOS, you can just install directly from pip.

pipx install nested_fit

(If you need to install a beta version from the nightly branch, use the command pip install --pre nested_fit)

The examples/ directory is bundled with the package. After installation you can copy it to a local working area in a couple of ways:

• directly from the installed site‑packages

pkgdir=$(python -c "import os,nested_fit; print(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(nested_fit.__file__), 'examples'))")
cp -rp "$pkgdir" ./nested_fit_examples

• or grab them from GitHub with curl alone – no git required. Download the repository tarball and extract just the examples directory:

  curl -L -o nf.tar.gz \
       https://github.com/martinit18/nested_fit/archive/refs/heads/main.tar.gz
  mkdir -p nested_fit_examples
  tar -xzf nf.tar.gz --strip-components=1 nested_fit-main/examples
  rm nf.tar.gz
  

  the result is a local nested_fit_examples tree containing all of the input files and notebooks. Either approach gives you a local copy of the input files and notebooks without needing to clone the entire repository.

Installing from source (automatic)

If you cannot use pip you can install via the following script:

curl -sSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/martinit18/nested_fit/refs/heads/master/install.sh | bash

Or if you wish to install the dependencies manually beforehand:

curl -sSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/martinit18/nested_fit/refs/heads/master/install.sh | bash -s -- --no-deps

Or if you want to install a nightly version within a virtual environment:

curl -sSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/martinit18/nested_fit/refs/heads/master/install.sh | bash -s -- --use-venv --nightly

Installing from source (manual)

To manually install from source the following dependencies are required:

• cmake ( >= 3.10 )
• make
• gcc
• g++
• gfortran
• python3 ( >= 3.8 )
• pipx or pip

If you wish to also build the python package for bindings and analysis support:

pipx install git+https://github.com/martinit18/nested_fit.git
# or
git clone https://github.com/martinit18/nested_fit.git
pipx install ./nested_fit -v

If all else fails you will need to manually compile nested_fit from source and generate the python library in pure mode. This 'hack' is done via the editable installation mode:

# Clone the repo
git clone https://github.com/martinit18/nested_fit.git

# Make build directory
mkdir -p nested_fit/build

# Configure (and specify install prefix if required)
cmake -S nested_fit -B nested_fit/build -DOPENMP=ON -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=<install_path>

# Compile and install
cmake --build nested_fit/build --config Release

# Now you will have the nested_fit binary available at nested_fit/bin/nested_fit_xxx
export PATH=$PATH:<your_clone_path>/nested_fit/bin

# Or alternatively install from within your build tool
cmake --build nested_fit/build --target install

# Now install the python library in editable mode skipping compilation
pip install -e ./nested_fit -v

:warning: If you have further issues please refer to the file STEPBYSTEP_INSTALL.md.

:warning: This installation may not work with ANACONDA.

CMake options

General comments

• After a default installation via pipx (directly via PyPI or git clone) or script nested_fit_xxx will be aliased as nested_fit.
• Only if you installed via the manual and editable mode will you be required to use nested_fit_xxx.

Comments for macOS users

• If you are running gfortran installed with homebrew, you should use gcc and g++ from homebrew as well and not the macOS preinstalled one. For this make sure that homebrew/bin has a priority on the other bin directories (e.g. something like export PATH=/opt/homebrew/bin:<other stuff of you>:$PATH in your .bashrc) making sure your g++ is pointing the homebrew g++-XX. Eventually creating the ln -s /opt/homebrew/bin/g++-XX g++ link if required.
• The use of the following cmake option can help too: -DCMAKE_Fortran_COMPILER=`which gfortran` -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=`which gcc` -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=`which g++

File descriptions

Input files:

• nf_input.yaml: Main input file of the program with all user parameter definitions and run configurations. More info is available here.
• datafile to analyze indicated in nf_input.yaml.

Main output files:

• nf_output_res.dat: main output with the results. It contains the details of the computation (n. of live points trials, n. of total iteration), the final evidence value and its uncertainty, the parameter values corresponding to the maximum of the likelihood function, the mean, the median, the standard deviation and the confidence intervals (credible intervals) (68%, 95% and 99%) of the posterior probability distribution of each parameter. The corresponding information gain and the Bayesian complexity are also provided.
• nf_output_res.json: same as above but in JSON format.
• nf_output_data_*.dat: original input data together with the model function values corresponding to the parameters with the highest likelihood function value ('max') to the mean value ('mean') or median ('median'), the residuals and the uncertainty associated to the data.
• nf_output_fit_*.dat: Model function values with higher density sampling that the data (for plot purpose). In addition, different components of the model are given.
• nf_output_tries.dat: For each live points trial, it contains the final evidence, the number of iterations and the maximum value of the likelihood function.
• nf_output_points.txt: contains all discarded and final live points values, their associated likelihood values and posterior probabilities. From them, the different parameter probability distributions can be built.
• nf_output_diag.dat: contains likelihood values corresponding to the birth of the discarded and final live points, and the rank of the new live point once inserted in the enemble. These values are used for statistics of the evidence (with the help of Anesthetic library) and for diagnostics. For this purpose, the python module nested_py can be used also for compressed nf_output_points.txt files (using gzip with the name nf_output_points.txt.gz). Together with this file, also the files nf_output_points.paramnames and nf_output_points.ranges are created for the use of GetDist and Anesthetic python libraries.
• nf_output_cluster_mean_std.dat: contains the number of clusters, number of point per clusters, and mean and standard deviations for each cluster (if the clustering option is activated).
• nf_output_cluster_max.dat: contains the number of clusters, the maximum value of the likelihood and the corresponding parameter values (if the clustering option is activated).
• nf_output_energy.txt: contains the volume and energy associated to the discarded and final live points. For a quantum potential, the decomposition of the energy between the avergaed potential and the replicas interaction is also given, as well as the temperature. Only created when exploring potentials.

Details of the input file line by line

A complete selection of input files example is given in the folder examples where use cases of the python library are given.

It follows a complete description of nf_input.yaml file.

version: 5.6                             # Program version
calculation_mode: DATA                   # Type of calculation

The type of calculation is spefified by calculation_mode variable. Available options are:

• DATA: for data analysis. A likelihood function is explored the Bayesian evidence is evaluated. It requires a data file to read and thus the inputs datafiles, specstr, likelihood.
• INTEGRAL: for the calculation of the integral of a given function.
• POTENTIAL: for exploration of a classical potential energy and for building the partition function.
• Q_POTENTIAL: for exploration of a quantum potential energy and for building the partition function.

datafiles: file1.csv [, file2.csv, ...]  # Name of the data file(s)

If you have space- or tab-separated files, select the .tsv format adding the line

filefmt: .tsv
specstr: x,c,ce                          # Datafile layout 

A typical example could be ce, i, i, x, c, where the first column indicate the error bars, the second and the third are ignored, the fourt indicates the x-coordinate and the last the values.

The specstr field tells nested_fit what data the datafile columns have.

specsct specification:

• x: This is the x data column (required).
• c: This is the counts data column (required).
• ce: This is the error data column (optional).
• i: This column will be ignored by nested_fit (optional).

likelihood: GAUSSIAN                     # The likelihood function

Likelihood functions available (for data with error bars, Poisson statistics is assumed for counts):

• GAUSSIAN: Default normal distribution assuming data likelihood.
• MOD_JEFFREYS: Robust likelihood that does not assume a majorated error distribution (see Ref. [2]).

function:                                               # Choose among the following expressions
    expression: f(x, a, b) = ax + b                     # Use LaTeX
    # expression: f(x, a, b) = \texttt{linear}(x, a, b) # Or use C++/Fortran
    # expression: GAUSS_BG                              # Or use a nested_fit legacy function (deprecated)

    # Or for multiple files use the following nomenclature (one expressian for each file)
    # expression_1: ...
    # expression_2: ...
    # expression_<n>: ...

    params:                                             # Parameters boundaries and co.
      a:  { value: 0.11,    step: -1, min: 0,      max: 0.5}
      b:  { value: 450,     step: -1, min: 400,    max: 600}

More details on the function definitions are presented below here, and in particular

• LaTeX specification here.
• C++/Fortran API specification here.

search:
    livepoints: 200     # Number of live points
    method: RANDOM_WALK # Search method
    param1: 0.2         # Param 1 of chosen method (see below)
    param2: 20          # Param 2 of chosen method (see below)
    max_tries: 1000     # Maximum tries before stop (max_tries * tries_mult)
    tries_mult: 100     # Max tries multiplier
    num_tries: 1        # Number of runs
    hard_writing: true  # Write dead points on a temporary file
    max_steps: 100000   # Max number of steps before stop (required if hard_writing false)

For the moment there are,

• four random walks: RANDOM_WALK, RANDOM_WALK_SYN, RANDOM_WALK_RECENT,RANDOM_WALK_NO_DB. For RANDOM_WALK_NO_DB (where two alternative methods are implemented, see Ref. [C]) or just one: RANDOM_WALK_SYN (where only the synthetic live point creation is implemented) and RANDOM_WALK_RECENT where we recenter with respect to the mean value of the live point. Except for the simplest researche, the detailed balance is maybe not respected but it can be more efficient for finding the minima for certain cases.
• A uniform search around each live point UNIFORM,
• Three versions of slice sampling: SLICE_SAMPLING, SLICE_SAMPLING_TRANSF,SLICE_SAMPLING_ADAPT. The first two correspond, respectively, to the search being done in two different spaces (transformed and real) with the first one faster than the second one. SLICE_SAMPLING_ADAPT an adaptable step but the detailed balance is maybe not respected.

param1 and param2 are specific to the search algorithm:

• RANDOM_WALK, RANDOM_WALK_NO_DB par. 1: fraction of standard deviation for each jump, par. 2: number of jumps. Suggested values: 0.1-0.2, 10-40.
• SLICE_SAMPLING, SLICE_SAMPLING_TRANSF, and SLICE_SAMPLING_ADAPT par. 1: fraction of standard deviation for segment exploration, par. 2: number of jumps. Suggested values: ~1, 3-5.
• UNIFORM par. 1: fraction of standard deviation for the box size, par. 2: number of jumps. Suggested values: 0.1-1, 1.

If hard_writing is true, the dead points are saved in the unformatted file nf_output_dead_points_info.txt during the run. The number of iterations is not limited and the content of the file is erased at the end of the run. Otherwise, the dead points are kept in memory during the run. In that case, the maximum number of iterations is given by max_steps. ATTENTION, if writing: statistics is false, the file nf_output_dead_points_info.txt will not be written even if search: hard_writing is true.

convergence:
    method:    LIKE_ACC  # Method used for convergence 
    accuracy:  1.E-05    # Evidence final accuracy (in this case)
    parameter: 0.01      # Additional convergence parameter

For the moment, there are three convergence methods:

• LIKE_ACC: the algorithm stops when the difference between the calculated evidence and the estimated total evidence is below a certain value (first parameter on the above line). Typical value for the parameter : 1.E-05. In this case, the function that is maximised is the log-likelihood and it is associated to data.
• ENERGY_ACC: the algorithm stops when the difference between the calculated partition function and the estimated total partition function is below a certain value (first parameter on the above line). The second parameter corresponds to the temperature at which the partition function is calculated. Typical value for the first parameter : 1.E-05. In this case, the function that is maximised is the opposite of the energy function.
• ENERGY_MAX: the algorithm stops when the difference between the current contribution to the partion function and its maximal previous contribution is below a certain value (first parameter on the above line). The second parameter corresponds to the temperature at which the partition function is calculated. Typical value for the first parameter : -10. In this case, the function that is maximised is the opposite of the energy function.

After convergence is reached, all remaining live points are assigned:

• the logarithm of the likelihoods averaged over the live points (LIKE_ACC case),
• the opposite of the energies averaged over the live points (ENERGY_ACC and ENERGY_MAX cases).

clustering:
    enabled:     true # False by default (if ommited)
    method:      f    # Clustering method (see below)
    parameter1:  0.5  # Clustering parameter 1
    parameter2:  0.2  # Clustering parameter 2

For the moment four clustering algorithms are implemented. The two parameters are specific to the method For the second option:

• f: mean-shift with flat kernel (par. 1: distance (relative to the maximum distance))
• g: mean-shift with gaussian kernel (par. 1: distance, par. 2: bandwidth)
• d: dbscan (par. 1: distance, par. 2 : minimum number of neighbours)
• s: agglomerative clustering with single linkage (par. 1: distance limit)
• k: k nearest neighbours (no parameters)

writing:
    statistics:     true  # Calculate parameter statistics
    all_parameters: true  # Write nf_output_points (big) file

These options allows to choose what is written in the ouput files:

• statistics: if true, the mean, standard deviation, median and confidence levels of the parameters are computed and written in the nf_output_res files. ATTENTION, in that case, an array is created with all the points found during the run. ATTENTION, if writing: all_parameters is false and search: hard_writing is true, writing: statistics will be force set to FALSE if it is not.
• all_parameters: if true, the nf_output_points files are written. ATTENTION, if false, the file nf_output_dead_points_info.txt will not be written even if search: hard_writing is true.

Function definition

function:
    expression:  f(x,a,b) = a + b * x # function expression in latex form
    params:
    # Compact 
    a: { value: 0, step: -1, min: 0, max: 10 } # `fixed` is false by default
    b: { value: 0, step: -1, min: 0, max: 10 } # `fixed` is false by default
    
    # Extended
    e_a:
      value: 0
      step: -1
      min: 0
      max: 10
      fixed: false

data: { xmin: 1, xmax: 100, ymin: 0, ymax: 0 }

These entries of the file define how the function given parameters should vary. Their min/max span, their MCMC step and either if they are variable or fixed. Both an extended and a compact version of declaring the parameters are available.

The data field allows to control the input file's X and Y span of which the nested_fit will run from. Allowing to crop data if necessary. As of version 5.2, ymin and ymax can be both zero, meaning automatica span. However, xmin/xmax should always contain a valid range.

LaTeX Specification

LaTeX is the preferred mode to write input functions whenever possible. It is also the main mode of calling native functions from the input file. LaTeX functions need to follow the syntax:

<my_func_name>(x, a_0, a_1, ..., a_n) = <definition>

where the user defined arguments a_i must be of one of the following forms: <letter>_<char> or <letter>, where <char> is any alphanumeric character and <letter> any lower or uppercase letter of the english alphabet. Examples: I_0, A, x_2. Any other form is invalid. For 1D functions (currently the only one supported with this mode), x must be strictly named, and the first parameter.

Now for the function <definition>. Here one can:

• Use basic math. Examples ax + b (with a and b arguments), a*x + b ('programing' form also allowed). [Available operators: *, +, -, /]
• Use math embedded basic functions. Examples a\sqrt{x} + b or a\exp{x-b}. [Available functions: sqrt, exp, log, sin, cos, tan, arcsin, arccos, arctan, Gamma, abs, erf, sign]
• Use some LaTeX constructs. Examples \frac{x}{a + b} or a\exp{\frac{x}{b}}. [Available constructs: frac]
• Use mathematical constants: a\pi + bx. [Available constants: pi]
• Call other user defined functions via syntax: \texttt{<other_func_name>}(x, a_0, a_1, ..., a_n), where the passed parameters should be some currently available arguments. Alternatively one can also use mathrm isntead of texttt.
• Call system defined functions via the same syntax as above and listed here below. Additional functions can be added by the user in the function internal_func.f90.

One can use this declaration mode directly on the input file:

function:
    expression: test_func(x, a, b) = \frac{x}{\exp{2b\pi}} + \sin{b}

Or it is also possible to add the function via the command line:

nested_fitx.x.x -fa 'test_func(x, a, b) = \frac{x}{\exp{2b\pi}} + \sin{b}'

This function would then be available and could be used in the following fashion (which is functionally equivalent to using the function directly):

function:
    expression: f(x, a, b) = \texttt{test_func}(x, a, b)

:warning: All functions ran in nested_fit either via normal execution on using the -fa command. Get stored under a cache and are reusable whenever necessary. If a function name is repeated, the old declaration is overwritten without warning. This is also valid for C++/Fortran native user functions.

C++/Fortran Specification

This is the second mode to declare functions. Althouth giving a bit more work, it allows for a much finer control of what is going on.

There are two ways to do it:

1. by compyling your .cpp or .f90 file with the command

nested_fitx.x.x -fa example.f90

N.B. the function file has to be in the analysis folder where you execute the program.

2. by writing the function in the file internal_func.f90 and recompiling the ensemble of the program.

Legacy function

Legacy functions are listed in USERFCN*.f files. They need the additional configuration parameter npar. Examples of use of a legacy function can be found in examples/data_analysis/aaa_simple_example/legacy_func_input directory.

Additional information can be found in the reference articles.

Present version and history of the past versions

The present version is 5.6.4
New features:

• New function to visualizing the capacty heat for POTENTIAL calculations
• Latex input support for compound variable names (i.e. x_{sub})
• PyPI available development builds
• PyPI binary distribution for arm64 macOS
• Optional management of memory of dead points (in RAM or file)
• Optional writing of dead points information
• Optional writing of parameter statistics (mean, standard deviation, etc.)

Previous versions are:

• 5.5 New RANDOM_WALK function with detailed balance respected
  Add PyPI binary distribution for x86_64 macOS
  Add PyPI binary distribution for multiple linux systems
  Add PyPI source distribution as a default for other systems
  Rename CLI command to nested_fit to use the latest installed version via pip\
• 5.4 Merge of executable for data analysis and function exploration via the new calculation mode variable
  Debug of not-yet working feature of the version 5 compared to the version 4
  New outputs with maxima of each cluster
• 5.3 New jupyter notebooks running in Google Colab
  New innterpolation functions in python library
  Live display when sampling from python. Works in console and jupyter notebooks
  Live display featured maximum likelihood prediction plot
  Add input info on JSON output file for parsing.
• 5.2 Add JSON output for easier manipulation of results.
  New simple python interface to embed nested_fit on source code.
• 5.1 Add feature for older systems not easily supporting cmake to configure via GNU autotools.
  Add performance profiling tool boilerplate code enabling a detailed analysis without hindering performance.
• 5.0 New modified Jeffreys likelihood for data
  Update README.md
  Add CI support via github actions. Only available for linux and macOS.
  Add support to fully install via pip.
  Add python package install support (not published).
  Support custom data file column ordering/separation. Support .csv, .tsv
  New native function parser that reads users Fortran or C/C++ files with functions.
  New LaTeX function parser that reads user inline functions.
  Complete overhaul of input file and function user function definition.
• 4.6.1 New search method
  Covariance matrix and its Cholesky decomposition calculated when 5% of the points have changed
  Number of calls recorded in two variables \
• 4.5 New functions
  New exercices
  New modified Jeffreys likelihood for data
  Number of calls recorded in the main output file
  No limitation in number of steps
  Record of birth likelihood values and rank for diagnostics in nf_output_diag.dat file
  Implementation of Anesthetic package for evaluation of evidence uncertainty with one run in python library
• 4.4 New "write_input" function in python library
  New fit functions
  External LAPACK library link option \ OpenMP for parallel search of new points
  OpenMPI support (only available for number of tries)
  OpenMP parallelisation for independent live point search \ New user function calling method
  Add Windows support
  New build system generator (CMake)
  Improved performance
• 4.3 New (test) function : harmonic potential in 3D and loggamma
  Choice between different convergence methods : evidence or partition function
• 4.2 Additional search methods : Uniform search around each live point and Slice Sampling
• 4.1 New cluster recognition methods added
• 4.0 2D data analysis for count-type XY
  Computation acceleration for the 1D case introducing a mask instead of IF condition in the likelihood
  New ERFPEAK function
  New example files for python analysis with pandas
• 3.5 Modularization of the search and cluster recognition methods in preparation of implementation of new algorithms
  New interpolation options for 1D and 2D histograms using GetDist Python package
  Correction of some bugs in the python library
  Additional folder with exercises is now available
  Installation instructions now available
  Compatible now with intel fortran (options to change in Makefile)
• 3.4 Introduction of benchmark tests with synthetic likelihood function via the module Mod_likelihood_tests,f90 (instead of Mod_likelihood.f90). Available tests: TEST_GAUSS (multidimensional Gaussian), TEST_GAUSSIAN_SHELLS (multidimensional Gaussian shells, worse case with available search and clustering methods), TEST_EGGBOX (eggbox style profile to test clustering), TEST_ROSENBROCK (Rosenbock function test for 2-n dimension).
  Change of the outputs: nf_output_points.dat -> nf_output_points.txt, plus files nf_output_points.paramnames, and nf_output_points.ranges to be compatible with GetDist Python package. New 'triangle plot' available now.
• 3.3 Modular version of likelihood function in preparation for handling more complex data (2D data, ...).
• 3.2 This is the first version with free sharing code only. Pion mass function and laser interpolation taken out to avoid Numerical Recipes.
  Indexing for sorting data from SLATEC routine now.
  Log(factorial) and gamma function from intrinsic function DLGAMMA now (and via a new routine for the factorial).
  Test for integer input for Poisson likelihood.
  Fitpack for splines in Shirley profile too.
• 3.1 Optimization of parallel computing.
  Corrections to Shirley functions.
  Add of latest Shirley functions.
  Fix a bug in the fixed parameters.
  Add of the time stamp to the cluster analysis files
• 3.0 Cluster analysis for live points to improve (very much!!!) the search efficiency.
• 2.3 Parallelism optimization. Usercondition routine removed
  Correction for gaussian priors (before was done at each jump, now only at the end).
• 2.2 Add of "Rocking curve" profile that uses external simulated data for set of files (parallel and antiparallel, still to test). Solved problem with probabilities > 1 for gaussian data. Each data point is considered distributed with a Gaussian. But in the normalization factor, sigmas have not to appear. Otherwise probabilities can have a dimension.The variables are naturally transformed in dimensionless unit in the exponential part.
  Extraction of live points values in case of non-convergence
• 2.1 Add of "Rocking curve" profile that uses external simulated data and FITPACK routines for the use of smoothed B-splines.
• 2.0 Treatment of data with error bars becomes possible.
  No error bars: Likelihood with Poisson distribution.
  Error bars : Likelihood with Gaussian distribution.
• 1.0 Add of Shirley background for photoemission spectra
  Add of data output for mean and median parameter values (in addition to max likelihood values). Parallelization is back but only for the likelihood calculation otherwise it sucks (most of the time).
• 0.9 Implementation of complex error function from TOMS algorithm n. 680 (included in Fortran 2008) WOFZ.f.
• 0.8: Save in a file the different fit components (to implement in part of the functions).
• 0.7: Add of pion mass function for sets.
• 0.6: Add capabilities to analyze sets of spectra.
• 0.5: Add of the pion mass function.
• 0.4: Improved search algorithm for presence of local maxima Add of the information, minimum required iteration and complexity calculation D.S. Sivia, "Data Analysis, a Bayesian tutorial" (Ref. [2]), R. Trotta, Contemporary Physics 49, 71 (2008), J. Veitch and A. Vecchio, Phys. Rev. D 81, 062003 (2010).
• 0.3: Optimization with memory allocation and more variables accessible from the input file.
• 0.2: Version with parallel seek of groups of live points inspired by (not working anymore since 2016) J. Veitch and A. Vecchio, Phys. Rev. D 81, 062003 (2010) and N. Chopin and C.P. Robert, Biometrika 97, 741-755 (2010).
• 0.1: Program developed from D.S. Sivia, "Data Analysis, a Bayesian tutorial" (2006) and L. Simons' original program.

External codes and other contributors

Additional included sources

In addition to the original files from the main authors, nesed_fit includes:

• sterf package, to profile the code (MIT license). Written by C. A. Godinho.
• FITPACK (DIERCKX) package, to fit and interpolating data with splines (no license)
  • Ref: Paul Dierckx, Curve and Surface Fitting with Splines, Oxford University Press, 1993 Developer,
  • Address: Paul Dierckx, Department of Computer Science, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 A, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium, Paul.Dierckx@cs.kuleuven.ac.be
  • http://nalag.cs.kuleuven.be/research/topics/fitpack.shtml
• dpsort.f + dependencies from SLATEC library (no license) for sorting arrays with respect another array
• WOFZ.f' for the complex error function from TOMS algorithm n. 680 (included in Fortran 2008)
• rinteg.f to calculate the integral of a function using a nq points quadrature ( nq is any integer between 1 and 14 ). Written by C. C. J. Roothaan (no license)

Other contributors to the code

(chronological order)

• Anna Lévy (photoemission spectra models)
• Nancy Paul (rocking curves and Bragg spectrometer lines)

Thanks for bugs corrections

(alphabetical order)

• Takuma Okumura

Other resources

Articles about nested sampling method:\
[1] J. Skilling, Nested sampling for general Bayesian computation, Bayesian Anal. 1, 833-859 (2006)
[2] D.S. Sivia and J. Skilling, Data analysis: a Bayesian tutorial. Second ed. 2006: Oxford University Press