nuts 3.2.0

Network Unit Testing System

Network Unit Testing System

Introduction

The Network Unit Testing System or "nuts" in short draws on the concept of unit tests, known from the domain of programming, and applies it to the domain of networking.

One major difference between unit tests in programming and network tests is the definition of what a test actually is. In programming, unit tests normally focus on testing edge cases, since the amount of non-edge cases is not definable. In the network testing domain, tests are less about edge cases, but more about testing existing network states with pre-defined test cases. Such a single test case might be "can host A reach neighbors X, Y, Z?" on many different devices. This is what nuts tries to achieve: Apply test cases based on your pre-defined network topology to your actual network and have the tests confirm the correct state.

Installation Instructions

Using pip

Run pip install nuts

Using poetry

Nuts uses poetry as a dependency manager.

1. Install poetry.
2. Clone this repository.
3. Run $ poetry install

How It Works: Test Bundles and Test Definitions

The project relies on the pytest framework to setup and execute the tests. Nuts itself is written as a custom pytest plugin. In the background, nornir executes specific network tasks for the actual tests. This can be extended to use other context as well in the future.

Nuts treats the test definition and the so-called test bundle as separate entities. The test definition is modeled as a custom pytest.Class, and a predefined set of test definitions can be found in the nuts module base_tests. New test definitions can be added easily by the user of the plugin.

The test bundle is a file that is parsed by pytest. The file provides data on the desired network state and describes which test definitions should be collected and executed by pytest. The structure of the test bundle should enable people without in-depth python knowledge to add new test bundles or update existing ones to reflect changes in the network.

While the readme here is only a short overview, find the documentation of nuts on readthedocs.

Test Bundle Structure

Currently only yaml files are supported as test bundles, but other sources such as other file formats or database entries can be considered in later nuts versions.

Each test bundle contains the following structure:

---
- test_module: <module that contains the test class> # optional
  test_class: <name of the test class>
  label: <label to uniquely identify the test> # optional 
  test_execution: <additional data used to execute the test> # optional
  test_data: <data used to generate the test cases>
...

test_module: The full path of the Python module that contains the test class to be used. This value is optional if the test class is registered in index.py of the pytest-nuts plugin. Note that it can be relevant in which directory pytest is started if local test modules are used. Using test_modules allows you to write your own test classes. Note: We currently do not support self-written test modules, since upcoming refactorings might introduce breaking changes.

test_class: The name of the Python class which contains the tests that should be executed. Note that currently every test in this class will be executed.

label: Additional identifier that can be used to distinguish between multiple occurrences of the same test class in a test bundle.

test_execution: Data that is exposed as part of the nuts_parameters property. By convention, this contains additional information that is passed directly to the nornir task in the background. Therefore the key-value pairs must be consistent with the key-value pairs of the specific nornir task. As an example, the test definition napalm_ping.py calls a nornir task to execute napalm's ping-command. This allows the additional max_drop parameter in test_execution, since it is in turn pre-defined by napalm.

test_data: Data that is used to parametrize the tests in the test class which have the pytest.mark.nuts annotation. It is additionally part of the nuts_parameters property.

Example: CDP Neighbors

Example of a test bundle for TestNetmikoCdpNeighbors which tests that R1 is a CDP Neighbor of both R2 and R3. This example creates three different tests, one for each entry in the test_data list.

---
- test_module: nuts.base_tests.netmiko_cdp_neighbors
  test_class: TestNetmikoCdpNeighbors
  test_data:
    - host: R1
      local_port: GigabitEthernet3
      destination_host: R2
      management_ip: 172.16.12.2
      remote_port: GigabitEthernet2
    - host: R1
      local_port: GigabitEthernet4
      destination_host: R3
      management_ip: 172.16.13.3
      remote_port: GigabitEthernet2
    - host: R2
      local_port: GigabitEthernet2
      destination_host: R1
      management_ip: 172.16.12.1
      remote_port: GigabitEthernet3
...

How the Test Bundle Is Converted to a Pytest Test

When nuts is executed, pytest converts the test bundles (the yaml files) into tests. During test collection, the custom pytest marker nuts uses the data that has been defined in the test bundle mentioned above. This annotation is a wrapper around the pytest.mark.parametrize annotation and allows the plugin to use the data entries from the test bundle. For each entry in the test_data section of the test bundle, the custom marker generates a single test case. To achieve this, the plugin transforms the entries into n-tuples, since pytest.mark.parametrize expects a list of n-tuples as input.

The custom nuts marker takes two arguments: The first argument of the annotation determines the required fields. For each entry in test_data these fields are extracted and transformed to a tuple considering the correct order. If any of these fields are not present in an entry of test_data, the corresponding test case will be skipped. A second argument determines optional fields that can also be used in a test case as well - non-present values are passed into the function as None.

The following test-run of CDP neighbors for example checks the local port:

class TestNetmikoCdpNeighbors:       
    @pytest.mark.nuts("remote_host,local_port")
    def test_local_port(self, single_result, remote_host, local_port):
        assert single_result.result[remote_host]["local_port"] == local_port        

The required fields are host, remote_host and local_port - they must be present in the custom marker, but also be provided as argument to the test method itself.

single_result uses the host field and provides the result that has been processed via the specific context of a test.

Test classes and their context

Each test module implements a context class to provide module-specific functionality to its tests. This context class is a NutsContext or a subclass of it. This guarantees a consistent interface across all tests for test setup and execution. Currently, the predefined test classes use nornir in order to communicate with the network devices. Those test classes derive all from a more specific NornirNutsContext, which provides a nornir instance and nornir-specific helpers. In the example above, it is a class called CdpNeighborsContext that derives from NornirNutsContext.

If you want to learn more how nuts works but do not have a running network in the background, there's a nuts showcase - an offline test class that displays the basic functionality of nuts. See the tutorial for further information.

Develop Your Own Test Classes

Nuts is essentially designed as a pytest-plugin and it is possible to add your own, self-written test classes. Dev documentation on how to write your own test classes is planned for a future release. Still, it is possible to write your own test classes nevertheless, even if we cannot guarantee that upcoming planned refactorings do not introduce breaking changes.

Community-provided test classes

• Cisco IOSXE Test Class by briantsaunders
• nuts-experiments by ubaumann

Thanks

• Urs Baumann, for originating the idea, supervising the development, and serving as the project owner
• Andreas Stalder and David Meister, for developing the first version based on SaltStack in their term project
• Mike Schmid and Janik Schlatter, implemented the first version using Nornir in their term project.
• Matthias Gabriel, who laid the foundations of nuts as a pytest plugin.
• Marco Martinez and Severin Grimm, added more test cases and interviewed companies in their term project.
• Méline Sieber, Lukas Murer, for maintenance during your working hours at the INS
• Florian Bruhin (The Compiler) for invaluable feedback and advice.