PoloDB for Python

Fast, typed Python bindings for PoloDB, an embedded document database with a MongoDB-like API. The database runs in-process and stores its data locally—there is no server to install or manage.

Version 0.2 uses PoloDB Core 5.3, PyO3 0.29, and CPython's stable ABI. Published wheels support CPython 3.10 and newer on Linux, macOS, and Windows.

Installation

uv add polodb-python

The distribution name is polodb-python; uv add polodb refers to a different, obsolete package.

Quick start

from polodb import PoloDB

with PoloDB("app.db") as db:
    books = db["books"]
    inserted = books.insert_one(
        {"title": "The Three-Body Problem", "author": "Liu Cixin", "year": 2008}
    )

    book = books.find_one({"_id": inserted.inserted_id})
    print(book)

    recent = (
        books.find(
            {"year": {"$gte": 2000}},
        )
        .sort({"year": -1})
        .limit(10)
    )

Collections can also be accessed as attributes (db.books), though item access is preferable when a name is dynamic or collides with a database attribute.

Collection API

Insert and query

result = books.insert_many(
    [
        {"title": "1984", "author": "George Orwell", "year": 1949},
        {"title": "Animal Farm", "author": "George Orwell", "year": 1945},
    ]
)
print(result.inserted_ids)

book = books.find_one({"title": "1984"})
all_orwell = books.find({"author": "George Orwell"}, sort={"year": 1})
for book in books.find_iter({"year": {"$lt": 1950}}):
    print(book)

find() returns a lazy cursor, so documents are decoded as they are consumed rather than loaded into memory at once. Cursors support chainable skip(), limit(), and sort() methods; the equivalent keyword arguments on find() remain available. An omitted filter means an empty filter.

Update and delete

updated = books.update_one(
    {"title": "1984"},
    {"$set": {"in_print": True}},
)
print(updated.matched_count, updated.modified_count)

books.update_many(
    {"author": "Octavia E. Butler"},
    {"$set": {"featured": True}},
    upsert=False,
)

deleted = books.delete_many({"in_print": False})
print(deleted.deleted_count)

Aggregation

authors = books.aggregate(
    [
        {"$match": {"year": {"$gte": 2000}}},
        {"$sort": {"year": -1}},
        {"$limit": 10},
    ]
)

Indexes

index_name = books.create_index({"title": 1}, unique=True)
books.drop_index(index_name)

Counts and drops

print(len(books))
print(books.count_documents())
books.drop()

# Equivalent database-level operation:
db.drop_collection("books")

Transactions

Transactions commit when their context exits normally and roll back when an exception escapes:

with db.transaction() as transaction:
    accounts = transaction["accounts"]
    accounts.update_one({"name": "Ada"}, {"$inc": {"balance": -100}})
    accounts.update_one({"name": "Grace"}, {"$inc": {"balance": 100}})

Manual commit() and rollback() are also available.

BSON values

The binding round-trips the common BSON-compatible Python values:

• None, bool, int, float, str
• nested dictionaries, lists, and tuples
• bytes and bytearray
• timezone-aware or naive datetime.datetime values (stored with millisecond precision and returned in UTC)
• compiled regular expressions
• polodb.ObjectId

Generated _id values are returned as ObjectId instances, so they can be passed directly into later filters:

from polodb import ObjectId

identifier = ObjectId()  # new value
same_identifier = ObjectId(identifier.hex)
assert identifier == same_identifier

Results and errors

Write operations return typed, immutable result objects:

• InsertOneResult.inserted_id
• InsertManyResult.inserted_ids
• UpdateResult.matched_count and .modified_count
• DeleteResult.deleted_count

They also implement Mapping, preserving dictionary-style reads such as result["modified_count"]. Database-operation failures raise PoloDBError; invalid Python values raise standard TypeError or ValueError exceptions.

Migrating from 0.1

Most CRUD code continues to work. Notable improvements and changes in 0.2 are:

• generated IDs are ObjectId values instead of lossy strings; use str(id) or id.hex when text is required;
• write results are typed mapping objects rather than plain dictionaries;
• find() returns a lazy, chainable cursor instead of an optional list; call .to_list() when a list is needed;
• len(collection) and count_documents() are preferred; collection.len() remains as a compatibility alias;
• context managers now close databases and correctly commit or roll back transactions;
• unsupported BSON values raise an exception instead of silently becoming None or panicking the interpreter.

Development

uv sync
uv run maturin develop
uv run pytest
uv run ruff check .
uv run mypy polodb
uv run ty check
cargo fmt --check
cargo clippy --all-targets --all-features -- -D warnings

Releases are built from vX.Y.Z tags. The tag must match both pyproject.toml and Cargo.toml. PyPI publication uses the repository's PYPI_TOKEN secret.

License

Apache-2.0. See LICENSE.txt.