polars-stats

polars-stats is a Polars expression plugin that exposes scipy.stats-style probability distributions natively inside Polars expressions:

• Lazy-native: every method returns a pl.Expr, so a distribution composes inside a LazyFrame query under the optimiser, with no materialisation.

• Column-valued parameters: any distribution parameter can be a scalar or a Polars expression. A single instance describes a different distribution per row:

  import polars as pl
  import polars_stats as ps
  
  norm = ps.Normal(mu=pl.col("mu"), sigma=pl.col("sigma"))
  norm.cdf(pl.col("x"))
  

• Polars null and error semantics: a null input gives a null result, and an invalid parameter raises a ComputeError rather than silently returning NaN.

• Reproducible sampling: every draw is keyed on (seed, row index), so a seeded column repeats across runs, chunkings, thread counts, and both engines.

scipy already does the per-row maths: stats.norm(loc=mu_array, scale=sigma_array).sf(x_array) broadcasts parameter arrays and scores every element against its own distribution, vectorised, with no Python loop. The difference is where the result lands. scipy returns a NumPy array, so a LazyFrame has to collect() first, pushdown stops at that boundary, and realigning the result through later joins and filters is your problem. Here it stays a pl.Expr the planner can see. Why polars-stats has the full comparison.

The math runs in Rust on top of the statrs crate; the Python layer is a thin, typed surface of distribution classes.

Why

Statistical work in Polars today means falling back to .to_pandas() / .to_numpy(), then reaching for one of:

• scipy.stats, which exits the lazy engine and materialises everything,
• Python UDFs via map_elements, which are slow and hold the GIL,
• hand-rolled per-distribution expressions, which are ad hoc and error-prone.

The row-varying, vectorised, lazy-native case is what polars-stats targets.

Quick example

Anomaly scoring, where each row carries its own baseline:

import polars as pl
import polars_stats as ps

readings = pl.LazyFrame(
    {
        "value": [9.8, 101.0, 12.1, 250.0],
        "mu": [10.0, 100.0, 10.0, 100.0],
        "sigma": [0.5, 2.0, 0.5, 2.0],
    }
)

norm = ps.Normal(mu="mu", sigma="sigma")

anomalies = readings.with_columns(upper_tail=norm.sf("value")).filter(pl.col("upper_tail") < 0.01).collect()
print(anomalies)

shape: (2, 4)
┌───────┬───────┬───────┬────────────┐
│ value ┆ mu    ┆ sigma ┆ upper_tail │
│ ---   ┆ ---   ┆ ---   ┆ ---        │
│ f64   ┆ f64   ┆ f64   ┆ f64        │
╞═══════╪═══════╪═══════╪════════════╡
│ 12.1  ┆ 10.0  ┆ 0.5   ┆ 0.000013   │
│ 250.0 ┆ 100.0 ┆ 2.0   ┆ 0.0        │
└───────┴───────┴───────┴────────────┘

Each row is scored against its own Normal(mu, sigma), in one vectorised pass, without leaving the lazy engine.

Numerical accuracy

The maths runs on statrs, and make audit sweeps every method against an mpmath oracle at 50 digits, including inputs many decades past where scipy itself saturates. For tail work on Normal, LogNormal and the closed-form distributions (Uniform, Exponential, Cauchy, Pareto, Weibull, Bernoulli, Geometric, DiscreteUniform), use log_cdf / log_sf rather than the linear pair, and isf(q) rather than ppf(1 - q). Beta and Binomial inherit several documented statrs-side limits in this release: there the log methods underflow with the linear ones, and the extreme lower tail of ppf misbehaves. Every known limit is listed with a regime and a magnitude in Numerical accuracy.

Installation

pip install polars-stats

Runtime needs polars>=1.15 and Python >=3.10.

Wheels are abi3, so one wheel per platform serves every Python from 3.10 up: manylinux x86_64 and aarch64, macOS x86_64 and arm64, Windows x64, plus an sdist. Alpine (musl) and Windows on ARM have no wheel today even though polars publishes one for both; there pip falls back to the sdist and needs a Rust toolchain. Open an issue if you need either target and it gets added.

Documentation

Full docs at fbruzzesi.github.io/polars-stats: the API reference with the distribution catalogue and method surface, and the architecture and design notes.

A note on the Rust code

I am not a Rust expert, and a good part of the Rust layer was written with AI assistance.

What I vouch for is the behaviour, which is pinned by an extensive test suite: parity against scipy.stats on every method, property-based invariants, and bit-identity between the constant-parameter fast paths and the general per-row paths.

Treat the Rust idioms with the appropriate skepticism: if you spot something that should be written differently, an issue or PR is very welcome.

Related projects

polars-stats is not the first take on statistics inside Polars expressions. Three projects cover neighbouring ground, and if your need matches their scope they may serve you well:

• polars-random generates random columns as native Polars expressions (uniform, normal, binomial, integers), with column-valued parameters, per-call seeds, and a global set_random_seed. It registers .random namespaces on Expr, DataFrame, and LazyFrame, which reads very naturally when sampling is the whole job. Its focus is sampling; polars-stats treats sampling as one method of a full distribution object, next to pdf / cdf / sf / ppf, their numerically stable log variants, and closed-form moments.
• polars_rng exposes one sampling expression per distribution (prng.normal(mu=pl.col("x"), sigma=3)), also as a Rust plugin over the same statrs crate, also with column-valued parameters. Its sampling catalogue is wider than what polars-stats ships today (Poisson, Gamma, Laplace, plus categorical and integer draws), so for pure simulation it may be the better fit. The differences are scope and reproducibility: it is sampling only, with no pdf / cdf / ppf or moments, and it draws from a thread-local RNG with no seed argument, where polars-stats keys every draw on (seed, row index) so a seeded column repeats across runs, chunkings, and engines.
• polars_normal_stats covers the Normal distribution through three focused expressions, normal_cdf / normal_ppf / normal_pdf, each evaluated at a column of points. Its mean and std travel as plugin kwargs, so they are scalars: the common case, handled in three functions and nothing more. polars-stats generalises the same idea to a catalogue of distributions behind one scipy-like class API, passes parameters as plugin inputs so they can be columns, and adds survival functions, log_cdf / log_sf, and reproducible sampling.

License

This project is licensed under the MIT license.