net-mesh 0.25.2

High-performance, schema-agnostic event bus for AI runtime workloads

Net Python

High-performance, schema-agnostic event bus for AI runtime workloads.

Installation

pip install net-mesh

The package publishes as net-mesh on PyPI but imports as from net import ... (the in-source module name is preserved). For the higher-level Pythonic surface (generators, typed channels, dataclass/Pydantic support), install net-mesh-sdk instead — it depends on this package.

Cargo features

The PyO3 binding wraps a feature-gated Rust crate. Wheels published to PyPI ship with every feature enabled, but anyone building from source with maturin develop / maturin build needs to ask for the features they want — symbols from a disabled feature are silently absent from net._net and the matching from net import ... block in net/__init__.py quietly skips them.

Cargo feature	Surface (Python classes)	Notes
cortex	Redex, RedexFile, RedexEvent, TasksAdapter, MemoriesAdapter, Task, Memory, NetDb, CortexError, RedexError, NetDbError	Required by meshos and dataforts.
meshdb	MeshQuery, MeshQueryRunner, QueryBuilder, Predicate, ResultRow, AggregateResult, JoinedRow, LineageEntry, CachePolicy, ExecuteOptions, GroupKey, WindowBoundary, InMemoryChainReader, MeshDbError	Independent.
meshos	MeshOsDaemonSdk, MeshOsDaemonHandle, MeshOsSdkError	Pulls in compute + cortex.
dataforts	BlobRef, BlobError, MeshBlobAdapter, blob_publish, blob_resolve, adapter registry	Pulls in cortex + net.
compute	DaemonRuntime, DaemonHandle, CausalEvent, DaemonError, MigrationHandle, MigrationError	Required by meshos and groups.
groups	ReplicaGroup, ForkGroup, StandbyGroup, GroupError	Pulls in compute.
deck	DeckClient, OperatorIdentity, AdminCommands, SnapshotStream, StatusSummaryStream, IceCommands, OperatorRegistry, AdminVerifier, DeckSdkError	Pulls in meshos.
net	NetMesh, NetStream, NetKeypair, Identity, token / channel-auth helpers	Encrypted mesh transport + per-peer streams.
redis	RedisStreamDedup	Redis Streams adapter dedup helper.
jetstream	(no Python surface yet)	NATS JetStream adapter — Rust-only.

All are enabled by default in Cargo.toml. Disable with maturin develop --no-default-features --features "<list>" if you need a thinner wheel.

The net.__init__ module try-imports each family conditionally, so a wheel built without (say) meshos won't surface MeshOsDaemonSdk and the corresponding from net import MeshOsDaemonSdk raises ImportError cleanly.

Quick Start

from net import Net

# Create event bus (defaults to CPU core count shards)
bus = Net()

# Ingest events - fast path with raw JSON strings (23M+ ops/sec)
bus.ingest_raw('{"token": "hello", "index": 0}')

# Or use dict for convenience (4M+ ops/sec)
bus.ingest({"token": "world", "index": 1})

# Batch ingestion for maximum throughput
events = [f'{{"token": "tok_{i}"}}' for i in range(10000)]
count = bus.ingest_raw_batch(events)

# Poll events
response = bus.poll(limit=100)
for event in response:
    print(event.raw)
    # Or parse to dict
    data = event.parse()

# Check stats
stats = bus.stats()
print(f"Ingested: {stats.events_ingested}, Dropped: {stats.events_dropped}")

# Shutdown
bus.shutdown()

Context Manager

with Net(num_shards=4) as bus:
    bus.ingest_raw('{"data": "value"}')
# Automatically shuts down

Configuration

bus = Net(
    num_shards=8,                    # Number of parallel shards
    ring_buffer_capacity=1_048_576,  # Events per shard (must be power of 2)
    backpressure_mode="drop_oldest", # What to do when full
)

Async API

Every I/O surface ships a parallel Async* class. The sync API stays unchanged — pick whichever shape fits the caller; both share the same underlying mesh / adapter / handle and interoperate freely.

Quickstart

import asyncio
from net import NetMesh, AsyncNetMesh, AsyncMeshRpc

async def main():
    mesh = NetMesh("127.0.0.1:9000", "00" * 32)
    mesh.start()

    amesh = AsyncNetMesh(mesh)            # Arc::clone — shares the same MeshNode
    arpc = AsyncMeshRpc(mesh)             # same — shared service registry

    await amesh.connect("127.0.0.1:9001", peer_pub, peer_node_id)
    reply = await arpc.call(peer_node_id, "echo", b"hello")
    print(reply)

asyncio.run(main())

Available Async* classes

Sync class	Async sibling	What's awaitable
NetMesh	AsyncNetMesh	connect, accept, push_to, poll, subscribe_channel, unsubscribe_channel, publish, announce_capabilities, shutdown
NetStream	AsyncNetStream	send, send_with_retry, send_blocking
MeshRpc	AsyncMeshRpc	call, call_service, call_streaming, call_client_stream, call_duplex, serve / serve_client_stream / serve_duplex (each accepts async def handlers)
RpcStream	AsyncRpcStream	PEP 525 async for chunk in stream:
ClientStreamCall	AsyncClientStreamCall	send, finish
DuplexCall / DuplexSink / DuplexStream	AsyncDuplexCall / AsyncDuplexSink / AsyncDuplexStream	send, finish_sending, async-iter on the read half
TypedMeshRpc	AsyncTypedMeshRpc	Codec-wrapped variants of every AsyncMeshRpc shape
MemoriesAdapter	AsyncMemoriesAdapter	wait_for_seq, wait_for_token, watch_memories, snapshot_and_watch_memories
MemoryWatchIter	AsyncMemoryWatchIter	PEP 525 async iter
TasksAdapter	AsyncTasksAdapter	wait_for_seq, wait_for_token, watch_tasks, snapshot_and_watch_tasks
TaskWatchIter	AsyncTaskWatchIter	PEP 525 async iter
RedexFile	AsyncRedexFile	tail() returns an AsyncRedexTailIter
RedexTailIter	AsyncRedexTailIter	PEP 525 async iter
DaemonRuntime	AsyncDaemonRuntime	start, shutdown, spawn, spawn_from_snapshot, stop, snapshot, deliver, start_migration, start_migration_with
MigrationHandle	AsyncMigrationHandle	wait, wait_with_timeout, cancel
MeshBlobAdapter	AsyncMeshBlobAdapter	store, fetch, fetch_range, exists, repair_blob
blob_publish / blob_resolve (free fns)	async_blob_publish / async_blob_resolve	Awaitable versions of the free functions
RegistryClient	AsyncRegistryClient	list, spawn, unregister
FoldQueryClient	AsyncFoldQueryClient	query_latest, query_summarize_now
MeshQueryRunner	AsyncMeshQueryRunner	execute
DeckClient	AsyncDeckClient	close; getters stay sync; .admin is AsyncAdminCommands; .ice is AsyncIceCommands; .snapshots() / .status_summary_stream() return async iters
AdminCommands	AsyncAdminCommands	drain, enter_maintenance, exit_maintenance, cordon, uncordon, drop_replicas, invalidate_placement, restart_all_daemons, clear_avoid_list
IceCommands / IceProposal / SimulatedIceProposal	AsyncIceCommands / AsyncIceProposal / AsyncSimulatedIceProposal	Factories stay sync; proposal.simulate() and simulated.commit() are awaitable
SnapshotStream / StatusSummaryStream	AsyncSnapshotStream / AsyncStatusSummaryStream	PEP 525 async iter
MeshOsDaemonSdk / MeshOsDaemonHandle	AsyncMeshOsDaemonSdk / AsyncMeshOsDaemonHandle	shutdown / next_control / graceful_shutdown are awaitable; constructed via from_sync(sync_inst) (consumes the sync sibling)

Mixing sync and async

Async* classes wrap the same Rust Arc<...> as their sync counterparts. A server registered via MeshRpc.serve(...) is callable from AsyncMeshRpc.call(...) and vice versa — same for every adapter. Mix shapes within a single program freely; just pick the one that matches the caller (sync script: sync API; asyncio handler: async API).

from net import NetMesh, MeshRpc, AsyncMeshRpc, MemoriesAdapter, AsyncMemoriesAdapter

mesh = NetMesh("127.0.0.1:9000", "00" * 32)
# A server, registered from sync code
def echo(req: bytes) -> bytes:
    return req
MeshRpc(mesh).serve("echo", echo)

# An async caller against the same mesh — sees the same server
async def caller():
    arpc = AsyncMeshRpc(mesh)
    return await arpc.call_service("echo", b"hi")

Cancellation

asyncio.wait_for(...) cancellation propagates to the substrate's cancel registry on every nRPC call. The wrapped task drops, the substrate's Mesh::cancel(token) fires, and the in-flight call returns RpcCancelledError:

import asyncio
from net import AsyncMeshRpc, RpcCancelledError

async def with_timeout(arpc):
    try:
        return await asyncio.wait_for(
            arpc.call(target, "slow", b"..."),
            timeout=0.5,
        )
    except (asyncio.TimeoutError, RpcCancelledError):
        # Either is fine — the underlying call is cancelled either way.
        return None

Streaming shapes propagate cancellation per construction — cancelling mid-async for terminates the entire stream, not just one pull. Non-mesh subsystems (channel publish, capability announce, mesh handshake) don't have substrate cancel tokens yet; asyncio cancellation still drops the awaiting tokio task, but the in-flight network round-trip may complete in the background.

async def server handlers

AsyncMeshRpc.serve (and the typed AsyncTypedMeshRpc.serve) detect inspect.iscoroutinefunction(handler) at register time and route the coroutine through a dedicated dispatch path. Sync handlers keep the spawn_blocking shape; async handlers run as native coroutines:

async def handler(req: bytes) -> bytes:
    chunk = await fetch_from_upstream(req)
    return chunk

AsyncMeshRpc(mesh).serve("upstream", handler)

Cancellation propagates end-to-end. When a caller's asyncio.wait_for(rpc.call(...), timeout=...) expires, the substrate fires a CANCEL frame to the server; the dispatched coroutine sees asyncio.CancelledError raised inside its await. Wrap critical sections in try/except asyncio.CancelledError if you need cleanup before re-raising.

Single dispatcher loop — keep handlers cooperative. All async def handlers in the process share one event loop. A handler that does blocking Python I/O (time.sleep, requests.get, raw socket.recv, etc.) stalls every other in-flight handler. Always await async equivalents:

# ✗ Bad — blocks the dispatcher loop for 5 seconds.
async def handler(req: bytes) -> bytes:
    time.sleep(5.0)
    return req

# ✓ Good — yields back to the loop.
async def handler(req: bytes) -> bytes:
    await asyncio.sleep(5.0)
    return req

# ✓ Good — push blocking work to a thread-pool slot.
async def handler(req: bytes) -> bytes:
    loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
    return await loop.run_in_executor(None, blocking_call, req)

Migration cookbook

The mechanical translation:

# Before — sync
def listener(mesh):
    rpc = MeshRpc(mesh)
    reply = rpc.call(target, "svc", b"...")
    return reply

# After — async
async def listener(mesh):
    rpc = AsyncMeshRpc(mesh)
    reply = await rpc.call(target, "svc", b"...")
    return reply

For loops over streams:

# Before — sync
for chunk in rpc.call_streaming(...):
    consume(chunk)

# After — async
async for chunk in arpc.call_streaming(...):
    await consume(chunk)

For server-pushed watches (watch_tasks, watch_memories, tail, subscribe_logs, etc.):

# Before — sync
it = adapter.watch_memories(source="bot")
for batch in it:
    render(batch)

# After — async
async_adapter = AsyncMemoriesAdapter(adapter)
it = await async_adapter.watch_memories(source="bot")
async for batch in it:
    await render(batch)

The sync Adapter.watch_memories(...) returns an iterator directly; the async equivalent is an awaitable yielding an async iterator (one extra await), because the underlying stream construction itself may run on the bridge runtime.

Net Encrypted UDP Transport

Net provides encrypted point-to-point UDP transport for high-performance scenarios:

from net import Net, generate_net_keypair
import os

# Generate keypair for responder
keypair = generate_net_keypair()
psk = os.urandom(32).hex()

# Responder side
responder = Net(
    num_shards=2,
    net_bind_addr='127.0.0.1:9001',
    net_peer_addr='127.0.0.1:9000',
    net_psk=psk,
    net_role='responder',
    net_secret_key=keypair.secret_key,
    net_public_key=keypair.public_key,
    net_reliability='light',  # 'none', 'light', or 'full'
)

# Initiator side (knows responder's public key)
initiator = Net(
    num_shards=2,
    net_bind_addr='127.0.0.1:9000',
    net_peer_addr='127.0.0.1:9001',
    net_psk=psk,
    net_role='initiator',
    net_peer_public_key=keypair.public_key,
)

# Use as normal
initiator.ingest_raw('{"event": "data"}')

Backpressure Modes

• "drop_newest" - Reject new events when buffer is full
• "drop_oldest" - Evict oldest events to make room
• "fail_producer" - Raise an error

NAT traversal (optimization, not correctness)

Two NATed peers already reach each other through the mesh's routed-handshake path. NAT traversal opens a shorter direct path when the NAT shape allows it; it's never required for connectivity. Every method below is safe to call regardless of NAT type — a failed punch or a traversal: * RuntimeError is not a connectivity failure, traffic keeps riding the relay. The whole surface is a no-op when the native module was built without --features nat-traversal: every call raises RuntimeError("traversal: unsupported").

from net import NetMesh

mesh = NetMesh(bind_addr="0.0.0.0:9000", psk="00" * 32)

mesh.reclassify_nat()

klass  = mesh.nat_type()            # "open" | "cone" | "symmetric" | "unknown"
reflex = mesh.reflex_addr()         # "203.0.113.5:9001" or None

observed = mesh.probe_reflex(peer_node_id)   # "ip:port"

# Attempt a direct connection via the pair-type matrix.
# `coordinator` mediates the punch when the matrix picks one.
# Always returns — inspect stats to learn which path won.
mesh.connect_direct(peer_node_id, peer_pubkey_hex, coordinator_node_id)

# Cumulative counters — all int, monotonic.
s = mesh.traversal_stats()
s.punches_attempted   # coordinator mediated a PunchRequest + Introduce
s.punches_succeeded   # ack arrived AND direct handshake landed
s.relay_fallbacks     # landed on the routed path after skip/fail

Operators with a known-public address skip the classifier sweep entirely. The override pins "open" + the supplied address on every capability announcement; call announce_capabilities() after to propagate (the setter resets the rate-limit floor so the next announce is guaranteed to broadcast).

mesh.set_reflex_override('203.0.113.5:9001')
mesh.announce_capabilities(caps)
# later:
mesh.clear_reflex_override()
mesh.announce_capabilities(caps)

Traversal failures surface as RuntimeError with a stable traversal: <kind>[: <detail>] message prefix. The <kind> discriminator is one of reflex-timeout | peer-not-reachable | transport | rendezvous-no-relay | rendezvous-rejected | punch-failed | port-map-unavailable | unsupported. Match on the prefix for machine-readable branching:

try:
    mesh.connect_direct(peer_node_id, peer_pubkey_hex, coord_id)
except RuntimeError as e:
    msg = str(e)
    if msg.startswith("traversal: unsupported"):
        ...   # native module built without --features nat-traversal
    elif msg.startswith("traversal: peer-not-reachable"):
        ...

"unsupported" is the signal that the bindings are linked unconditionally and the native module doesn't have the feature — callers can branch cleanly without probing for symbol presence.

Channels (distributed pub/sub)

Named pub/sub over the encrypted mesh. Publishers register channels with access policy; subscribers ask to join via a membership subprotocol; publish fans payloads out to every current subscriber.

from net import NetMesh, ChannelAuthError, ChannelError

pub = NetMesh('127.0.0.1:9001', '42' * 32)
try:
    pub.register_channel(
        'sensors/temp',
        visibility='global',      # or 'subnet-local' | 'parent-visible' | 'exported'
        reliable=True,
        priority=2,
        max_rate_pps=1000,
    )

    # Subscriber side (after handshake with pub):
    # sub.subscribe_channel(pub.node_id, 'sensors/temp')

    # Fan a payload out to all subscribers.
    report = pub.publish(
        'sensors/temp',
        b'{"celsius": 22.5}',
        reliability='reliable',
        on_failure='best_effort',
        max_inflight=32,
    )
    print(f"{report['delivered']}/{report['attempted']} subscribers received")
finally:
    pub.shutdown()

# Typed errors for ACL outcomes:
# try: sub.subscribe_channel(peer_id, 'restricted')
# except ChannelAuthError: ...   # publisher denied
# except ChannelError: ...       # unknown channel / other rejection

Channel names always cross the binding as strings (not the u16 hash) to avoid ACL bypass via collision. The Python binding does not yet expose a dedicated per-channel receive API; that is a follow-up.

CortEX & NetDb (event-sourced state)

Typed, event-sourced state on top of RedEX — tasks and memories with filterable queries and sync watch iterators. Includes the snapshot_and_watch primitive whose race fix landed on v2, so you can safely "paint what's there now, then react to changes" without losing updates that race during construction.

from net import NetDb, CortexError

db = NetDb.open(origin_hash=0xABCDEF01, with_tasks=True, with_memories=True)
tasks = db.tasks

try:
    seq = tasks.create(1, 'write docs', 100)
    tasks.wait_for_seq(seq)   # block until the fold has applied
except CortexError as e:
    # adapter-level failure (RedEX I/O, fold halted, etc.)
    ...

# Snapshot + watch, one atomic call — no race.
snap, it = tasks.snapshot_and_watch_tasks(status='pending')
print('initial:', len(snap), 'pending tasks')
for batch in it:
    print('update:', len(batch), 'pending tasks')
    if len(batch) == 0:
        it.close()    # idempotent; ends the iterator
        break

db.close()

Standalone adapters

If you only need one model, skip the NetDb facade:

from net import Redex, TasksAdapter

redex = Redex(persistent_dir='/var/lib/net/redex')
tasks = TasksAdapter.open(redex, origin_hash=0xABCDEF01, persistent=True)

MemoriesAdapter exposes the same shape with store / retag / pin / unpin / delete / list_memories / watch_memories / snapshot_and_watch_memories.

Raw RedEX file (no CortEX fold)

For domain-agnostic persistent logs — your own event schema, no fold, no typed adapter — open a RedexFile directly from a Redex. The tail is a sync Python iterator; call close() or let StopIteration fire when the file closes.

from net import Redex, RedexError

redex = Redex(persistent_dir='/var/lib/net/events')
file = redex.open_file(
    'analytics/clicks',
    persistent=True,
    fsync_interval_ms=100,           # or fsync_every_n=1000
    retention_max_events=1_000_000,
)

# Append (or batch-append).
seq = file.append(b'{"url": "/home"}')
# `append_batch` returns the first-seq int of the batch, or `None`
# for an empty input. The `None` return is the explicit "I
# appended nothing" signal — pre-`bugfixes-8` it returned `0`,
# which collided with the legitimate "first event of a non-empty
# batch landed at seq 0" return.
first = file.append_batch([b'{"a": 1}', b'{"a": 2}'])

# Tail — backfills the retained range, then streams live appends.
try:
    for event in file.tail(from_seq=0):
        print(event.seq, bytes(event.payload))
        if should_stop:
            break           # idempotent; ends the iterator via close()
except RedexError as e:
    ...

file.close()

Errors from the RedEX surface raise RedexError (invalid channel name, bad config, append / tail / sync / close failures).

Cross-node RedEX replication

RedEX channels can replicate across the mesh. Opt in per channel by passing replication=True plus tunables on the open_file call. The default (no replication kwarg) keeps the channel single-node and adds zero wire traffic. Replicated channels carry N copies of the log; the leader is the single writer, replicas catch up via pull-based sync. Failover uses a deterministic nearest-RTT election with NodeId tie-break.

from net import NetMesh, Redex

mesh = NetMesh(bind_addr='127.0.0.1:0', psk='...')
redex = Redex(persistent_dir='/var/lib/net/events')

# Install the per-Redex replication router on the mesh.
# Idempotent — safe to call from multiple paths.
redex.enable_replication(mesh)

file = redex.open_file(
    'orders/audit',
    persistent=True,
    replication=True,
    replication_factor=3,                 # 1..16; default 3
    replication_heartbeat_ms=500,         # min 100; default 500
    replication_placement='standard',     # 'standard' | 'pinned' | 'colocation_strict'
    # replication_pinned_nodes=[node_a, node_b, node_c],   # required when placement='pinned'
    # replication_leader_pinned=some_node_id,
    replication_on_under_capacity='withdraw',   # 'withdraw' (default) | 'evict_oldest'
    replication_budget_fraction=0.5,
)
file.append(b'event payload')

The leader handles every append locally; replicas observe the leader's heartbeat tail_seq, issue SYNC_REQUEST on lag, apply chunks via SYNC_RESPONSE. When the leader closes (or the replica's believed leader goes silent past 3 × replication_heartbeat_ms), the surviving replicas run the deterministic election and one becomes the new leader within microseconds.

Operator surface on Redex:

• enable_replication(mesh) — install replication wiring. Required before open_file(..., replication=True).
• replication_runtime_count() -> int — registered per-channel runtimes.
• replication_prometheus_text() -> str — Prometheus-text render of the seven per-channel metric shapes (*_lag_seconds, *_sync_bytes_total, *_leader_changes_total, *_under_capacity_total, *_skip_ahead_total, *_election_thrash_total, *_witness_withdrawals_total). Returns the empty string when replication isn't enabled; pipe straight into an HTTP scrape body without branching.

# HTTP scrape handler (Flask example)
@app.route('/metrics')
def metrics():
    return redex.replication_prometheus_text(), 200, {'Content-Type': 'text/plain'}

Disk-pressure handling: when a replica's local file rejects an append (heap-segment cap or disk write-fail), the configured replication_on_under_capacity policy fires — 'withdraw' drops the replica role (capability tag withdrawn; peers re-route to a healthy holder); 'evict_oldest' runs retention sweep + retries (requires retention_max_* kwargs to be set on the same call).

Validation surfaces RedexError before the call reaches the underlying coordinator, so misconfigured replication_factor (out of [1, 16]), replication_placement='pinned' without replication_pinned_nodes, or unknown enum strings fail fast.

Why snapshot_and_watch_*?

Calling list_tasks() then watch_tasks() takes two independent state reads. A mutation landing between them would be silently lost under the old skip(1) implementation. The atomic primitive returns the snapshot and an iterator seeded so that any divergent initial emission is forwarded through instead of dropped — see docs/STORAGE_AND_CORTEX.md.

Dataforts (greedy cache, gravity, blob refs, read-your-writes)

Dataforts is the compositional data plane on top of RedEX / CortEX / capability-index / proximity-graph. The PyO3 module surfaces it as Redex methods, top-level blob helpers, and a WriteToken + wait_for_token pair on Tasks / Memories. Built behind the dataforts Cargo feature; pre-built wheels on PyPI ship with the feature enabled. A build without it raises RedexError from enable_greedy_dataforts(...) with "requires the 'dataforts' feature; rebuild with --features dataforts" rather than failing silently.

Four phases:

• Phase 1 — Greedy-LRU caching. Five-axis admission (scope + proximity + capability-preference + colocation + storage-cap)
  • bandwidth budget gate per-channel cache files. Cold channels evict under cluster-cap pressure and withdraw their causal:<hex> advertisement.
• Phase 3 — BlobRef + blob adapters. A 4-byte-magic + version + 32-byte BLAKE3 + size + URI reference whose bytes live in the caller's storage (S3 / Ceph / IPFS / local FS). Adapters implement fetch / store (sync or async def); the filesystem adapter ships in-tree via register_filesystem_blob_adapter. Custom adapters register through register_blob_adapter(adapter_id, instance). Async adapters run on a binding-owned event loop on a dedicated thread — adapter coroutines never share the calling thread's event loop, so an aiobotocore / httpx.AsyncClient / SQLAlchemy async engine inside the adapter is safe.
• Phase 4 — Data gravity. Per-chain read-rate counters with exponential decay. Threshold-crossing emissions stamp heat:<hex>=<rate> onto the chain's capability announcement; greedy weights cache pulls by heat × scope-match × proximity.
• Phase 5 — Read-your-writes. Every tasks.create, memories.insert, etc. returns a WriteToken { origin_hash, seq } (frozen, hashable; constructor is #[pyo3(doc_hidden)] — tokens are unforgeable only against the issuing adapter via origin binding). tasks.wait_for_token(token, deadline_ms=…) blocks until the local fold has applied that seq; tracks both applied_through_seq and folded_through_seq so a stalled fold raises CortexError. deadline_ms=0 is a non-blocking poll (no scheduling).

from net import (
    NetMesh, Redex, Tasks,
    register_filesystem_blob_adapter, blob_publish, blob_resolve,
)

mesh = NetMesh(bind_addr='0.0.0.0:7000', psk='...')
redex = Redex(persistent_dir='/var/lib/net/redex')

# Phase 1 — wire greedy into the mesh inbound dispatch.
redex.enable_greedy_dataforts(
    mesh,
    scopes=['region:us'],
    total_cap_bytes=1 << 30,         # 1 GiB cluster-cap
    per_channel_cap_bytes=64 << 20,
)

# Phase 4 — layer gravity on top.
redex.enable_gravity_for_greedy(
    mesh,
    emit_threshold_ratio=1.5,
    decay_half_life_secs=300,
)

# Phase 3 — filesystem adapter (ships in-tree).
register_filesystem_blob_adapter('local', '/var/blobs')
ref = blob_publish('local', 'local://obj/payload', some_bytes)
back = blob_resolve(ref)

# Phase 5 — read-your-writes.
tasks = Tasks.open(redex, origin_hash=mesh.origin_hash)
result = tasks.create(1, 'first', 100)
tasks.wait_for_token(result.token, deadline_ms=250)
# tasks.wait_for_token(token, deadline_ms=0) → non-blocking poll

# Diagnostics.
print(redex.greedy_cached_channel_count())
print(redex.greedy_prometheus_text())

The canonical channel hash is 64-bit (channel_hash(name) returns int in the u64 range). The per-packet wire NetHeader channel_hash stays u16 — fast-path filter hint, may bucket-collide at scale; ACL / config / cache / RYW decisions key on the canonical 64-bit hash via registry disambiguation. The PermissionToken wire form is 169 bytes (PermissionToken::WIRE_SIZE in the Rust core).

Redis Streams consumer-side dedup helper

The Net Redis adapter writes a stable dedup_id field on every XADD entry: {producer_nonce:hex}:{shard_id}:{sequence_start}:{i}. Combined with the bus's persistent producer-nonce path (producer_nonce_path on EventBusConfig), the id is stable across both within-process retries AND cross-process restart — the MULTI/EXEC-timeout race becomes filterable at consume time.

RedisStreamDedup is the consumer-side helper, exposed on the net PyO3 module:

from net import RedisStreamDedup
import redis

# ~10k events/sec * 1 min dedup window → ~600,000.
dedup = RedisStreamDedup(capacity=600_000)

r = redis.Redis(host="localhost", port=6379)
cursor = "0"
while True:
    # XRANGE bounds are INCLUSIVE on both ends. After the first
    # page we must use the exclusive form `(<id>` so we don't
    # re-read the entry the cursor points at — a vanilla
    # `min=cursor` loop spins forever once the cursor reaches the
    # tail and the same entry is returned every iteration.
    start = cursor if cursor == "0" else f"({cursor}"
    entries = r.xrange("net:shard:0", min=start, max="+", count=100)
    for entry_id, fields in entries:
        dedup_id = fields.get(b"dedup_id", b"").decode()
        if not dedup_id:
            # No dedup_id → older entry or non-Net producer; skip
            # dedup and process as-is.
            process(entry_id, fields)
            continue
        if not dedup.is_duplicate(dedup_id):
            process(entry_id, fields)
        cursor = entry_id.decode()
    if not entries:
        break

Surface:

dedup = RedisStreamDedup()                # default capacity 4096
dedup = RedisStreamDedup(capacity=N)      # explicit; 0 → 1
dedup.is_duplicate(id: str) -> bool       # test-and-insert
dedup.len                                 # property — tracked-id count
dedup.capacity                            # property — configured cap
dedup.is_empty                            # property
dedup.clear()                             # reset (e.g. on consumer-group rebalance)

The helper is transport-agnostic — bring your own redis-py / aioredis / equivalent client; it just answers the dedup question against an in-memory LRU. Concurrency: each handle wraps a Rust Mutex<RedisStreamDedup>, so concurrent calls from multiple Python threads are safe but serialize. Production-shape is one helper per consumer thread.

Security Surface (Stage A–E)

The mesh layer surfaces the same identity / capabilities / subnets / channel-auth story that the Rust SDK and the TypeScript / Node SDKs ship. Full staging and rationale: docs/SDK_SECURITY_SURFACE_PLAN.md. Python-binding parity details: docs/SDK_PYTHON_PARITY_PLAN.md.

Identity + permission tokens

Every node has an ed25519 identity; permission tokens are ed25519- signed delegations that authorize a subject to publish / subscribe / delegate / admin on a channel, optionally with further delegation depth.

from net import Identity, parse_token, verify_token, delegate_token

alice = Identity.generate()
bob = Identity.generate()

# Alice issues Bob a subscribe+delegate token good for 5 min, with
# one re-delegation hop remaining. `ttl_seconds=0` raises
# `TokenError` — a zero TTL would mint a born-expired token that
# every receiver would reject as `Expired`, leaving the issuer to
# diagnose the misuse from receiver-side log lines.
token = alice.issue_token(
    subject=bob.entity_id,
    scope=["subscribe", "delegate"],
    channel="sensors/temp",
    ttl_seconds=300,
    delegation_depth=1,
)
assert verify_token(token) is True

# Bob re-delegates to Carol; depth drops to 0 (leaf).
carol = Identity.generate()
child = delegate_token(bob, token, carol.entity_id, ["subscribe"])
assert parse_token(child)["delegation_depth"] == 0

Capability announcements + peer discovery

Announce hardware / software / model / tool / tag fingerprints, then query the local capability index with a filter.

mesh.announce_capabilities({
    "hardware": {
        "cpu_cores": 16,
        "memory_gb": 64,
        "gpu": {"vendor": "nvidia", "model": "h100", "vram_gb": 80},
    },
    "models": [{"model_id": "llama-3.1-70b", "family": "llama",
                "context_length": 128_000}],
    "tags": ["gpu", "prod"],
})

gpu_peers = mesh.find_nodes({
    "require_gpu": True,
    "gpu_vendor": "nvidia",
    "min_vram_gb": 40,
})

Scoped discovery (reserved scope:* tags)

A provider can narrow who its query result reaches by tagging its CapabilitySet with reserved scope:* tags. Queries call mesh.find_nodes_scoped(filter, scope) to filter candidates. The wire format and forwarders are untouched — enforcement is purely query-side.

# GPU pool advertised to one tenant only.
mesh.announce_capabilities({
    "tags": ["model:llama3-70b", "scope:tenant:oem-123"],
})

# Tenant-scoped query — returns this node + any Global (untagged) peers.
oem_nodes = mesh.find_nodes_scoped(
    {"require_tags": ["model:llama3-70b"]},
    {"kind": "tenant", "tenant": "oem-123"},
)

Accepted scope dict shapes: {"kind": "any"} (default), {"kind": "global_only"}, {"kind": "same_subnet"}, {"kind": "tenant", "tenant": "<id>"}, {"kind": "tenants", "tenants": [...]}, {"kind": "region", "region": "<name>"}, {"kind": "regions", "regions": [...]}. Reserved announcement tags: scope:subnet-local (visible only under same_subnet), scope:tenant:<id>, scope:region:<name> — strictest scope wins. Untagged peers resolve to Global and stay visible under permissive queries. Full design: docs/SCOPED_CAPABILITIES_PLAN.md.

Capability propagation is multi-hop, bounded by MAX_CAPABILITY_HOPS = 16 with (origin, version) dedup on every forwarder. capability_gc_interval_ms controls both the index TTL sweep and the dedup cache eviction. See docs/MULTIHOP_CAPABILITY_PLAN.md.

Subnets

Nodes can bind to a hierarchical SubnetId (1–4 levels, each 0–255) directly, or derive one from announced tags via a SubnetPolicy.

# Explicit subnet.
mesh = NetMesh("127.0.0.1:9000", PSK, subnet=[3, 7, 2])

# Or derive from tags.
mesh = NetMesh(
    "127.0.0.1:9001", PSK,
    subnet_policy={
        "rules": [
            {"tag_prefix": "region:", "level": 0,
             "values": {"eu": 1, "us": 2, "apac": 3}},
            {"tag_prefix": "zone:", "level": 1,
             "values": {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3}},
        ]
    },
)

Channel authentication

Publishers set publish_caps / subscribe_caps / require_token on register_channel. Subscribers present a PermissionToken via the optional token=bytes kwarg on subscribe_channel.

mesh.register_channel(
    "gpu/jobs",
    subscribe_caps={"require_gpu": True, "min_vram_gb": 16},
    require_token=True,
)

# Subscriber side, with a token issued by the publisher:
mesh.subscribe_channel(publisher_node_id, "gpu/jobs", token=token_bytes)

Denied subscribes raise ChannelAuthError (a subclass of ChannelError); malformed tokens raise TokenError whose message has the form "token: <kind>" (invalid_signature, expired, delegation_exhausted, …). Successful subscribes populate an AuthGuard bloom filter on the publisher so every subsequent publish admits the subscriber in constant time. An expiry sweep (default 30 s) evicts subscribers whose tokens age out; a per- peer auth-failure rate limiter throttles bad-token storms. Cross- SDK behaviour is fixed by the Rust integration suite; see tests/channel_auth.rs and tests/channel_auth_hardening.rs.

nRPC (request / response over the mesh)

nRPC is the request/response convention layer riding on top of the pub/sub mesh + CortEX folds. Built with the cortex feature (maturin's default picks it up). The native module exposes two layers:

• Raw bytes — net.MeshRpc (pyclass): serve(service, fn) -> ServeHandle, call(target, service, bytes) -> bytes, call_service(service, bytes) -> bytes, call_streaming(target, service, bytes) -> RpcStream, find_service_nodes(service) -> list[int]. Synchronous calls release the GIL across runtime.block_on(...) so other Python threads run; handler callbacks dispatch under tokio::task::spawn_blocking so GIL acquisition doesn't starve the runtime.
• Typed wrapper — net.mesh_rpc.TypedMeshRpc: JSON encode/decode at the binding boundary so user code works with plain Python objects (dicts, lists, strings, numbers, bools, None). The default codec is json.dumps / json.loads — to send dataclasses, Pydantic models, or numpy arrays, convert to a JSON-serializable shape before calling (e.g. dataclasses.asdict(x) or model.model_dump()); a non- serializable input raises RpcCodecError before the call hits the wire so the diagnostic points at the call site rather than the server. Resilience helpers (RetryPolicy, HedgePolicy, CircuitBreaker) plus the typed exception classes (RpcNoRouteError, RpcTimeoutError, RpcServerError, RpcTransportError, RpcCodecError, RpcAppError, BreakerOpenError) live here too.

from net import NetMesh
from net.mesh_rpc import (
    NRPC_TYPED_BAD_REQUEST,
    RetryPolicy,
    RpcServerError,
    TypedMeshRpc,
)

server = NetMesh("127.0.0.1:9001", "42" * 32)
client = NetMesh("127.0.0.1:9000", "42" * 32)
# (handshake omitted — see "Net Encrypted UDP Transport")

# Server side: register a typed handler. ServeHandle is a context
# manager — `with` ensures unregister on exit.
server_rpc = TypedMeshRpc.from_mesh(server)
def echo_sum(req: dict) -> dict:
    return {"echo": req["text"], "sum": sum(req["numbers"])}

with server_rpc.serve("echo_sum", echo_sum):
    client_rpc = TypedMeshRpc.from_mesh(client)
    reply = client_rpc.call(
        server.node_id(), "echo_sum",
        {"text": "hi", "numbers": [1, 2, 3]},
        opts={"deadline_ms": 200},
    )
    # reply == {"echo": "hi", "sum": 6}

# Streaming responses iterate decoded chunks until EOF or terminal error.
# `stream_window_initial` is the canonical key; `stream_window` is an
# alias accepted for ergonomic parity.
stream = client_rpc.call_streaming(
    target_node_id, "tail", {"tail": "events"},
    opts={"deadline_ms": 5000, "stream_window_initial": 8},
)
for chunk in stream:
    process(chunk)
# stream.close() emits CANCEL to the server (best-effort).
# stream.grant(n) issues an explicit credit publish for batched cadence.

# Resilience helpers: retry / hedge / circuit breaker.
policy = RetryPolicy(max_attempts=4, initial_backoff_ms=50, max_backoff_ms=1000)
client_rpc.call_with_retry(target_node_id, "echo", {"hi": 1}, policy)

Status codes + error model

Every caller-side failure is a typed exception whose message carries the canonical nrpc:<kind>: <detail> prefix. The set of kinds is fixed by the cross-binding contract: no_route, timeout, server_error, transport, codec_encode, codec_decode, breaker_open. The classify_error(e) helper in net.mesh_rpc extracts the kind string from a caught exception's message — useful for fallback paths where discriminating without isinstance is awkward (e.g. when the native module wasn't built and every typed alias collapses to plain Exception):

from net.mesh_rpc import classify_error

try:
    rpc.call(target, "echo", body, opts={"deadline_ms": 200})
except Exception as e:
    kind = classify_error(e)
    if kind == "no_route":
        ...      # capability index didn't surface a target
    elif kind == "timeout":
        ...      # caller-side deadline elapsed
    elif kind == "server_error":
        ...      # str(e) carries `status=0xNNNN message=...`

Constant	Hex	Meaning
NRPC_TYPED_BAD_REQUEST	0x8000	Typed handler couldn't decode the request body.
NRPC_TYPED_HANDLER_ERROR	0x8001	Typed handler ran but returned an exception.

Cross-binding contract spec — including the canonical cross_lang_echo_sum service used by every binding's wire-format compat test — lives in ../../README.md#nrpc. The Python binding's own compat suite is at tests/test_cross_lang_compat.py.

Compute (daemons + migration)

Run MeshDaemons directly from Python. DaemonRuntime owns the factory table, the per-daemon hosts, and the Registering → Ready → ShuttingDown lifecycle gate that decides when inbound migrations may land. Daemons are any Python object whose process(event) returns a list of bytes/bytearray payloads — the runtime wraps each output in a causal link and forwards it.

Build the native module with the compute feature (maturin picks it up on the default build) and import from net. Full design notes: docs/SDK_COMPUTE_SURFACE_PLAN.md.

from net import DaemonRuntime, NetMesh, Identity, CausalEvent


class EchoDaemon:
    """Stateless echo — ships every event's payload straight back."""

    name = "echo"

    def process(self, event: CausalEvent) -> list[bytes]:
        return [bytes(event.payload)]

    # Optional: snapshot() / restore(state) for migration-capable daemons.


mesh = NetMesh("127.0.0.1:9000", "42" * 32)
rt = DaemonRuntime(mesh)

# 1. Register factories BEFORE flipping the runtime to Ready.
rt.register_factory("echo", lambda: EchoDaemon())

# 2. Ready the runtime — after this point spawn / migration accept.
rt.start()

# 3. Spawn a daemon; Identity pins the ed25519 keypair so
#    origin_hash / entity_id stay stable across migrations.
identity = Identity.generate()
handle = rt.spawn("echo", identity)
print(f"origin = 0x{handle.origin_hash:08x}")

# 4. Manually feed an event for testing; real delivery happens
#    via the mesh's causal chain.
event = CausalEvent(handle.origin_hash, sequence=1, payload=b"hello")
outputs = rt.deliver(handle.origin_hash, event)

# 5. Clean shutdown.
rt.stop(handle.origin_hash)
rt.shutdown()

process must be synchronous — the core's contract is sync, and the PyO3 bridge re-attaches the GIL for the duration of each call. Raising inside process surfaces as DaemonError on the caller.

Migration

start_migration(origin_hash, source_node, target_node) orchestrates the six-phase cutover (Snapshot → Transfer → Restore → Replay → Cutover → Complete). The source seals the daemon's ed25519 seed into the outbound snapshot using the target's X25519 static pubkey; the target rebuilds the daemon via the factory registered under the same kind, replays any events that arrived during transfer, then activates.

from net import MigrationError, migration_error_kind

try:
    mig = rt.start_migration(handle.origin_hash, src_node_id, dst_node_id)
    # mig.phase  — "snapshot" | "transfer" | "restore" | ...
    # mig.source_node / mig.target_node
    mig.wait()                      # blocks to completion
except MigrationError as e:
    kind = migration_error_kind(e)
    if kind == "not-ready":               ...  # target start() didn't run
    elif kind == "factory-not-found":     ...  # target missing this kind
    elif kind == "compute-not-supported": ...  # target has no DaemonRuntime
    elif kind == "state-failed":          ...  # snapshot / restore threw
    elif kind == "identity-transport-failed": ...  # seal / unseal failed
    # ...see SDK_COMPUTE_SURFACE_PLAN.md for the full enum

start_migration_with(origin, src, dst, opts) exposes options such as seal_seed=False for test scenarios. On the target node, call rt.register_migration_target_identity(kind, identity) before any migration of that kind lands; without it the runtime rejects sealed-seed envelopes with migration_error_kind == "identity-transport-failed".

Surface at a glance

Method	Description
DaemonRuntime(mesh)	Construct against an existing NetMesh
rt.register_factory(kind, fn)	Install a factory (before start())
rt.start() / rt.shutdown()	Flip the lifecycle gate
rt.spawn(kind, identity, config=None)	Spawn a local daemon
rt.spawn_from_snapshot(kind, identity, bytes, config=None)	Rehydrate
rt.stop(origin)	Stop a local daemon
rt.snapshot(origin)	Capture bytes for persistence / migration
rt.deliver(origin, event)	Feed an event (returns list[bytes])
rt.start_migration(origin, src, dst)	Orchestrate a live migration
rt.register_migration_target_identity(kind, id)	Pin unseal keypair on target for kind
handle.origin_hash / entity_id / stats()	Per-daemon identity + stats
DaemonError / MigrationError	Typed exceptions; migration_error_kind(e) parses e.kind

Compute Groups (Replica / Fork / Standby)

HA / scaling overlays on top of DaemonRuntime. Build the native module with the groups feature (implies compute) to expose ReplicaGroup, ForkGroup, StandbyGroup, and the GroupError exception class.

• ReplicaGroup — N interchangeable copies of a daemon. Deterministic identity from group_seed + index, so a replacement respawned on another node has a stable origin_hash. Load-balances inbound events across healthy members; auto-replaces on node failure.
• ForkGroup — N independent daemons forked from a common parent at fork_seq. Unique keypairs, shared ancestry via a verifiable ForkRecord.
• StandbyGroup — active-passive replication. One member processes events; standbys hold snapshots and catch up via sync_standbys(). On active failure the most-synced standby promotes and replays the events buffered since the last sync.

from net import (
    DaemonRuntime, ForkGroup, GroupError, ReplicaGroup, StandbyGroup,
    group_error_kind,
)

rt = DaemonRuntime(mesh)
rt.register_factory("counter", lambda: CounterDaemon())

# --- ReplicaGroup ----------------------------------------------------
replicas = ReplicaGroup.spawn(
    rt, "counter",
    replica_count=3,
    group_seed=bytes([0x11] * 32),
    lb_strategy="consistent-hash",   # or "round-robin" / "least-load"
                                     #    / "least-connections" / "random"
)
origin = replicas.route_event({"routing_key": "user:42"})
rt.deliver(origin, event)
replicas.scale_to(5)                 # grow
replicas.on_node_failure(failed_node_id)   # respawn elsewhere

# --- ForkGroup -------------------------------------------------------
forks = ForkGroup.fork(
    rt, "counter",
    parent_origin=0xABCDEF01,
    fork_seq=42,
    fork_count=3,
    lb_strategy="round-robin",
)
assert forks.verify_lineage()
for record in forks.fork_records():
    print(record["forked_origin"], record["fork_seq"])

# --- StandbyGroup ----------------------------------------------------
hot = StandbyGroup.spawn(
    rt, "counter",
    member_count=3,                  # 1 active + 2 standbys
    group_seed=bytes([0x77] * 32),
)
rt.deliver(hot.active_origin, event)
hot.sync_standbys()                  # periodic catchup
# On active-node failure:
# new_origin = hot.on_node_failure(failed_node_id)  # auto-promotes

Typed errors

Failures raise GroupError (a subclass of DaemonError). Use group_error_kind(e) to parse the discriminator from the Rust side's daemon: group: <kind>[: detail] message prefix:

from net import GroupError, group_error_kind

try:
    ReplicaGroup.spawn(rt, "never-registered",
                       replica_count=2, group_seed=bytes(32))
except GroupError as e:
    kind = group_error_kind(e)
    if kind == "not-ready":               ...  # runtime.start() didn't run
    elif kind == "factory-not-found":     ...  # kind wasn't registered
    elif kind == "no-healthy-member":     ...  # routed on an all-down group
    elif kind == "invalid-config":        ...  # e.g. replica_count == 0
    elif kind in ("placement-failed",
                  "registry-failed",
                  "daemon"):              ...  # core failure — read e args

Full staging, wire formats, and rationale: docs/SDK_GROUPS_SURFACE_PLAN.md. Core semantics live in the main README.md#daemons.

Performance Tips

1. Use ingest_raw() for maximum throughput - Pass pre-serialized JSON strings
2. Use ingest_raw_batch() for bulk operations - Reduces per-call overhead
3. Increase ring_buffer_capacity - Larger buffers handle bursts better
4. Match num_shards to CPU cores - Default is optimal for most cases

Cargo features

The five feature flags that gate the storage / query / OS surfaces on this binding. Wheels built without a feature silently omit its symbols — the build never warns. bindings/python/python/net/__init__.py try-imports each block individually, so from net import Redex raises ImportError (not AttributeError) when the underlying _net extension was compiled without cortex.

Feature	Surface enabled in the PyO3 module
cortex	Redex, RedexFile, TasksAdapter, MemoriesAdapter, NetDb, Task, Memory, watch iterators, RedexError, CortexError, NetDbError
redex-disk	Disk-backed persistence for RedEX — the persistent_dir ctor arg and Persistent: true on open_file. Without it the persistent path returns RedexError.
netdb	NetDb composition over Tasks + Memories (requires cortex). The net_netdb_* FFI entry points ship with this feature.
meshdb	MeshQuery, MeshQueryRunner, QueryBuilder, Predicate, InMemoryChainReader, the rest of the query layer, plus the libnet_meshdb cdylib.
meshos	MeshOsDaemonSdk, MeshOsDaemonHandle, plus the libnet_meshos cdylib.

Enable at build time:

# Dev install into the active venv:
maturin develop --features "cortex netdb redex-disk meshdb meshos"

# Or produce a wheel:
maturin build --release --features "cortex netdb redex-disk meshdb meshos"

PyPI wheels published as net-mesh ship with every feature enabled; the flags above only matter for source builds.

License

Apache-2.0