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NetGraph-Core

C++ graph engine for network flow analysis, traffic engineering simulation, and capacity planning.

Overview

NetGraph-Core provides a specialized graph implementation for networking problems. Key design priorities:

  • Determinism: Guaranteed reproducible edge ordering by (cost, src, dst).
  • Flow Modeling: Native support for multi-commodity flow state, residual tracking, and ECMP/WCMP placement.
  • Performance: Immutable CSR (Compressed Sparse Row) adjacency, and zero-copy NumPy views over mutable flow state.

Core Features

1. Graph Representations

  • StrictMultiDiGraph: Immutable directed multigraph using CSR adjacency. Supports parallel edges (multi-graph), essential for network topologies.
  • FlowGraph: Topology overlay managing mutable flow state, per-flow edge allocations, and residual capacities.

2. Network Algorithms

  • Shortest Paths (SPF):

    • Modified Dijkstra returns a Predecessor DAG to capture all equal-cost paths.
    • Supports ECMP (Equal-Cost Multi-Path) routing.
    • Features node/edge masking and residual-aware tie-breaking.
  • K-Shortest Paths (KSP):

    • Yen's algorithm returning DAG-wrapped paths.
    • Configurable constraints on cost factors (e.g., paths within 1.5x of optimal).
  • Explicit Paths:

    • PredDAG.from_edges(graph, edges) builds a path bundle from an operator-supplied edge sequence, usable anywhere a PredDAG is accepted.
  • Max-Flow:

    • Algorithm: Iterative augmentation using Successive Shortest Path on residual graphs, pushing flow across full ECMP/WCMP DAGs at each step. For Proportional placement with require_capacity=True, a final residual completion phase augments with reverse arcs so the result is a true maximum flow; the other modes are placement models and may report less.
    • Traffic Engineering (TE) Mode: Routing adapts to residual capacity (progressive fill).
    • IP Routing Mode: Cost-only routing (ECMP/WCMP) ignoring capacity constraints.
  • Analysis:

    • Sensitivity Analysis: Identifies critical edges by removing each saturated edge and measuring how much total flow is lost. Supports shortest_path mode to analyze only edges used under ECMP routing (IP/IGP networks) vs. full max-flow (SDN/TE networks).
    • Min-Cut: Computes minimum cuts on residual graphs.

3. Flow Policy Engine

Unified configuration object (FlowPolicy) that models diverse routing behaviors:

  • Modeling: Unified configuration for IP Routing (static costs) and Traffic Engineering (dynamic residuals).
  • Placement Strategies:
    • EqualBalanced: ECMP (equal splitting) - equal distribution across next-hops and parallel edges.
    • Proportional: WCMP (weighted splitting) - distribution proportional to residual capacity.
  • Lifecycle Management: Handles demand placement, re-optimization of existing flows, and constraints (path cost, stretch factor, flow counts).
  • Static (Pinned) Paths: FlowPolicy.set_static_paths() pins a demand to explicit path bundles (MPLS-style). One flow per usable bundle; a bundle with no path surviving the failure masks is down and carries nothing, since a pinned path does not reroute.

4. Python Integration

  • Zero-Copy: FlowState and FlowGraph *_view() methods expose C++ buffers as read-only NumPy arrays that track mutation in place. StrictMultiDiGraph.*_view() returns copies instead, so the graph's immutability cannot be violated.
  • Concurrency: Releases the Python GIL during the long-running algorithms (SPF, KSP, max-flow, placement) to enable threading. PredDAG.resolve_to_paths holds the GIL. batch_max_flow and sensitivity_analysis also use internal worker threads, sized by NGRAPH_CORE_BATCH_THREADS / NGRAPH_CORE_SENSITIVITY_THREADS.

Quick Start

import numpy as np
import netgraph_core as ngc

# Two parallel paths from node 0 to node 3.
graph = ngc.StrictMultiDiGraph.from_arrays(
    num_nodes=4,
    src=np.array([0, 1, 0, 2], dtype=np.int32),
    dst=np.array([1, 3, 2, 3], dtype=np.int32),
    capacity=np.array([10.0, 10.0, 5.0, 5.0], dtype=np.float64),
    cost=np.array([1, 1, 1, 1], dtype=np.int64),
    ext_edge_ids=np.arange(4, dtype=np.int64),  # your own stable edge ids
)

algs = ngc.Algorithms(ngc.Backend.cpu())
handle = algs.build_graph(graph)

total, summary = algs.max_flow(handle, 0, 3)
print(total)                            # 15.0
print(summary.min_cut.edges.tolist())   # [0, 1] -- bottleneck edge ids

Installation

pip install netgraph-core

Or from source:

pip install -e .

Build Optimizations

Default builds include LTO and loop unrolling. For local development:

make install-native   # CPU-specific optimizations (not portable)

Repository Structure

src/                    # C++ implementation
include/netgraph/core/  # Public C++ headers
bindings/python/        # pybind11 bindings
python/netgraph_core/   # Python package
tests/cpp/              # C++ tests (googletest)
tests/py/               # Python tests (pytest)
dev/                    # Developer scripts (not shipped): checks, coverage,
dev/perf/               #   performance tooling and recorded A/B/A results,
dev/research/           #   research prototypes and their evidence

Development

make dev        # Setup: venv, dependencies, pre-commit hooks
make check      # Run all tests and linting (auto-fix formatting)
make check-ci   # Strict checks without auto-fix (for CI)
make test       # Python tests
make cpp-test   # C++ tests only
make cov        # Combined coverage report (C++ + Python)

Performance work (harnesses, old/new/old protocol, recorded measurements) is described in dev/perf/README.md.

Environment Variables

Variable Effect
NGRAPH_CORE_PROFILE=1 Enable profiling of C++ hot paths (profiling_dump() / profiling_reset()).
NGRAPH_CORE_BATCH_THREADS Worker threads for batch_max_flow (default: hardware concurrency). Set to 1 when calling from your own worker pool.
NGRAPH_CORE_SENSITIVITY_THREADS Worker threads for sensitivity_analysis (default: hardware concurrency).
NGRAPH_CORE_SPF_QUEUE Frontier queue for SPF: heap forces the reference binary heap, bucket prefers the bucket queue where the graph is eligible. Unset (default) selects automatically; both give bit-identical results. Read once per process; for benchmarking and diagnosis.

Requirements

  • C++: C++20 compiler (GCC 10+, Clang 12+, MSVC 2019+)
  • Python: 3.11+
  • Build: CMake 3.23+, scikit-build-core
  • Dependencies: pybind11, NumPy

License

MIT License

Metadata

Release files for netgraph-core 0.11.0

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Release history Release notifications | RSS feed

This release

0.11.0 This release

21 release files

0.9.0

21 release files

0.8.0

21 release files

0.7.2

21 release files

0.7.0

16 release files

0.6.0

16 release files

0.5.0

16 release files

0.4.1

16 release files

0.4.0

11 release files

0.3.6

7 release files

0.3.4

7 release files

0.3.2

7 release files

0.3.1

7 release files

0.3.0

7 release files

0.2.0

16 release files

0.1.0

16 release files

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