propaq

Docs CI PyPI License: MIT

Fast Heisenberg-picture propagation for quantum circuit simulation, with a parallel Rust backend!

propaq features the following:

  • Hybrid Schrodinger-Heisenberg simulation for quantum circuits, with functionality for both Pauli and Majorana propagation.
  • Support for both Pauli and Majorana propagation, with integration with Qiskit and Cirq.
  • Support for custom, composable noise models and truncation policies, written in C, Rust, AOT Julia, or Python via a plugin ABI.
  • Support to define fast paths for custom unitary gates.
  • Logging and profiling capabilities for propagation runs, as well as lazy I/O operations for saving and loading results.
  • Extrapolation methods for estimating expectation values in the limit of zero noise and/or zero truncation error.
  • Surrogate/Symbolic propagation for computing expectation values of parameterized circuits, i.e. for variational quantum algorithms.

propaq implements the algorithms described in:

M. S. Rudolph, T. Jones, Y. Teng, A. Angrisani, and Z. Holmes, "Pauli Propagation: A Computational Framework for Simulating Quantum Systems," May 27, 2025, arXiv: arXiv:2505.21606. doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2505.21606.

A. Miller et al., "Simulation of Fermionic circuits using Majorana Propagation," Dec. 16, 2025, arXiv: arXiv:2503.18939. doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2503.18939.

Installation

pip install propaq

Requires Python 3.10+ and a pre-built wheel for your platform (Linux x86-64, macOS, Windows).

The core install pulls in only numpy, scipy, qiskit and tqdm. Framework integrations are opt-in extras:

pip install "propaq[cirq,ffsim,openfermion,hybrid]"
Extra Enables
cirq Building circuits from Cirq, and register_cirq_gate
ffsim The from_ffsim_* circuit constructors and MajoranaTermSum.from_ffsim
openfermion Converting OpenFermion fermionic operators into propaq observables
hybrid propaq.hybrid: hybrid Schrodinger-Heisenberg expectation values against a quimb MPS

For development, clone the repo and install with:

pip install -e .[dev]

which will install the Rust toolchain and build the Rust backend from source via maturin. You can also build the Rust backend manually with maturin develop or maturin build and then install the resulting wheel with pip install target/wheels/propaq-*.whl. We also recommend installing pre-commit hooks via

pre-commit install

Quick start

import numpy as np
from qiskit import QuantumCircuit
from qiskit.circuit.library import XXPlusYYGate, RZGate, SwapGate
from qiskit.quantum_info import SparsePauliOp

from propaq.circuits import MajoranaCircuit
from propaq.datatypes import MajoranaTermSum
from propaq.noise import UniformNoiseModel, TruncationPolicy
from propaq.propagators import MajoranaPropagator

# Build a random 4-qubit circuit
qc = QuantumCircuit(4)
qc.append(XXPlusYYGate(np.pi / 4, 0.0), [0, 1])
qc.append(RZGate(np.pi / 3), [2])
qc.append(SwapGate(), [2, 3])

# Observable: sum of single-site X operators
observable = SparsePauliOp.from_list([
    ("XIII", 1.0), ("IXII", 1.0), ("IIXI", 1.0), ("IIIX", 1.0)
])

# Convert to propaq types
mc = MajoranaCircuit.from_qiskit(qc, n_modes=2 * qc.num_qubits)
mts = MajoranaTermSum.from_sparse_pauli_op(observable)

# Build propagator with noise and truncation
prop = MajoranaPropagator(
    noise=UniformNoiseModel(damping=0.001),
    truncation=TruncationPolicy(weight_cutoff=10, coeff_cutoff=1e-5),
)

# Back-propagate and evaluate
result = prop.expectation_value(mts, mc, initial_state=0)
print("Expectation value:", result.expectation_value)

For a more detailed introduction, see the documentation:

Building the docs locally

pip install -e ".[docs]"
mkdocs serve

Citation

If you use propaq in your research, please cite:

</code></pre>
<h2><a href="#user-content-license" aria-hidden="true" class="anchor" id="user-content-license"></a>License</h2>
<pre><code class="language-md">MIT License

Copyright (c) 2026 Hrishikesh Belagali

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
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OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.

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Credits

Author: Hrishikesh Belagali

GitHub Statistics

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License

MIT License

Requires

Python >=3.10

Provides Extra

benchmarks cirq dev docs examples ffsim hybrid openfermion

Tags

quantum computing quantum simulation fermionic circuits Majorana propagation Pauli propagation

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