OxiGeo Python Bindings

Python bindings for OxiGeo, a pure Rust geospatial data abstraction library. OxiGeo provides high-performance geospatial operations with seamless NumPy integration.

Features

• Pure Rust Performance: Leverages Rust's speed and safety
• NumPy Integration: Zero-copy data transfer where possible
• Raster Operations: Read/write GeoTIFF, Zarr, NetCDF, and more
• Vector Operations: GeoJSON support with geometry operations
• Raster Calculator: Algebraic expressions on raster data
• Coordinate Transformations: Reprojection and warping
• Type Hints: Full type stub support for IDEs
• No External Dependencies: No GDAL installation required

Installation

From PyPI (recommended)

pip install oxigeo

From Source

# Install maturin
pip install maturin

# Build and install
cd crates/oxigeo-python
maturin develop --release

Quick Start

Reading Rasters

import oxigeo
import numpy as np

# Open a raster file
ds = oxigeo.open("input.tif")

# Get metadata
print(f"Size: {ds.width}x{ds.height}")
print(f"Bands: {ds.band_count}")

# Read a band as NumPy array
band1 = ds.read_band(1)
print(band1.shape, band1.dtype)

# Get full metadata
metadata = ds.get_metadata()
print(metadata)

# Close dataset
ds.close()

Writing Rasters

import oxigeo
import numpy as np

# Create test data
data = np.random.rand(512, 512).astype(np.float32)

# Create a new raster
ds = oxigeo.create_raster(
    "output.tif",
    width=512,
    height=512,
    bands=1,
    dtype="float32",
    crs="EPSG:4326",
    nodata=-9999.0
)

# Write data
ds.write_band(1, data)

# Set metadata
ds.set_metadata({
    "crs": "EPSG:4326",
    "nodata": -9999.0
})

# Close
ds.close()

Using Context Manager

import oxigeo
import numpy as np

# Automatically closes the dataset
with oxigeo.open("input.tif") as ds:
    data = ds.read_band(1)
    print(f"Mean: {data.mean():.2f}")

Raster Calculator

import oxigeo
import numpy as np

# Open multi-band image
ds = oxigeo.open("sentinel2.tif")
red = ds.read_band(3)   # Red band
nir = ds.read_band(4)   # NIR band

# Calculate NDVI using algebraic expression
ndvi = oxigeo.calc(
    "(NIR - RED) / (NIR + RED)",
    NIR=nir,
    RED=red
)

# More complex expressions
evi = oxigeo.calc(
    "2.5 * (NIR - RED) / (NIR + 6 * RED - 7.5 * BLUE + 1)",
    NIR=nir,
    RED=red,
    BLUE=ds.read_band(2)
)

# Simple arithmetic
scaled = oxigeo.calc("A * 0.0001 - 0.1", A=red)

Reprojection

import oxigeo

# Reproject to Web Mercator
oxigeo.warp(
    "input.tif",
    "output_3857.tif",
    dst_crs="EPSG:3857",
    resampling="bilinear"
)

# Resize raster
oxigeo.warp(
    "input.tif",
    "output_resized.tif",
    width=1024,
    height=1024,
    resampling="cubic"
)

# Reproject and resize
oxigeo.warp(
    "input.tif",
    "output.tif",
    dst_crs="EPSG:4326",
    width=2048,
    height=2048,
    resampling="lanczos"
)

Vector Operations

import oxigeo

# Read GeoJSON
features = oxigeo.read_geojson("input.geojson")
print(f"Features: {len(features['features'])}")

# Buffer a geometry
point = {
    "type": "Point",
    "coordinates": [0.0, 0.0]
}
buffered = oxigeo.buffer_geometry(point, distance=100.0)

# Write GeoJSON
output = {
    "type": "FeatureCollection",
    "features": [
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": buffered,
            "properties": {"name": "Buffered Point"}
        }
    ]
}
oxigeo.write_geojson("output.geojson", output, pretty=True)

API Reference

Core Functions

open(path: str, mode: str = "r") -> Dataset

Opens a geospatial dataset.

Parameters:

• path: Path to file (local or remote URL)
• mode: Open mode - "r" for read (default), "w" for write

Returns: Opened Dataset object

Raises:

• IOError: If file cannot be opened
• ValueError: If format is not supported

version() -> str

Returns the OxiGeo version string.

Raster Functions

create_raster(...) -> Dataset

Creates a new raster file.

Parameters:

• path: Output file path
• width: Width in pixels
• height: Height in pixels
• bands: Number of bands (default: 1)
• dtype: Data type (default: "float32")
• crs: CRS as WKT or EPSG code (optional)
• nodata: NoData value (optional)

Returns: Created Dataset opened for writing

calc(expression: str, **arrays) -> np.ndarray

Raster calculator - evaluates expressions on raster data.

Parameters:

• expression: Mathematical expression (e.g., "(A - B) / (A + B)")
• **arrays: Named NumPy arrays (A=array1, B=array2, etc.)

Returns: Result array

Supported Operators:

• Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, ** (power)
• Comparison: <, >, <=, >=, ==, !=
• Functions: sqrt, abs, log, exp, sin, cos, tan

warp(...) -> None

Reprojects (warps) a raster to different CRS or resolution.

Parameters:

• src_path: Source raster path
• dst_path: Destination raster path
• dst_crs: Target CRS (EPSG code or WKT, optional)
• width: Target width in pixels (optional)
• height: Target height in pixels (optional)
• resampling: Resampling method (default: "bilinear")
  • Options: "nearest", "bilinear", "cubic", "lanczos"

Vector Functions

read_geojson(path: str) -> dict

Reads a GeoJSON file.

Parameters:

• path: Path to GeoJSON file

Returns: Parsed GeoJSON as dictionary

write_geojson(path: str, data: dict, pretty: bool = True) -> None

Writes a GeoJSON file.

Parameters:

• path: Output path
• data: GeoJSON data as dictionary
• pretty: Pretty-print JSON (default: True)

buffer_geometry(geometry: dict, distance: float, segments: int = 8) -> dict

Buffers a geometry by specified distance.

Parameters:

• geometry: GeoJSON geometry
• distance: Buffer distance in geometry units
• segments: Number of segments per quadrant (default: 8)

Returns: Buffered geometry as GeoJSON

Dataset Class

Properties

• path: Dataset file path (read-only)
• width: Width in pixels (read-only)
• height: Height in pixels (read-only)
• band_count: Number of bands (read-only)

Methods

read_band(band: int) -> np.ndarray

Reads a raster band as NumPy array.

Parameters:

• band: Band number (1-indexed)

Returns: 2D NumPy array with shape (height, width)

write_band(band: int, array: np.ndarray) -> None

Writes a NumPy array to a raster band.

Parameters:

• band: Band number (1-indexed)
• array: 2D NumPy array to write

get_metadata() -> dict

Returns dataset metadata as a dictionary.

set_metadata(metadata: dict) -> None

Sets dataset metadata.

Parameters:

• metadata: Metadata dictionary

close() -> None

Closes the dataset and flushes pending writes.

RasterMetadata Class

Metadata container for raster datasets.

Parameters:

• width: Width in pixels
• height: Height in pixels
• band_count: Number of bands (default: 1)
• data_type: Data type as string (default: "float32")
• crs: CRS as WKT or EPSG code (optional)
• nodata: NoData value (optional)

Methods:

• to_dict(): Converts to dictionary

Exceptions

OxiGeoError

Base exception for all OxiGeo errors. Inherits from Exception.

Specific error types are mapped to appropriate Python exceptions:

• IOError: File I/O errors
• ValueError: Invalid parameters or data
• NotImplementedError: Unsupported operations
• RuntimeError: Internal errors

Data Types

Supported raster data types:

• uint8, int8
• uint16, int16
• uint32, int32
• uint64, int64
• float32, float64
• complex64, complex128

Supported Formats

Raster Formats

• GeoTIFF (.tif, .tiff)
• Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG)
• Zarr (.zarr)
• NetCDF (.nc)

Vector Formats

• GeoJSON (.geojson, .json)
• FlatGeobuf (.fgb)
• Shapefile (.shp)
• GeoParquet (.parquet)

Performance Tips

1. Use context managers for automatic resource cleanup
2. Batch operations when processing multiple files
3. Use appropriate data types - smaller types use less memory
4. Leverage NumPy for array operations
5. Use resampling wisely - "nearest" is fastest, "lanczos" highest quality

Examples

See the examples/ directory for complete examples:

• raster_processing.py - Raster I/O and processing
• ndvi_calculation.py - Vegetation index calculation
• reprojection.py - Coordinate transformation
• vector_operations.py - GeoJSON and geometry operations

Development

Requirements

• Rust: 1.70 or later
• Python: 3.9 or later
• PyO3: 0.29.x (automatically handled by Cargo)
• Maturin: For building Python wheels

Building from Source

# Install development dependencies
pip install maturin pytest pytest-cov mypy ruff

# Build in debug mode
maturin develop

# Build in release mode
maturin develop --release

# Run tests
pytest tests/

# Type checking
mypy python/oxigeo/

# Linting
ruff check python/

Build Configuration

The crate uses PyO3 with specific feature flags:

• Default features (extension-module): For building Python extensions (.so/.dylib files)
• Without extension-module: For Rust unit tests that need to initialize Python

The extension-module feature prevents linking to libpython (correct for Python extensions), but Rust unit tests need libpython to initialize the interpreter. See "Running Tests" section below for details.

Running Tests

Python Tests (Recommended)

# Run all tests
pytest tests/ -v

# Run with coverage
pytest tests/ --cov=oxigeo --cov-report=html

# Run specific test file
pytest tests/test_raster.py -v

Rust Unit Tests

The library uses PyO3 with the extension-module feature for building Python extensions. To run Rust unit tests, you need to build without this feature:

# Compile library (default - with extension-module)
cargo check -p oxigeo-python --lib

# Compile and run Rust unit tests (without extension-module)
cargo test -p oxigeo-python --no-default-features --features geotiff,geojson,algorithms

# Or using maturin
maturin develop && pytest tests/

Note: The extension-module feature is required for building the Python extension but prevents Rust unit tests from linking to libpython. This is a PyO3 design choice - Python-facing tests should use pytest, while Rust unit tests validate internal logic.

Contributing

Contributions are welcome! Please see CONTRIBUTING.md for guidelines.

License

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. See LICENSE for details.

Citation

If you use OxiGeo in your research, please cite:

@software{oxigeo2026,
  title = {OxiGeo: Pure Rust Geospatial Data Abstraction Library},
  author = {{COOLJAPAN OU (Team Kitasan)}},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://github.com/cool-japan/oxigeo}
}

Acknowledgments

• Built with PyO3 for Rust-Python bindings
• Uses maturin for packaging
• Inspired by GDAL but pure Rust

Support

• Documentation: https://docs.rs/oxigeo
• Issue Tracker: https://github.com/cool-japan/oxigeo/issues
• Discussions: https://github.com/cool-japan/oxigeo/discussions

Related Projects

• OxiGeo Core - Core Rust library
• OxiGeo WASM - WebAssembly bindings
• OxiGeo CLI - Command-line interface