Integrate HTMX with templates and views.
Project description
plain.htmx
Integrate HTMX with templates and views.
Overview
You can use plain.htmx to build HTMX-powered views that focus on server-side rendering without needing complicated URL structures or REST APIs.
The two main features are template fragments and view actions.
The HTMXView class is the starting point for the server-side HTMX behavior. To use these features on a view, inherit from this class (yes, this is designed to work with class-based views).
# app/views.py
from plain.htmx.views import HTMXView
class HomeView(HTMXView):
template_name = "home.html"
In your base.html template (or wherever you need the HTMX scripts), you can use the {% htmx_js %} template tag:
<!-- base.html -->
{% load htmx %}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>My Site</title>
{% htmx_js %}
</head>
<body>
{% block content %}{% endblock %}
</body>
Template fragments
An {% htmxfragment %} can render a specific part of your template in HTMX responses. When you use a fragment, all hx-get, hx-post, etc. elements inside that fragment will automatically send a request to the current URL, render only the updated content for the fragment, and swap out the fragment.
Here's an example:
<!-- home.html -->
{% extends "base.html" %}
{% load htmx %}
{% block content %}
<header>
<h1>Page title</h1>
</header>
<main>
{% htmxfragment "main" %}
<p>The time is {% now "jS F Y H:i" %}</p>
<button hx-get>Refresh</button>
{% endhtmxfragment %}
</main>
{% endblock %}
Everything inside {% htmxfragment %} will automatically update when "Refresh" is clicked.
Fragments in loops
You can use {% htmxfragment %} inside a {% for %} loop by giving each iteration a unique fragment name using a dynamic expression:
{% for item in items %}
{% htmxfragment "item-" ~ item.pk %}
<p>{{ item.name }}</p>
<button hx-post plain-hx-action="toggle">Toggle</button>
{% endhtmxfragment %}
{% endfor %}
The ~ operator concatenates the string "item-" with the item's primary key, producing unique fragment names like item-1, item-2, etc. When a button inside a specific fragment is clicked, only that fragment re-renders — the server renders the full template but extracts just the matching fragment's content.
The view doesn't need any special handling for loop fragments — the standard HTMXView works as-is. Just make sure the view's context includes the full list of items so the loop can execute during the fragment render:
class ItemListView(HTMXView):
template_name = "items.html"
def get_template_context(self):
context = super().get_template_context()
context["items"] = Item.query.all()
return context
def htmx_post_toggle(self):
# Handle the action...
return self.render_template()
Lazy template fragments
If you want to render a fragment lazily, you can add the lazy attribute to the {% htmxfragment %} tag.
{% htmxfragment "main" lazy=True %}
<!-- This content will be fetched with hx-get -->
{% endhtmxfragment %}
This pairs nicely with passing a callable function or method as a context variable, which will only get invoked when the fragment actually gets rendered on the lazy load.
def fetch_items():
import time
time.sleep(2)
return ["foo", "bar", "baz"]
class HomeView(HTMXView):
def get_template_context(self):
context = super().get_template_context()
context["items"] = fetch_items # Missing () are on purpose!
return context
{% htmxfragment "main" lazy=True %}
<ul>
{% for item in items %}
<li>{{ item }}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
{% endhtmxfragment %}
How template fragments work
When you use the {% htmxfragment %} tag, a standard div is output that looks like this:
<div plain-hx-fragment="main" hx-swap="outerHTML" hx-target="this" hx-indicator="this">
{{ fragment_content }}
</div>
The plain-hx-fragment is a custom attribute, but the rest are standard HTMX attributes.
When Plain renders the response to an HTMX request, it will get the Plain-HX-Fragment header, find the fragment with that name in the template, and render that for the response.
Then the response content is automatically swapped in to replace the content of your {% htmxfragment %} tag.
Note that there is no URL specified on the hx-get attribute. By default, HTMX will send the request to the current URL for the page. When you're working with fragments, this is typically the behavior you want! (You're on a page and want to selectively re-render a part of that page.)
Fragment names must be unique on a page. For static fragments, use distinct string names. Inside loops, use a dynamic expression like "item-" ~ item.pk to generate unique names per iteration (see fragments in loops).
View actions
View actions let you define multiple "actions" on a class-based view. This is an alternative to defining specific API endpoints or form views to handle basic button interactions.
With view actions you can design a single view that renders a single template, and associate buttons in that template with class methods in the view.
As an example, let's say we have a PullRequest model and we want users to be able to open, close, or merge it with a button.
In your template, use the plain-hx-action attribute to name the action:
{% extends "base.html" %}
{% load htmx %}
{% block content %}
<header>
<h1>{{ pullrequest }}</h1>
</header>
<main>
{% htmxfragment "pullrequest" %}
<p>State: {{ pullrequest.state }}</p>
{% if pullrequest.state == "open" %}
<!-- If it's open, they can close or merge it -->
<button hx-post plain-hx-action="close">Close</button>
<button hx-post plain-hx-action="merge">Merge</button>
{% else if pullrequest.state == "closed" %}
<!-- If it's closed, it can be re-opened -->
<button hx-post plain-hx-action="open">Open</button>
{% endif %}
{% endhtmxfragment %}
</main>
{% endblock %}
Then in the view class, define methods for each HTTP method + plain-hx-action:
from plain.htmx.views import HTMXView
from plain.views import DetailView
class PullRequestDetailView(HTMXView, DetailView):
def get_queryset(self):
# The queryset will apply to all actions on the view, so "permission" logic can be shared
return super().get_queryset().filter(users=self.user)
# Action handling methods follow this format:
# htmx_{method}_{action}
def htmx_post_open(self):
if self.object.state != "closed":
raise ValueError("Only a closed pull request can be opened")
self.object.state = "closed"
self.object.save()
# Render the updated content with the standard calls
# (which will selectively render the fragment if applicable)
return self.render_template()
def htmx_post_close(self):
if self.object.state != "open":
raise ValueError("Only an open pull request can be closed")
self.object.state = "open"
self.object.save()
return self.render_template()
def htmx_post_merge(self):
if self.object.state != "open":
raise ValueError("Only an open pull request can be merged")
self.object.state = "merged"
self.object.save()
return self.render_template()
This can be a matter of preference, but typically you may end up building out an entire form, API, or set of URLs to handle these behaviors. If your application is only going to handle these actions via HTMX, then a single View may be a simpler way to do it.
You can also handle HTMX requests without a specific action by just implementing the HTTP method:
from plain.http import HttpResponse
class PullRequestDetailView(HTMXView, DetailView):
def get_queryset(self):
return super().get_queryset().filter(users=self.user)
# You can also leave off the "plain-hx-action" attribute and just handle the HTTP method
def htmx_delete(self):
self.object.delete()
# Tell HTMX to do a client-side redirect when it receives the response
response = HttpResponse(status_code=204)
response.headers["HX-Redirect"] = "/"
return response
Dedicated templates
A small additional feature is that plain.htmx will automatically find templates named {template_name}_htmx.html for HTMX requests. More than anything, this is just a nice way to formalize a naming scheme for template "partials" dedicated to HTMX.
For cases where loop items need their own URL (e.g., each item has a detail page), you can define dedicated URLs to handle the HTMX behaviors for individual items. You can sometimes think of these as "pages within a page". (For simpler cases, fragments in loops may be sufficient.)
So if you have a template that renders a collection of items, you can do the initial render using a {% include %}:
<!-- pullrequests/pullrequest_list.html -->
{% extends "base.html" %}
{% block content %}
{% for pullrequest in pullrequests %}
<div>
{% include "pullrequests/pullrequest_detail_htmx.html" %}
</div>
{% endfor %}
{% endblock %}
And then subsequent HTMX requests/actions on individual items can be handled by a separate URL/View:
<!-- pullrequests/pullrequest_detail_htmx.html -->
<div hx-url="{{ url('pullrequests:detail', uuid=pullrequest.uuid) }}" hx-swap="outerHTML" hx-target="this">
<!-- Send all HTMX requests to a URL for single pull requests (works inside of a loop, or on a single detail page) -->
<h2>{{ pullrequest.title }}</h2>
<button hx-get>Refresh</button>
<button hx-post plain-hx-action="update">Update</button>
</div>
If you need a URL to render an individual item, you can simply include the same template fragment in most cases:
<!-- pullrequests/pullrequest_detail.html -->
{% extends "base.html" %}
{% block content %}
{% include "pullrequests/pullrequest_detail_htmx.html" %}
{% endblock %}
# urls.py and views.py
# urls.py
default_namespace = "pullrequests"
urlpatterns = [
path("<uuid:uuid>/", views.PullRequestDetailView, name="detail"),
]
# views.py
class PullRequestDetailView(HTMXView, DetailView):
def htmx_post_update(self):
self.object.update()
return self.render_template()
FAQs
How do I add a Tailwind CSS variant for loading states?
The standard behavior for {% htmxfragment %} is to set hx-indicator="this" on the rendered element. This tells HTMX to add the htmx-request class to the fragment element when it is loading.
Here's a simple variant you can add to your tailwind.config.js to easily style the loading state:
const plugin = require('tailwindcss/plugin')
module.exports = {
plugins: [
// Add variants for htmx-request class for loading states
plugin(({addVariant}) => addVariant('htmx-request', ['&.htmx-request', '.htmx-request &']))
],
}
You can then prefix any class with htmx-request: to decide what it looks like while HTMX requests are being sent:
<!-- The "htmx-request" class will be added to the <form> by default -->
<form hx-post="{{ url }}">
<!-- Showing an element -->
<div class="hidden htmx-request:block">
Loading
</div>
<!-- Changing a button's class -->
<button class="text-white bg-black htmx-request:opacity-50 htmx-request:cursor-wait" type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>
How are CSRF tokens handled?
CSRF tokens are configured automatically with the HTMX JS API. You don't have to put hx-headers on the <body> tag.
How do I show error states?
This package includes an HTMX extension for adding error classes for failed requests:
htmx-error-responseforhtmx:responseErrorhtmx-error-response-{{ status_code }}forhtmx:responseErrorhtmx-error-sendforhtmx:sendError
To enable them, use hx-ext="plain-errors".
You can add the ones you want as Tailwind variants and use them to show error messages:
const plugin = require('tailwindcss/plugin')
module.exports = {
plugins: [
// Add variants for htmx-request class for loading states
plugin(({addVariant}) => addVariant('htmx-error-response-429', ['&.htmx-error-response-429', '.htmx-error-response-429 &']))
],
}
How do I configure HTMX for CSP?
If you're using Content Security Policy, you can disable the indicator styles that HTMX adds inline:
<meta name="htmx-config" content='{"includeIndicatorStyles":false}'>
Installation
Install the plain.htmx package from PyPI:
uv add plain.htmx
Add plain.htmx to your installed packages:
# app/settings.py
INSTALLED_PACKAGES = [
# ...
"plain.htmx",
]
Add the HTMX JavaScript to your base template:
<!-- base.html -->
{% load htmx %}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>My Site</title>
{% htmx_js %}
</head>
<body>
{% block content %}{% endblock %}
</body>
Create a view that inherits from HTMXView:
# app/views.py
from plain.htmx.views import HTMXView
class HomeView(HTMXView):
template_name = "home.html"
Create a template with an HTMX fragment:
<!-- home.html -->
{% extends "base.html" %}
{% load htmx %}
{% block content %}
{% htmxfragment "content" %}
<p>The time is {% now "jS F Y H:i" %}</p>
<button hx-get>Refresh</button>
{% endhtmxfragment %}
{% endblock %}
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