pg_query 0.16

Pythonic wrapper around libpg_query and SQL prettifier

author:

Lele Gaifax

contact:

[e-mail]

license:

GNU General Public License version 3 or later

This is a Python 3 implementation of a wrapper to libpg_query, a C library that repackages the PostgreSQL languages parser as a standalone static library.

I needed a better SQL reformatter than the one implemented by sqlparse, and was annoyed by a few glitches (subselects in particular) that ruins the otherwise excellent job it does, considering that it is a generic library that tries to swallow many different SQL dialects.

When I found psqlparse I decided to try implementing a PostgreSQL focused tool: at the beginning it’s been easier than I feared, but I quickly hit some shortcomings in that implementation, so I opted for writing my own solution restarting from scratch, with the following goals:

• target only Python 3.4+

• target PostgreSQL 10, taking advantage of a work-in-progress branch of the libpg_query library

• use a more dynamic approach to represent the parse tree, with a twofold advantage:

  1. it is much less boring to code, because there’s no need to write one Python class for each PostgreSQL node tag

  2. the representation is version agnostic, it can be adapted to newer/older Elephants in a snap

• allow exploration of parse tree in both directions, because I realized that some kinds of nodes require that knowledge to determine their textual representation

• avoid introducing arbitrary renames of tags and attributes, so what you read in PostgreSQL documentation/sources[*] is available without the hassle of guessing how a symbol has been mapped

• use a zero copy approach, keeping the original parse tree returned from the underlying libpg_query functions and have each node just borrow a reference to its own subtree

[*]

Currently what you can find in the following headers:

• nodes.h

• primnodes.h

• parsenodes.h

• lockoptions.h

Introduction

At the lower level the module exposes two libpg_query functions, parse_sql() and parse_plpgsql(), that take respectively an SQL statement and a PLpgSQL statement and return a parse tree as a hierarchy of Python dictionaries, lists and scalar values. In some cases these scalars correspond to some C typedef enums, that are automatically extracted from the PostgreSQL headers and are available as pg_query.enums.

At a higher level that tree is represented by three Python classes, a Node that represents a single node, a List that wraps a sequence of nodes and a Scalar for plain values such a strings, integers, booleans or none.

Every node is identified by a tag, a string label that characterize its content that is exposed as a set of attributes as well as with a dictionary-like interface (technically they implements both a __getattr__ method and a __getitem__ method). When asked for an attribute, the node returns an instance of the base classes, i.e. another Node, or a List or a Scalar, depending on the data type of that item. When the node does not contain the requested attribute it returns a singleton Missing marker instance.

A List wraps a plain Python list and may contains a sequence of Node instances, or in some cases other sub-lists, that can be accessed with the usual syntax, or iterated.

Finally, a Scalar carries a single value of some type, accessible through its value attribute.

On top of that, the module implements two serializations, one that transforms a Node into a raw textual representation and another that returns a prettified representation. The latter is exposed by the __main__ entry point of the package, see below for an example.

Installation

As usual, the easiest way is with pip:

$ pip install pg_query

Alternatively you can clone the repository:

$ git clone https://github.com/lelit/pg_query.git --recursive

and install from there:

$ pip install ./pg_query

Development

There is a set of makefiles implementing the most common operations, a make help will show a brief table of contents. A comprehensive test suite, based on pytest, covers 98% of the source lines.

Examples of usage

• Parse an SQL statement and get its AST root node:

  >>> from pg_query import Node, parse_sql
  >>> root = Node(parse_sql('SELECT foo FROM bar'))
  >>> print(root)
  None=[1*{RawStmt}]

• Recursively traverse the parse tree:

  >>> for node in root.traverse():
  ...   print(node)
  ...
  None[0]={RawStmt}
  stmt={SelectStmt}
  fromClause[0]={RangeVar}
  inh=<True>
  location=<16>
  relname=<'bar'>
  relpersistence=<'p'>
  op=<0>
  targetList[0]={ResTarget}
  location=<7>
  val={ColumnRef}
  fields[0]={String}
  str=<'foo'>
  location=<7>

  As you can see, the representation of each value is mnemonic: {some_tag} means a Node with tag some_tag, [X*{some_tag}] is a List containing X nodes of that particular kind[†] and <value> is a Scalar.

• Get a particular node:

  >>> from_clause = root[0].stmt.fromClause
  >>> print(from_clause)
  fromClause=[1*{RangeVar}]

• Obtain some information about a node:

  >>> range_var = from_clause[0]
  >>> print(range_var.node_tag)
  RangeVar
  >>> print(range_var.attribute_names)
  dict_keys(['relname', 'inh', 'relpersistence', 'location'])
  >>> print(range_var.parent_node)
  stmt={SelectStmt}

• Iterate over nodes:

  >>> for a in from_clause:
  ...     print(a)
  ...     for b in a:
  ...         print(b)
  ...
  fromClause[0]={RangeVar}
  inh=<True>
  location=<16>
  relname=<'bar'>
  relpersistence=<'p'>

• Reformat a SQL statement[‡] from the command line:

  $ echo "select a,b,c from sometable" | python -m pg_query
  SELECT a
       , b
       , c
  FROM sometable
  
  $ echo 'update "table" set value=123 where value is null' | python -m pg_query
  UPDATE "table"
  SET value = 123
  WHERE value IS NULL

• Programmatically reformat a SQL statement:

  >>> from pg_query import prettify
  >>> print(prettify('delete from sometable where value is null'))
  DELETE FROM sometable
  WHERE value IS NULL

Documentation

Latest documentation is hosted by Read the Docs at http://pg-query.readthedocs.io/en/latest/

[†]

This is an approximation, because in principle a list could contain different kinds of nodes, or even sub-lists in some cases: the List representation arbitrarily shows the tag of the first object.

[‡]

Currently this covers most DML statements such as SELECTs, INSERTs, DELETEs and UPDATEs, fulfilling my needs, but I’d like to extend it to handle also DDL statements and, why not, PLpgSQL instructions too.

Changes

0.16 (2017-10-31)

• Update libpg_query to 10-1.0.0

0.15 (2017-10-12)

• Fix indentation of boolean expressions in SELECT’s targets (issue #3)

0.14 (2017-10-09)

• Update to latest libpg_query’s 10-latest branch, targeting PostgreSQL 10.0 final

0.13 (2017-09-17)

• Fix representation of subselects requiring surrounding parens

0.12 (2017-08-22)

• New option --version on the command line tool

• Better enums documentation

• Release the GIL while calling libpg_query functions

0.11 (2017-08-11)

• Nicer indentation for JOINs, making OUTER JOINs stand out

• Minor tweaks to lists rendering, with less spurious whitespaces

• New option --no-location on the command line tool

0.10 (2017-08-11)

• Support Python 3.4 and Python 3.5 as well as Python 3.6

0.9 (2017-08-10)

• Fix spacing before the $ character

• Handle type modifiers

• New option --plpgsql on the command line tool, just for fun

0.8 (2017-08-10)

• Add enums subpackages to the documentation with references to their related headers

• New compact_lists_margin option to produce a more compact representation when possible (see issue #1)

0.7 (2017-08-10)

• Fix sdist including the Sphinx documentation

0.6 (2017-08-10)

• New option --parse-tree on the command line tool to show just the parse tree

• Sphinx documentation, available online

0.5 (2017-08-09)

• Handle some more cases when a name must be double-quoted

• Complete the serialization of the WindowDef node, handling its frame options

0.4 (2017-08-09)

• Expose the actual PostgreSQL version the underlying libpg_query libray is built on thru a new get_postgresql_version() function

• New option safety_belt for the prettify() function, to protect the innocents

• Handle serialization of CoalesceExpr and MinMaxExpr

0.3 (2017-08-07)

• Handle serialization of ParamRef nodes

• Expose a prettify() helper function

0.2 (2017-08-07)

• Test coverage at 99%

• First attempt at automatic wheel upload to PyPI, let’s see…

0.1 (2017-08-07)

• First release (“Hi daddy!”, as my soul would tag it)